These are original proceedings in prohibition instituted by the State of West Virginia at the relation of Luther Carson, hereinafter referred to as petitioner, against the Honorable George W. Wood, Judge of the Intermediate Court of Ka-nawha County, and Patrick Casey, Prosecuting Attorney of Kanawha County, hereinafter referred to as respondents. The purpose of these proceedings is to prohibit the respondents from prosecuting the petitioner under felony indictments No. 3010 and No. 3011, returned by a grand jury of the Intermediate Court of Kanawha County during the September, 1969, term.
Indictment No. 3010 charges petitioner, as an “executive and ministerial officer of the State of West Virginia,” with *399demanding, receiving and accepting a bribe from one Ray George while petitioner was “Director of Office Services” of the State Road Commission of West Virginia. The purpose of such bribe was “to grant favor and award business to . . . business Systems and Equipment Company, Inc. . . . through and by Ray George who was ... an agent and . . . person concerned in interest of Business Systems and Equipment Co., Inc.” Indictment No. 3011 again charges petitioner, as an “executive and ministerial officer of the State of West Virginia,” with demanding, receiving and accepting a bribe, this time from William Williams, a “person concerned in interest of West Virginia Business Forms, Inc.”
Petitioner alleges that he went to work for the State Road Commission on or about June 16, 1965, and terminated his employment with the State Road Commission on or about April 8, 1969. He avers in his petition that he was not an officer of the State Road Commission but merely an employee. He further alleges that no State Road Commissioner, during his period of employment, “promulgated any rules or regulations establishing an office known as ‘Director of Office Services’ and fixing the powers and duties of such office”; that the West Virginia Code does not establish such an office; that he was not required to take an oath of office or file a fidelity bond; and that he did not receive a “certificate of appointment.” Petitioner maintains that his job was “supervised and directed” by the Business Manager of the State Road Commission and that “he had little or no discretion as to how he was to do this job.” Petitioner additionally alleges that “he was never and is not now the holder of an office known as ‘Director of Office Services’ as is alleged in the said indictment returned against him.” Thus, petitioner concludes that he is not a person who can be bribed under Code, 61-5-5, as amended, which reads as follows:
Any executive, legislative, judicial or ministerial officer, or member of the legislature, who shall demand, receive or accept any gift, gratuity, money, testimonial or other valuable thing, or shall exact any promise to make such gift or to pay to him, money, testimonial or other valuable thing, or to do any act beneficial to such officer or member of the legislature, from any person, company or corporation, *400under an agreement or understanding that his vote, opinion, judgment or decision shall be given or withheld in any particular manner upon a particular side of any question, cause or proceeding, which is, or may be by law brought before him in his official capacity, or that in such capacity he shall make any particular nomination or appointment, or for any vote or influence he may give or withhold as such officer or member of the legislature, or that such officer will fail to perform or improperly perform any of his official, public duties, shall be guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, shall be confined in the penitentiary not less than one nor more than ten years; and in addition thereto such officer or member of the legislature shall forfeit the office then held by him and shall be forever disqualified from holding any office or position of honor, trust or profit in this State. (Emphasis added.)
It is further asserted that Code, 61-5-5, as amended, “is unconstitutional and void,” and this, coupled with the fact that petitioner is not a person who can be bribed under that Code section, renders the two indictments void.
In answer to the above, respondents deny that petitioner was not an officer of the State Road Commission and deny that he was merely an employee; aver that he was appointed to the position of Director of Office Services by former State Road Commissioner Burl A. Sawyers; and aver that petitioner among other duties “exercised discretionary purchasing authority up to $100.00 per day per vendor and administered the employment of approximately 70 employees of the Office Services Division.” In short, respondents maintain that petitioner was indeed an officer of the State and thus could be bribed under Code, 61-5-5, as amended. Petitioner filed herein a motion to strike a number of allegations from respondents’ answer on the ground that they were “impertinent and scandalous matter,” “consisted of mere surplusage and contained extraneous and irrelevant material,” and that they “are not responsive to the Petition and in fact plead no defense thereto.” Also filed are demurrers by both sides.
On March 2, 1970, rules were granted returnable on May 5, 1970, and on that date the cases were submitted for decision upon oral argument and briefs.
*401Perhaps one who is not familiar with the history of the law relating to the bribery of officials and employees of units of government, and even those who are, may be inquisitive as to why the legislature in Code, 61-5-5, as amended, made bribery applicable only to executive, legislative, judicial and ministerial officers and members of the legislature. We must first say that the answer to that question is of no concern to this Court in reaching a decision herein since, under the separation of powers provision of the Constitution of this State, the power of enacting legislation is vested solely in the legislature.
Article VIII, Section 21, of the Constitution of this State provides that the common law shall remain in effect in this jurisdiction until changed by statute. Under the common law, bribery of officials was a misdemeanor and not a felony (as presently provided) except bribery of a judge with respect to a cause pending before him, which was a felony. Perhaps when Code, 61-5-5, as amended, was first enacted it was assumed minor “officials” and mere employees would not be subject to the temptation of bribery and it was not necessary to include them; but, to repeat, whatever the reason they are not included is of no concern to this Court. The pivotal issue therefore presented in this proceeding is whether or not the petitioner falls within the definition of Code, 61-5-5, as amended, there being no question that he was indicted as having violated the provision of that statute inasmuch as that indictment follows the statute almost verbatim. However, the initial, or what is often called the threshold, question which must be answered is whether prohibition will lie to restrain the respondent judge of the Intermediate Court of Kanawha County and the prosecuting attorney of that county from proceeding to prosecute petitioner under these indictments.
The Constitution of this State gives this Court original jurisdiction in prohibition, a point not raised or controverted by the respondents. There can be no question, and petitioner does not deny, that the Honorable George W. Wood is the duly elected judge of the Intermediate Court of Kanawha *402County and that Patrick Casey, the other respondent, is the duly elected prosecuting attorney of Kanawha County. Furthermore, the statute which created the Intermediate Court of Kanawha County gave to it jurisdiction of criminal proceedings arising as a result of alleged crimes committed in the County of Kanawha. Acts of the Legislature, 1907, ch. 25, § 1-36. The indictments against the petitioner were returned by what, insofar as these proceedings show, was a validly constituted grand' jury, and, as heretofore stated, the indictment is in the language of the statute. The indictment in clear and unambiguous language alleges that the petitioner was at the time of the alleged bribery “an executive and ministerial officer of the State of West Virginia.” All of this would seem to indicate that the Honorable George W. Wood, Judge of the Intermediate Court of Kanawha County, has “jurisdiction” of this matter and that prohibition will not lie to prevent the trial of the petitioner upon the indictment. However, the answer is not that simple.
The legislature of this State, as it has the power under the Constitution to do, has defined the writ of prohibition as provided for in the Constitution and in 1882 made a material change with regard to that writ. Prior to that time, prohibition would lie only if an inferior court “had not jurisdiction” of the matter in controversy. In 1882, the legislature amended the statute to read, in pertinent part: “The writ of prohibition shall lie as a matter of right in all cases of usurpation and abuse of power, when the inferior court has not jurisdiction of the subject matter in controversy, or, having such jurisdiction, exceeds its legitimate powers.” Acts of the Legislature, 1882, ch. 153, § 1. This is now the entire language of Code, 53-1-1, as amended.
At this point it is safe to say that the able counsel for. respondents would not contend that the respondent judge of the Intermediate Court would not be exceeding his legitimate power if he attempted to proceed to try the petitioner upon a void indictment. However, it is contended in brief and argument that it cannot be determined whether the petitioner is “an executive and ministerial officer of the State of West Virginia” until evidence is taken before the trial court creating *403either a question of law for the trial judge or a question of fact perhaps for a jury. We reject such a contention as wholly untenable. The clear language of the applicable statutes are to the contrary as well as an unbroken line of decisions of this Court subsequent to 1882. As heretofore stated, Code, 53-1-1, as amended, provides that prohibition shall lie “as a matter of right” in a proper case. Code, 53-1-3, as amended, provides that “ [application for ... a writ of prohibition shall be on verified petition.!’ Code, 53-1-5, as amended, provides that if a petition in prohibition “makes a prima facie case” a rule shall be issued “against the defendant to show cause why the writ prayed for shall not be awarded.” That section further provides that a rule be served upon the defendant or respondent as well as a copy of the petition and that a time be fixed when the rule shall be returnable. Code, 53-1-6, as amended, provides that “ [i] f the defendant appear and make defense, such defense may he by demurrer, or answer on oath, to the petition, or both, such answer to be subject to demurrer by the petitioner or relator. Reply may be made when proper. The court or judge may permit amendments as in other cases.” Code, 53-1-8, as amended, provides that “[t]he writ peremptory shall be awarded or denied according to the law and facts of the case, and with or without costs, as the court or judge may determine.” All of these statutory provisions have been complied with, the issues have been made up and it is clear from the pleadings and exhibits that a question of law is presented to this Court as to whether the writ shall be granted or denied.
In what might be considered a landmark decision following the 1882 amendment to Code, 53-1-1, as amended, this Court held in N. & W. Ry. v. Pinnacle Coal Co., 44 W.Va. 574, 30 S.E. 196, that “(1) The writ is no longer a matter of sound discretion but a matter of right; (2) it lies in all proper cases, whether there is other remedy or not.” The sixth syllabus point of that case states that in all cases of usurpation and abuse of power even though the court has “jurisdiction,” prohibition “now lies as a matter of right, and not as a matter of sound discretion.” This is the first syllabus point of Weil v. Black, 76 W.Va. 685, 86 S.E. 666: “Prohibition lies, *404as a matter of right, in all cases where the inferior court has not jurisdiction of the subject matter in controversy, and it is not essential to the right to apply for the writ, that the question of jurisdiction should first have been presented to, and passed on by such inferior court; or, that the petitioner has not some other adequate remedy.” This is the second syllabus point in the very recent case of State ex rel. State Road Commission v. Taylor, 151 W.Va. 535, 153 S.E.2d 531: “Although a court has jurisdiction of the subject matter in controversy and of the parties, if it clearly appears that in the conduct of the case it has exceeded its legitimate powers with respect to some pertinent question a writ of prohibition will lie to prevent such abuse of power.” The cases have also used the language “have exceeded or is about to exceed its legitimate powers.” See Rakes v. Ferguson, 147 W.Va. 660, 130 S.E.2d 102, and the extensive citations of authorities on pages 667 and 668 of the opinion written by Judge Haymond for the Court. This is the tenth syllabus point of Jennings v. McDougle, 83 W.Va. 186, 98 S.E. 162: “When a court is attempting to proceed in a cause without jurisdiction, prohibition will issue as a matter of right regardless of the existence of other remedies.”
The respondents contend that the pleadings in this proceeding show that the petitioner is, within the meaning of the statute, “an executive and ministerial officer of the State of West Virginia” or at least that the contrary is not shown, and, therefore, the burden being upon the petitioner to show a clear legal right to the writ, it should be denied. Prior to the adoption of the Code of 1923, 61-5-5, as amended, designated only “any executive, legislative or judicial officer of this State, or any member of the legislature” as being subject to its provisions. The word “ministerial” first appeared in the Code of 1923. The “executive and ministerial” office which the indictments charge that the petitioner held under the State Hoad Commissioner was that of “director of office services.” It is alleged in the petition and not denied in the answer that no such “office” was ever created by the Constitution of this State, the legislature of this State or by any rules and regulations established by the State Road Commissioner. However, *405as heretofore stated, the answer does aver that in this position the petitioner “exercised discretionary purchasing authority up to $100 per day per vendor and administered the employment of approximately 70 employees of the Office Services Division.” The petition alleges, however, that the “job” which the petitioner held was merely a division of the office of business manager of the State Road Commission and that the petitioner was directly responsible to the business manager as to all of his activities. It is further alleged in the petition that the petitioner took no oath of office, had no tenure, that his salary was regularly raised during the four years of his employment and that such a person could not be “an executive and ministerial officer” but was a mere employee or at least was serving in such a capacity as is not covered by Code, 61-5-5, as amended. The following are some brief quotations from Michie’s Jurisprudence, Public Officers, Volume 15, beginning on page 62:
Generally speaking, a public office is a position created by law with duties cast upon the incumbent which involve an exercise of some portion of sovereign power and in which the public is concerned, continuing in their nature, and not merely occasional or intermittent. Among the criteria for determining whether an employment is a public office or not are: that the powers are created and conferred by law, and not by contract; and the fixing of the duration or term of office. That an official oath is required by law is a sign of office, and where a statute prescribes specific duties for an office there is a strong presumption that an office is intended. * * *
One occupying a position created by the law is a public officer; but to be a public officer, his office must be created by law. (Emphasis added.)
For that proposition, the authority cites in the footnotes State v. Bond, 94 W.Va. 255, 118 S.E. 276, and therefore, let us now consider that case. This is the first syllabus point: “Generally speaking, a public office is a position created by law, with duties cast upon the incumbent which involve an exercise of some portion of sovereign power and in which the public is concerned, continuing in their nature, and not merely *406occasional or intermittent. It is this sense in which the term is used in section 8, article IV of the Constitution.” This is the sixth syllabus point of that case:
One employed by the Secretary of State, and designated by him as his “chief clerk”, but whose position as such is not created by law, and who takes no oath, executed no bond, has no fixed tenure, and performs no duties except such as may be required by the Secretary of State, is not' a public officer, or public ágent within the meaning of section 8, Article IV of the Constitution, but a mere employee.
This language is used with regard to the position held by Mrs. Francis P. Key who was then chief clerk of the Secretary of State:
Now it can not be said that because the petitioner, under the direction of the Secretary of State, affixes the Great Seal of the State to official documents, this is her act and that therefore she exercises a portion of the sovereign power of the state. She exercises no independent power or authority. What she does she does not in her own name and by virtue of her own authority, but in his name. Her duties are not prescribed by law; they are prescribed by the Secretary of State, and he may change them when he sees fit. She takes no oath; gives no bond; has no tenure fixed by law; hence we must hold that she is not a public officer.
In the Weil case, heretofore cited, four indictments were returned by the Intermediate Court of Kanawha County against a person named therein charging him with having bribed or attempted to bribe two members of the Public Service Commission. A writ of prohibition was sought in the Circuit Court of Kanawha County against the judge of the Intermediate Court upon the ground, among others, that the members of the Public Service Commission were not “executive or judicial officials” as provided by the statute then in effect. It will be recalled that the word “ministerial” was not added to the Act until 1923. The writ was awarded and the State appealed to this Court. The decision was reversed and the rule in prohibition was discharged. This language is contained in the opinion of that case:
*407Members of the public service commission are included in the descriptive terms of the above statute, “any executive or judicial officer.” Those are general terms, intended to include all public officers whose duties are either judicial or executive. The term “executive” is not there limited to the officers enumerated in Sec. 1, Art. VII of the Constitution, as constituting the executive department of the state government, but it is designed to embrace all officers, whether elected or appointed, whose duties pertain to that branch of the government. Being public officers, whose jurisdiction extends over the whole state, it necessarily follows from the apportionment, by the Constitution, of all the powers of government among three' departments, denominated therein as the legislative, the executive and the judicial departments, that the duties of all public officials must fall within some one of those three departments. A fourth department, having powers distinct from the three named, could constitutionally exist. That the public service commissioners are not included in the terms, “members of the legislature,” must be admitted; that they are included in one or the other of the terms “executive or judicial officers,” we think is clear, and it is sufficient, for the purposes, of this writ of error, to . class them under the head of executive officers. If their duties are so varied that some of them may properly be classed as executive or ministerial, and others as judicial, "they could, for purposes of the bribery statute, be classed under either of the two departments. In so far as they are empowered to investigate rates and charges of public service corporations, and to determine their reasonableness or unreasonableness, they would seem to be performing a quasi judicial function, while, in ascertaining what is a just rate for services to be rendered by such corporations, and .prescribing such rate, as a rule to be obeyed in the future, their action would seem to partake somewhat of a legislative character; and in compelling obedience to its orders, by proper proceedings in court, as Sec. 5 of the act creating it requires it to do, its duties are ministerial, coming clearly within the functions of the executive department of government. (Emphasis partially added.)
. . Article VII, Section 1, of the Constitution of this State provides in pertinent part that the executive department shall consist of a governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, *408commissioner of agriculture and attorney general. There can be no doubt but what those officials are included in Code, 61-5-5, as amended, by use of the word “executive.” Article VI, Section 1, of the Constitution of this State provides in pertinent part that “[tjhe legislative power shall be vested in a senate and house of delegates.” The members of those two bodies are clearly governed by the phrase “member of the legislature” in Code, 61-5-5, as amended. Article VIII, Section 1, of the Constitution of this State provides that “[t]he judicial power of the State shall be vested in a supreme court of appeals, in circuit courts and the judges thereof, in such inferior tribunals as are herein authorized and in justices of the peace.” All judges of the supreme court of appeals, the circuit judges and judges of courts of limited jurisdiction created by the legislature certainly fall within the meaning of the word “judicial” contained in Code, 61-5-5, as amended. Article VII, Section 8, of the Constitution provides as follows: “The governor shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the senate, (a majority of all the senators elected concurring by yeas and nays) appoint all officers whose offices are established by this Constitution, or shall be created by law, and whose appointment or election is not otherwise provided for, and no such officers shall be appointed or elected by the legislature.” (Emphasis added.) It is not even contended in this proceeding that the “office” held by the petitioner was established by the State Constitution or created.by the legislature or that he was appointed by the governor or approved by the senate. Article IV, Section 8, of the Constitution of this State provides that “[t]he legislature, in cases not provided for in this Constitution, shall prescribe, by general laws, the terms of office, powers, duties and compensation of all public officers and agents, and the manner in which they shall be elected, appointed and removed.” It is not contended in this proceeding that this petitioner falls within the provisions of that section.
Blue v. Smith, 69 W.Va. 761, 72 S.E. 1038, was an original proceeding in mandamus in this Court, the primary issue being whether the legislature had the power under the constitutional provision last quoted to create the office of State Tax *409Commissioner. It was contended by the petitioner Blue that the governor had the authority to appoint him tax commissioner inasmuch as such office did not conflict with the powers granted to the constitutional officers of this State. The Court awarded the writ and said:
Section 8 of article VII prohibits the legislature from appointing, or electing any officers, (but not from creating offices,) and confers upon the governor the right to nominate, and by, and with, the advice and consent of the senate, to appoint, not only officers mentioned in the Constitution, the manner of whose election is not therein provided for, but also, such officers as “shall be created by law.” This is certainly as clear and express recognition of the right of the legislature to create, by law, other offices than those named in the Constitution, as it is a vesting of power in the governor, acting with the advice of the senate to fill such offices by appointment, after they are created. The legislature, of course, cannot create offices which will conflict with, or curtail the constitutional powers of, any of the offices provided for by the Constitution. But the office of State Tax Commissioner does not do so. That office was created as an aid to the executive department in the administration of the laws respecting the state’s revenues. The governor has the power, together with the senate, to fill it, and the governor alone has power to declare it vacant. The State Tax Commissioner is a subordinate office in the executive department, the incumbent may be removed by the chief executive at his will. His powers and duties are purely ministerial, and do not in any manner conflict with those of any other office created by the Constitution. Our conclusion is that the legislature has the power to create the office of State Tax Commissioner, and that the office is lawfully constituted. (Emphasis partially added.)
Article IV, Section 5, of the Constitution of this State provides, insofar as pertinent, that: “Every person elected or appointed to any office, before proceeding to exercise the authority, or discharge the duties thereof, shall make oath or affirmation that he will support the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of this State, and that he will faithfully discharge the duties of his said office to the best of his skill and judgment . . . .” In Brannon v. Perkey, 127 *410W.Va. 103, 31 S.E.2d 898, this Court held that Brannon was not entitled to be inducted into the office of city attorney of the City of Weston even though he had been elected to the office since he failed to take the oath of office within the time prescribed by the council of that city. This statement is contained in that opinion: “An official oath of office is prerequisite to the exercise of authority or the discharge of an official duty. Section 5, Article IV, Constitution.” In State v. Veterans of Foreign Wars, 144 W.Va. 137, 107 S.E.2d 353, this Court held that the provisions of Code, 61-5-5, as amended, are “free from ambiguity and for that reason are not subject to judicial interpretation. When a statute is clear and unambiguous and the legislative intent is plain, the statute should not be interpreted by the courts, and in such case it is the duty of the courts not to construe but to ajpply the statute.” Furthermore, even if we were to declare the statute to be ambiguous, it is a penal statute, and “it is a firmly settled rule that penal statutes must be strictly construed” against the State. State ex rel. Workman v. Anderson, 89 W.Va. 1, 109 S.E. 782. In Hartigan v. Board of Regents, 49 W.Va. 14, 38 S.E. 698, this Court held that a professor in the West Virginia University is not a public officer. These statements are contained in the opinion: “ ‘Office,is a public station or employment conferred by the government, and embraces the idea of tenure, duration, emolument and duties.’ * * * ‘An office is a public charge or employment. The duties of the employment must be continuing, and prescribed by law * Chief Justice Marshall, in United States v. Maurice, 2 Brock. 96, said: ‘Although an office is an employment, it does not follow that every employment is an office.’ ” These statements appear in a 1933 attorney general’s opinion written by former Governor Homer A. Holt while he was attorney general:
No very satisfactory and comprehensive distinction between an “officer” and an “employee” appears in the decision of our supreme court or in the decisions of other courts. Each case must be determined largely on its own merits. However, from the various cases in this as well as in other jurisdictions, a number of criteria appear. No one of these criteria is, perhaps, sufficient-alone to be determinative, and the same may be said of various combinations thereof.
*411In order that a position be an office and not a mere employment it seems necessary that the position be created by the Legislature.
* * - *
Other criteria to be considered are: whether the legislature in creating the position designated it an office, whether the qualifications for the appointee are. prescribed, and whether the duties, tenure, salary, bond, and oath are prescribed or required, and whether the' act constitutes the one occupying the position-a representative of the sovereign.
* * *
Considering the fact that the act which creates the position of road supervisor does not require of the road supervisor as such any oath or bond, does not prescribe the duties of the position, the tenure or the salary, and does not delegate to the position the exercise of any of the sovereign powers of government by virtue of such position, but, under Section 14 of the act it would seem that such powers and duties as may be required are to be exercised under the direction of the Commissioner, who shall be responsible for such acts, the position of road supervisor ... is not an office but is a mere employment. 1933 W. Va. Att’y. Gen. Ann. Rep. 252.
Note that in the attorney general’s opinion he referred to a position created by an act of the legislature. In the cases at bar, even that fact is not present.
We believe it significant that in a comparatively short time after the decision of this Court in the heretofore-cited Blue case holding that the office of tax commissioner was a “mere ministerial office” that the legislature for the first time in exactly half a century amended Code, 61-5-5, as amended, by inserting therein the word “ministerial.” Thus it is clear that the legislature intended thereafter that when an office was “created by law” and filled by appointment by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate that such officer should be subject to the bribery provision of that section. Such an office is the Commissioner of Public Highways, formerly known as State Road Commissioner, and certainly the person who holds that office is a “ministerial” officer of this State, his position being identical with the office of tax *412commissioner. The petitioner was admittedly only a subdivision head of the department of government presided over by the Road Commissioner who was merely a “ministerial officer.” It would take a Sybaritic judiciary to hold that it was the intention of the legislature to include both when it added the term “ministerial” in the Code of 1923.
It is clear that there did not exist by law any such office as “director of office services of the State Road Commission of West Virginia”; that the petitioner was therefore not a de jure officer of the State and furthermore could not possibly have been “an executive and ministerial officer” of the State of West Virginia as provided by Code, 61-5-5, as amended, and as alleged in the indictments.
The only other contention made by respondents is that the petitioner was at least a de facto officer. In Michie’s Jurisprudence, Volume 15, page 115, under the title “De facto Officers” is this succinct statement, citing State v. Babb, 124 W.Va. 428, 20 S.E.2d 683: “To constitute an officer de facto the office must have a de jure existence . . . .” For a full and able discussion of the question of who may be a de facto officer, see Stowers v. Blackburn, 141 W.Va. 328, 90 S.E.2d 277.
Why the legislature did not add such language as “and every other employee of the State of West Virginia” to Code, 61-5-5, as amended, we are not advised. Article V, Section 1, of the Constitution of this State provides that: “The legislative, executive and judicial departments shall be separate and distinct, so that neither shall exercise the powers properly belonging to either of the others . . . .” If Code, 61-5-5, as amended, is to be amended to include persons employed by the State other than those presently enumerated therein, the power to so amend lies in the legislature, and not in this Court which is forbidden by the Constitution to do so by “construing” or “interpreting” the clear and unambiguous language of that statute.
Inasmuch as the petitioner is not an “executive and ministerial officer of the State of West Virginia,” as alleged in the *413indictments, and inasmuch as this is a necessary element of the crime purportedly charged, then it logically follows that no crime has actually been charged in either indictment. We have no recourse but to hold that these indictments are void. This Court has long held that where, as in these two cases, an indictment is void by reason that no crime is charged, prohibition is the proper remedy to halt prosecution under such indictment. State ex rel. McCormick v. Hall, 150 W.Va. 385, 146 S.E.2d 520; Workman v. Shaffer, 112 W.Va. 338, 164 S.E. 299; State ex rel. Constanzo v. Kindelberger, 88 W.Va. 131, 106 S.E. 434. For the foregoing reasons, the writs of prohibition are awarded as prayed for.
Writs awarded.