ON DENIAL OF PETITION FOR REHEARING
HUNTLEY, Acting Chief Judge.We deny the State’s Petition for Rehearing; however, two of the issues raised in the petition merit extended discussion.
We first address the State’s objection to our characterizing the officer’s entry in to the private residence as a “search.” The State would prefer that we label his entry a “viewing.” The State contends that where an officer merely “views” the fruits of a private search, the fourth amendment does not come in to play.1 The state relies on State v. Pontier, 103 Idaho 91, 645 P.2d 325 (1982) wherein the Idaho Supreme Court held that where private citizens searched a package and revealed the contents to California law enforcement officials, and where the California officials, having the contents in plain view, lawfully seized the package and forwarded it to Idaho officials, alerting the Idaho officials as to the identity of the package, the Idaho officials did not need a search warrant to open the package as it had been in a state of “constant seizure.” Although we explained the crucial distinction between the Pontier “plain view” situation and the facts of the instant case in Footnote 2 of our Opinion, the State insists that even where the evidence seized is not turned, over to the state by the private individual, but is seized when the officer follows the individual into another’s residence, that the fourth amendment does not apply. In support of this proposition, the State cites Eisentrager v. Hooker, 450 F.2d 490 (9th Cir.1971). In Eisentrager, a landlady had reason to believe that her tenant had vacated his apartment. She entered the apartment and found the corpse of the tenant’s wife hidden under a blanket in a closet. In Eisentrager, the court stated, “the presence of the hidden corpse was the strongest possible evidence to lead her (the landlord) to believe that Eisentrager had abandoned the apartment____” After finding the corpse the landlady called the police who entered the apartment. The Eisentrager court concluded that upon finding the corpse the landlady, as owner, had a right to take possession of the apartment, and to invite the police to enter and search. Thus, at the time the officers entered that apartment Eisentrager no longer had a reasonable expectation of privacy in it. The facts of the instant case, of course, are otherwise. At the time the officer entered Johnson’s residence, Johnson clearly retained a legitimate expectation of privacy in it. United States v. Salvucci, 448 U.S. 83, 100 S.Ct. 2547, 65 L.Ed.2d 619 (1980); Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967).
Recently, in United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 104 S.Ct. 1652, 80 L.Ed.2d 85 (1984) the court held that where employees of a private freight carrier observed a white powdery substance in the innermost of a series of four plastic bags that had been concealed in a tube inside a damaged package belonging to the defendants, replaced the items, put them back in the box and notified the Drug Enforcement Administration, the federal agents did not violate the defendants’ reasonable expectation of privacy when they observed the already open box and removed the plastic bags, again bringing the white powder into view. In Jacobsen, the Court concluded that it is constitutionally reasonable for law enforcement officials to seize without a warrant “effects” that cannot support a justifiable expectation of privacy, based on probable cause to believe they contain contraband.2 *626However, the decision in Jacobsen was based in part on the minimal intrusion involved in the governmental search of an unwrapped package, and has never been used to justify an invasion of privacy as substantial as entry into a house. (Emphasis added.) People v. Brewer, 690 P.2d 860 (Colo.1984).
The State’s position, if logically extended, would produce the absurd result that an individual could enter another’s private home, ransack every room, rifle through drawers, closets, personal effects, and then, assuming that individual thought he or she had found evidence of a crime, invite officers in to take a look. According to the State, so long as the officer merely viewed the handiwork of the overly-zealous citizen, there would be no search even where, as in the instant case, there was no proper consent, no exigent circumstances, no search warrant and no arrest warrant. This type of reasoning is clearly aberrational in light of the great weight of authority reflecting traditional fourth amendment jurisprudence. We must conclude that the authors of the fourth amendment could not have intended to sanction the kind of police conduct which the State in its petition now asks us to approve.
The State also submits that under the holding in United States v. Leon, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 82 L.Ed.2d 677 (1984), the challenged evidence should not be suppressed. Leon held that even where a search warrant does not issue upon probable cause, so long as the officer relied upon the warrant in objective good faith the exclusionary rule need not apply.
Under the “good faith” exception, a court still retains the power to exclude evidence in those cases where deterrence can be achieved. Specifically, the exclusionary rule is retained in the following situations: (1) where a magistrate or judge plainly had “no business” issuing a facially deficient warrant; (2) where a magistrate or judge relied on false or misleading information; (3) where the warrant clearly lacks a probable cause basis; and (4) where a judge or magistrate wholly abandons his or her role as a neutral and detached decision-maker. Leon, supra, 104 S.Ct. at 3421-22.
Significantly, Johnson appeals the denial of his suppression motion citing both the fourth amendment to the United States Constitution and art. I, § 17 of the Idaho Constitution. We observe that as of this writing the Idaho Supreme Court has not yet determined whether the Idaho Constitution should be interpreted in precisely the same manner as the United States Supreme Court interpreted the Federal Constitution in Leon. However for the purpose of this analysis, it is unnecessary to address that question as we conclude that Leon, even if adopted by our Supreme Court, would not apply to the instant case.
In our view, Segura v. United States, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 3380, 82 L.Ed.2d 599 (1984) provides a fifth exception to the four Leon “good faith” exceptions delineated above. Segura reiterates the principles set out in Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963) and its progeny that evidence which is the fruit of the poisonous tree and for which the taint has not been purged must be suppressed.
The exclusionary rule is a judicially prescribed remedial measure and as with any remedial device, the application of the rule has been restricted to those areas where its remedial objectives are most ef*627fectively served. Under the United States Supreme Court’s holdings, the exclusionary rule reaches not only primary evidence obtained as a direct result of an illegal search or seizure, but also evidence later discovered and found to be derivative of an illegality or “fruit of the poisonous tree.” It extends as well to the indirect and the direct products of unconstitutional conduct. Segura v. United States, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 3380, 82 L.Ed.2d 599 (1984).
The United States Supreme Court has, of course, allowed admission of evidence, notwithstanding a prior illegality, when the link between the illegality and that evidence was sufficiently attenuated to dissipate the taint. Its cases make clear that evidence will not be excluded as “fruit” unless the illegality is at least the “but for” cause of the discovery of the evidence. Suppression is not justified unless “the challenged evidence is in some sense the product of illegal government activity.” Segura, supra, 104 S.Ct. at 3391-92.
Segura and Leon were both decided on July 5, 1984. Leon does not directly confront the issue of whether, when the only information in the affidavit that could have provided probable cause was illegally obtained, such illegality irreparably taints the warrant absent a prosecutorial showing that the taint had been purged. However, Segura implicitly indicates that such an unpurged illegality irreparably taints the warrant. U.S. v. John D. Rule, 594 F.Supp. 1223 (D.C.Me.1984) specifically held that where the only information set forth in an affidavit which would support a finding of probable cause had been illegally obtained, the search warrant had been irreparably tainted and the evidence seized pursuant thereto was suppressed. Id. at 1245-46. In reaching that determination, the Maine Court relied on Segura.
In the instant case, the officer’s illegal entry into Johnson’s residence clearly contributed in a significant way to the seizure of the evidence taken under the warrant. In fact, the magistrate should not have issued the warrant but for the officer’s statement that he had seen the marijuana plants. Hence, the “but for” test is satisfied in the instant case. In Segura, none of the information on which the challenged warrant was secured was derived from or related in any way to an initial unwarranted entry into the defendant’s apartment; the information supporting the warrant came from sources wholly unconnected with the initial entry and was known to the agents well beforehand. In Segura, the information possessed'by the agents before they entered the apartment constituted an independent source for the discovery and seizure of the evidence challenged. The challenged evidence was discovered during a search conducted under a valid warrant, was the product of that search and was wholly unrelated to the initial entry.
In the instant case, of course, the entry pursuant to the warrant was not “wholly unrelated” to the prior entry but was instead directly connected to and based upon that prior entry, which we have found to be unlawful. The circumstances in the case at bar do not permit a reasonable inference that absent the issuance of the warrant based on the officer’s unlawful conduct, there was an “independent source” unrelated to the unlawful conduct,3 or that the evidence would have inevitably been discovered.4 Thus, Leon would not apply.
Moreover, Leon specifically held that suppression is required where it will serve a deterrent purpose. It is obvious that the circumstances of the case now under review, though not squarely fitting into any of the four specifically delineated “good faith” exceptions, nonetheless present a situation where deterrence can be achieved by suppression of the disputed evidence.
In Massachusetts v. Sheppard, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 3424, 82 L.Ed.2d 737 (1984), a companion case to Leon, the U.S. Supreme Court stated “the exclusionary rule *628was adopted to deter unlawful searches by police, not to punish the errors of magistrates and judges.” In the instant matter, we deal with a case which arose out of an initial unlawful entry into a private dwelling by a police officer. Were we to approve of the search of Johnson’s residence we would, in effect, be holding that an officer can in “good faith” rely on his or her own unlawful conduct. Where the officer acted unlawfully in the first instance, that taint cannot be washed clean by virtue of the magistrate’s understandable but, in this case, incorrect, assumption that the information set forth by the officer-affiant was lawfully obtained. In short, the purpose of the exclusionary rule is to deter police misconduct; and deterrence will not be achieved if we permit the admission of the challenged evidence in this case.
In footnote 20, the Leon court advised: The objective standard we adopt, moreover, requires officers to have a reasonable knowledge of what the law prohibits. United States v. Peltier, 422 U.S. 531, 542, 95 S.Ct. 2313, 2320, 45 L.Ed.2d 374 (1975). As Professor Jerold Israel has observed: “The key to the [exclusionary] rule’s effectiveness as a deterrent lies, I believe, in the impetus it has provided to police training programs that make officers aware of the limits imposed by the fourth amendment and emphasize the need to operate within those limits ....” Leon, supra, 104 S.Ct. at 3420, n. 20.
In Sheppard, supra, a police officer obtained substantial evidence linking the defendant to a murder, and subsequently prepared an affidavit that set forth facts sufficient to establish probable cause to support a search warrant. Unable to find a suitable. warrant form, however, the officer used a standard “controlled substances” warrant form that he modified as best he could. He presented the affidavit and the warrant to a judge who made some minor alterations and signed the warrant. However, the judge did not alter the substantive portions of the warrant that only authorized a search for controlled substances. Relying on the apparent legality of the altered warrant, the police searched Sheppard’s residence and recovered several items that tied Sheppard to the murder. At trial, the court suppressed the evidence because of the warrant’s facial defects. On appeal, the United States Supreme Court reversed the trial court’s suppression order deciding that the officer acted in “good faith.” The Court acknowledged that while “an error of constitutional dimensions may have been committed with respect to the issuance of the warrant ... it was the judge, not the police officers, who made the critical mistake.” Id., 104 S.Ct. at 3429. Because the judge had committed the crucial error, the Court refused to suppress the evidence. As the Leon court stated, “Judges and magistrates are not adjuncts to the law enforcement team; as neutral judicial officers, they have no stake in the outcome of particular criminal prosecutions. The threat of exclusion thus cannot be expected to significantly deter them.” Leon, supra, 104 S.Ct. at’ 3418. Hence, deterrence is only obtained by punishing the police when they are unreasonable and by forebearing to punish them when they are reasonable.
In Rule, 594 F.Supp. at 1247, the Court stated that the good faith of government actors in the warrant process insulates an error in that process from the consequence of suppression only where the government has provided the magistrate with that information properly necessary to the performance of his function and the error is that of the magistrate. In Rule, as here, it was not a magistrate’s error that created the warrant’s defect. Here, the magistrate relied upon the officer’s information as set forth in the affidavit only because he was unaware that that information was obtained by unlawful conduct. The Rule court stated:
The critical nature of the need for complete sanctity in the warrant process is • now reinforced by a recent turn in legal doctrine. Under United States v. Leon (citation omitted), suppression of evidence is allowed in only the most restricted of circumstances where the seizure *629occurs in reliance upon a facially valid warrant. Thus, the preservation of Fourth Amendment values is left now almost entirely to the sanctity of the magisterial process in determining probable cause on an application for a warrant. It is, therefore, more important than ever that no opportunity, much less any encouragement, be given for a substantial error to creep into that process by permitting the magistrate to be unknowingly deprived of available information that has a potentially significant bearing on his probable cause determination.
Moreover, Leon does not create a blanket rule of admissibility for all evidence seized pursuant to a defective warrant. The Leon court stated:
In the ordinary case, an officer cannot be expected to question the magistrate’s probable-cause determination or his judgment that the form of the warrant is technically sufficient ____ Penalizing the officer for the magistrate’s error rather than his own, cannot logically contribute to the deterrence of Fourth Amendment violations. 104 S.Ct. at 3420.
For instance, in Sheppard, supra, the error asserted involved a “facial” defect that, a reasonably prudent police officer could not have been expected to detect. Moreover, Sheppard involved a mistake that, when considered in the context of the entire record, had no tangible impact on the defendant’s rights. In contrast, the officer’s conduct in the instant case clearly had an impact on Johnson’s right to and legitimate expectation of privacy in his home as guaranteed by the fourth amendment to the United States Constitution.
Moreover, the error of which Johnson complains is not a mere technical, procedural, clerical, ministerial, or otherwise insignificant error. His right to be secure in his home was violated; that violation provided the information upon which the magistrate relied in concluding there was probable cause so that the warrant might issue; and as the prosecution did not purge the taint, the warrant was irretrievably tainted.
In Collins v. Florida, 465 So.2d 1266 (Slip Op., February 22, 1985, District Court of Appeal of Florida, Second District) the court, in interpreting Leon, held that a search warrant unsupported by an oath does not present a “mere technicality that good faith can cure.” The Florida court observed:
An oath is basic to the validity of the . supporting affidavit and the ensuing warrant. It has often been held that statutes and rules authorizing searches and seizures must be strictly construed. Therefore, affidavits and warrants must meticulously conform to statutory and constitutional provisions ... “[s]ave for the First and Fifth Amendments, the Fourth Amendment, from which we receive Section 12 to Article I of our own Florida Constitution, is probably most important to the liberty of all freedom loving citizens. One cannot sit idly by and observe its meaning be slowly eroded away even by well-meaning police and prosecutors.” Collins, supra, at Slip Op. p. 51 citing Hesselrode v. State, 369 So.2d 348 at 351 (Fla.App.1979).
Likewise, a finding of probable cause, tainted by statements resulting from unlawful police conduct, is not a “mere technicality” which “good faith” can cure. If anything, the instant case presents circumstances much more egregious than an officer’s failure to swear to the affidavit in support of a warrant.
In contrast to Collins, Ohio v. Wilmoth (Slip Op., December 5, 1984, Court of Appeals of Ohio, Ninth Appellate District) held that where the record revealed that the officers failed to take the oath prior to seeking the warrant but, once their testimony had been transcribed, signed affidavits verifying the correctness of what they believed was their “sworn” testimony, any error rendering the warrant defective was based on the magistrate’s technical failure to use the proper words in administering the oath. The issuance of the oath was totally within the control of the magistrate. Thus, the officers were justified in *630assuming that the magistrate had properly administered the oath.
Another example of the kind of “technical” error which will not invalidate a warrant was discussed in Ohio v. David Foster (Slip Op., September 4, 1984, Court of Appeals). In Foster, a warrant made initial reference to paragraph 2 when it was intended that it refer to paragraph 3. However, the court considered the language preceding the mistaken draftsmanship, and concluded it was inconceivable that there was any misunderstanding between the trial court and the police at the time the warrant issued, or any serious dispute as to the order’s intent. Since the wrong paragraph reference did not cause any misunderstanding or misguide anyone in the issuance and execution of the search warrant, the court declined to rule the warrant invalid.
In the instant case, we are not confronted with a magistrate’s procedural, technical, clerical, or ministerial error. Rather, we are confronted by a significant police error. We have before us a warrant supported by an affidavit setting forth statements in support of a finding of probable cause which were the result of unlawful police activity. In addition to the authority cited in our initial opinion in Johnson, there are other recent cases supporting our Johnson holding. In People v. Brewer, 690 P.2d 860, the People argued on appeal that the challenged search could be justified in four possible ways. They claimed that the defendants had abandoned their house, that the owner had authority to consent to the search and that one of the defendants consented to the search. Finally, the People argued that a state statute creating a “good faith” exception to the exclusionary rule should be applied in that case. The Colorado Supreme Court rejected each of these contentions. Brewer is particularly significant because, if anything, the record there would more likely support a finding of tenant abandonment and/or proper owner consent than the record in Johnson.
Another factually similar case wherein a court disapproved an unwarranted entry into a defendant’s apartment is Minnesota v. Houston, 359 N.W.2d 336 (Slip Opinion, December 18, 1984 Court of Appeals of Minnesota). On facts similar to those in Johnson, the Minnesota court concluded that nothing in the record showed the basis for the landlord’s belief that the tenant may have left or that the premises were in fact abandoned. The Minnesota court did not accept the State’s urging that the court adopt a “good faith” exception which would justify the police conduct absent a facially valid warrant.
CONCLUSION
Where an officer unlawfully enters a residence and then uses his or her observations resulting from that entry to support an assertion of probable cause in an affidavit for a search warrant, deterrence will not be achieved if the officer can escape the impact of the exclusionary rule by having a magistrate, who would have no reason to know that the entry was unlawful, sign a warrant upon which the officer could later claim to have relied in “good faith”.
It follows that here the exclusionary rule should be applied to bar the use in the State’s case-in-chief of evidence obtained by the police acting in reliance on a search warrant that was irreparably tainted by the officer’s initial unlawful and unpurged conduct. We therefore deny the State’s Petition for Rehearing.
McFADDEN and TOWLES, Acting JJ., concur.. Semantical wordplay aside, the officer’s observations were the direct fruit of his unlawful entry and it was that unlawful entry which tainted all fruit, including observations, resulting therefrom.
. In Jabobsen, it appears that absent the initial intrusion into the package by the private citizens, the government officials could not have opened without a warrant and in the absence of circumstances creating a recognized exception *626to the warrant requirement, a package in which the defendant-owners would have retained a legitimate expectation of privacy.
Although the Idaho Supreme Court has not had occasion to address whether the Jacobsen holding comports with art. I, § .17 of the Idaho Constitution, we express reservations about the wisdom of a rule wherein one’s "legitimate expectation of privacy” from unwarranted governmental intrusion into one’s "effects” depends on the fortuitous circumstance of whether a private citizen has invaded the privacy interest prior to the police "viewing”. If the private citizen’s observations are such as to furnish the officer with information sufficient to justify a finding of probable cause, there should be no reason to dispense with the necessity of obtaining a search warrant absent the presence of exigent circumstances.
. Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States, 251 U.S. 385, 40 S.Ct. 182, 64 L.Ed. 319 (1920).
. Nix v. Williams, - U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 2501, 81 L.Ed.2d 377 (1984).