*364OPINION OF THE COURT BY
LUM, C.J.This appeal involves a challenge to the validity of the procedures employed by Appellee, the City and County of Honolulu (County) when acting upon applications for Special Management Area (SMA) use permits pursuant to the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA), Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS), Chapter 205A. Appellants, residents and community groups, challenge the County’s issuance of an SMA use permit to Appellee Kaiser Development Co. (Kaiser). They contend that the Honolulu City Council was required to hold a “contested case”1 hearing pursuant to the Hawaii Administrative Procedures Act (HAPA), HRS Chapter 91, when it issued the permit, and that the Council’s failure to do so violated the CZMA and deprived Appellants of their constitutional rights to due process and equal protection. The court below dismissed the case, finding no constitutional violation and ruling that the CZMA does not require a legislative body, otherwise exempt from HAPA, to conduct “contested case” hearings in issuing SMA use permits. We agree and therefore affirm the judgment of the court below.
I.
This case arises from the issuance of an SMA use permit to Kaiser by the Honolulu City Council. Kaiser sought to develop approximately 200 single-family homes in the vicinity of Sandy Beach Park on Oahu. Because a portion of the project was located within the boundaries of the “Special Management Area” (SMA)2 established by the County pur*365suantto the CZMA, Kaiser was required to obtain an SMA use permit. HRS § 205A-28.
Because this appeal involves a challenge to the procedures adopted by the County pursuant to the CZMA for administering the “Special Management Area” on Oahu, we turn first to a brief examination of the regulatory scheme before discussing the facts particular to the permit issued in this case.
A.
The CZMA imposes special controls on the development of real property along shoreline areas in order “to preserve, protect, and where possible, to restore the natural resources of the coastal zone of Hawaii.” HRS§205A-21. Chapter 205A designates the counties as the “authority” to administer the permit system and requires the counties to adopt procedures for issuing permits. HRS §§205A-22(2),-29. The Honolulu City Council designated itself as the “authority” for the City and County of Honolulu unlike the other counties of Maui, Kauai, and Hawaii which delegated this function to their respective county planning commissions. See HRS § 205A-22(2).
The Honolulu City Council processes permit applications under procedures set forth in Revised Ordinances of Honolulu (Revised Ordinances), Chapter 33. Pursuant to this ordinance, initial processing of such applications is delegated to the Department of Land Utilization (DLU). DLU holds a public hearing on the application, and transmits its findings and recommendations to the City Council. Revised Ordinances § 33-5.3, -5.4. The Council generally refers SMA use permit applications to its Committees on Planning and Zoning which make a recommendation to the Council as a whole. The Council grants, denies, or conditions the permit by resolution. Revised Ordinances § 33-5.5.
In processing permit applications, DLU and the Council are guided by the policies, objectives, and guidelines of the CZMA.3 HRS § 205A-26. The “authority” must make findings that the proposed *366development (a) will not have any substantial adverse environmental or ecological effects; (b) is consistent with the objectives, policies, and guidelines of Chapter 205A; and (c) is consistent with the county general plan and zoning. HRS § 205A-26(2).
B.
In the instant case, the County accepted Kaiser’s application for a permit on February 3,1986. On April 1,1986, DLU held a public hearing which was attended by twelve persons. Subsequently, the agency transmitted its findings and recommendation of approval to the Council, which referred the application to its Planning and Zoning Committee for consideration. During the following year, the Council as a whole or in committee publicly reviewed and discussed the application at least ten times.
In response to growing concerns over the potential impact of the proposed development, the Council held a public hearing on April 1,1987, at which over 80 persons offered written and oral testimony both for and against the project. Those testifying expressed concerns regarding the development’s impact on coastal views, preservation of open space, traffic, potential flooding, and sewage treatment. Several of the Appellants testified at the public hearings. Appellants include individuals and organizations whose members reside in the area or use the shoreline and open space resources near the proposed development.
The published notice advertising the hearing stated that speakers would be limited to a three minute presentation; however, many persons testifying, including Appellants, were allowed to speak at length. At the close of the April 1,1987 hearing, the Council deferred action on Kaiser’s application to allow consideration of the extensive testimony received and to permit the preparation of findings. Further public testimony was permitted at the City Council meeting held on April 15, 1987, at which time the Council adopted Resolution No. 87-65 granting the permit and made extensive findings of fact.
*367On May 12, 1987, Appellants filed two nearly identical lawsuits in the circuit court challenging the issuance of the permit: (1) an administrative appeal pursuant to HRS § 91 — 14(g) which provides for judicial review of agency decisions in “contested cases”; and (2) an action under HRS § 205A-6, which accords a person aggrieved by a county agency’s failure to comply with the CZMA a right thereunder to initiate a civil action against the non-complying agency.4 Appellants claimed in both actions that their personal, economic, and aesthetic interests would be injured and adversely affected by the project. Appellant Elizabeth Matthews, who resides in the closest proximity to the proposed development, directly across a golf course from the development, claimed the project would affect her view of the ocean and decrease the value of her properly. Both suits further alleged that the failure of the City Council to hold “contested case” hearings in SMA use permit proceedings violated HRS § 205A-29, Chapter 91, and the due process and equal protection clauses of the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 5 of the Hawaii Constitution. Appellees Kaiser Development Company and Kaiser Hawaii Kai Development Company intervened as defendants and the two cases were consolidated.
On December 29, 1987, the court issued an order denying Appellants’ motion for summary judgment. The court held that HRS § 205A-29(a) does not require a legislative body, otherwise exempt from HRS Chapter 91, to conducta contested case hearing on SMA use permit applications. Appellees moved to dismiss, arguing that the sole issue in the case, whether the Council was required to hold a contested case hearing, had already been decided by the court in its order denying the motion *368for summary judgment. The lower court granted the motion to dismiss on January 29,1988, and this appeal followed.
II.
We first consider Appellants’ contention that the City Council, although not an “agency” within the meaning of HAPA, is required by the CZMA to conduct “contested case” hearings pursuant to HRS Chapter 91 when it acts upon SMA use permit applications. We conclude that the Council, as the legislative body of the County, is not subject to HAPA, and that the CZMA does not require the Council to conduct contested case proceedings in issuing SMA use permits.
A.
Turning first to an examination of the Hawaii Administrative Procedures Act, we find that HRS § 91-1 specifically exempts legislative and judicial bodies from its purview. Section 91-1 defines “agency” as follows:
For the purpose of this chapter:
“Agency” means each state or county board, commission, department, or officer authorized by law to make rules or to adjudicate contested cases, except those in the legislative or judicial branches. (Emphasis added).
Article III of the Revised Charter of the City and County of Honolulu (Charter) vests the legislative power of the City and County of Honolulu in the City Council. See Charter § 3-101. Therefore, the Council clearly falls within the exception created by HRS § 91-1.
Appellants concede that HAPA does not apply to the “legislative” functions of the City Council; however, they argue that the Council acts in a “quasi-judicial” or “administrative” capacity when issuing SMA use permits, and therefore, seek to invoke HAPA’s procedural requirements, specifically the provisions relating to “contested cases.” HAPA mandates a trial-type hearing in contested cases before administrative agencies.5
*369It is well established that the City Council has both legislative and non-legislative powers. Section 3-201 of the Charter provides: “Every legislative act of the council shall be by ordinance. Non-legislative acts of the council may be by resolution^]” In Life of the Land v. City Council, 61 Haw. 390, 423-24, 606 P.2d 866, 887 (1980), we recognized that the Council has both legislative and non-legislative powers and distinguished between them as follows:
A legislative act predetermines what the law shall be for the regulation of future cases falling under its provisions.
A non-legislative act executes or administers a law already in existence. (Citations omitted).
The issuance of an SMA use permit involves the application of general standards to specific parcels of real property. Therefore, the City Council’s approval of Kaiser’s SMA use permit application was a non-legislative act because it administered a law already in existence, the Coastal Zone Management Act.
We find no indication in the language of Chapter 91 that legislative bodies are excepted from the statutory definition of “agency” only when they are performing “legislative” activities, but are otherwise included in that definition. Section 91-1 clearly excludes the legislative branch from the definition of “agency” and therefore, from compliance with the procedural requirements contained in Chapter 91. It is well settled that
where there is no ambiguity in the language of a statute, and the literal application of the language would not produce an absurd or unjust result, clearly inconsistent with the purposes and policies of the statute, there is no room for judicial construction and interpretation, and the statute must be given effect according to its plain and obvious meaning.
State v. Palama, 62 Haw. 159, 161, 612 P.2d 1168, 1170 (1980).
The legislative history of HRS § 91-1 provides further support for the exclusion of the City Council from HAPA. In adopting HRS Chapter 91, the House Judiciary Committee stated:
*370It is also the intention of your Committee that the definition of agency does not include the state legislature, city council and board of supervisors of the state and county government as well as the various courts including those which by statute the Supreme Court of the State of Hawaii is given rule-making authority over. (Emphasis added).
Hse. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 8, in 1961 House Journal, at 656.
Moreover, this court has previously recognized HAPA’s express exemption of the City Council. In Kailua Community Council v. City & County, 60 Haw. 428, 591 P.2d 602 (1979), we found that where the chief planning officer and the planning commission of the county acted in a purely advisory capacity to the Council in fulfilling its legislative function, their actions were not subject to HAPA. We noted that “[t]o hold otherwise would, by indirection, extend the application of the HAPA to the actions of the city council which by its terms the Act has excluded from its operation.” Id. at 434, 591 P.2d at 606 (citing HRS § 91-1(1)).
We conclude, therefore, based upon the plain language of HRS § 91-1 and its legislative history, that the City Council, as the legislative branch of the County, is not subject to the procedural requirements of HAPA when acting in either a legislative or non-legislative capacity.
B.
Appellants further contend that the CZMA overrides the exemption for legislative bodies set forth in HRS § 91-1 by requiring the county “authorities” which administer the permit process to comply with HAPA regardless of whether the “authority” is a legislative or administrative body. They claim that the CZMA incorporates Chapter 91, thus subjecting all “authorities” administering SMA use permits, including the City Council, to the requirements of HAPA. Appellants rely on several provisions of the CZMA to which we now turn.
HRS § 205A-27 designates an “authority” in each county to carry out the objectives, policies, and procedures for Special Management Areas set forth in Chapter 205A. Section 205A-22(2) defines “authority” to include both legislative and administrative bodies:
“Authority” means the county planning commission, except in . counties where the county planning commission is advisory only, in which case “authority” means the county council *371or such body as the council may by ordinance designate. The authority may, as appropriate, delegate the responsibility for administering this part (Emphasis added).
Accordingly, the Honolulu City Council designated itself as the “authority” pursuant to § 33-1.3 of the Revised Ordinances of Honolulu.6
The CZMA defines “agency” as follows:
“Agency” means any agency, board, commission, department, or officer of a county government or the state government, including the authority as defined in part //[.] (Emphasis added).
HRS § 205A-l.
Appellants argue that because the “authority” is included within the definition of “agency,” the legislature intended to designate the City Council as an “agency” subject to the procedural requirements of HAPA. We disagree. Section 205A-l defines “agency” for the purposes of Chapter 205A, not for the purposes of Chapter 91. As discussed above, Chapter 91 provides its own definition of “agency” which excludes the legislative branch.
Appellants rely primarily on HRS § 205A-29(a), arguing that this provision of the CZMA specifically requires the City Council to comply with HAPA in adopting rules and in conducting hearings. HRS § 205A-29(a) reads in pertinent part:
The authority in each county, upon consultation with the essential coordinating agency, shall establish and may amend pursuant to Chapter 91, by rule or regulation the special management area use permit application procedures, conditions under which hearings must be held, and the time periods within which the hearing and action for special management area use permits shall occur. The authority shall provide for adequate notice to individuals whose property rights may be adversely affected and to persons who have requested in writing to be notified of special management area use permit healings or *372applications. The authority shall also provide written public notice once in a newspaper of general circulation in the State at least twenty days in advance of the hearing. (Emphasis added).
Appellants contend that by employing the language “pursuant to chapter 91,” the legislature contemplated that the City Council would provide “contested case” hearings as defined in Chapter 91 rather than public hearings as required by the County’s current procedures. See Revised Ordinances § 33-5.3.
While the plain language of HRS § 205A-29(a) can be construed to require the “authority” to comply with Chapter 91 in establishing rules for administering its Shoreline Management Areas, we find that the statute does not require the City Council, otherwise exempt from HAPA, to conduct “contested case” hearings when acting upon individual permits. As we noted in Chang v. Planning Comm’n of County of Maui, 64 Haw. 431, 441 n.11, 643 P.2d 55, 63 n.11 (1982), “HRS § 205A-29(a) refers the county authority to chapter 91 in its promulgation of rules governing SMA use permit hearings but is otherwise silent on the manner in which the hearings must be conducted.”
Furthermore, the legislative history of the original act and its amendments does not indicate any intent by the legislature to require a contested case hearing, as defined in Chapter 91, in SMA use permit procedures. On the contrary, Senate Committee Report No. 143 reflects that the legislature was concerned with providing “public” hearings:
Improved means for participation by the public in decisions affecting the coastal zone are necessary and desirable. Although public hearings afford the opportunity for public participation in certain agency decisions, many agency actions on permits affecting the coastal zone may now occur without the requirement for a public hearing. To afford the public an adequate opportunity to participate in all major decision making affecting the coastal zone during the interim until the program is implemented, provision should be made for public hearings on required permits where such hearings would otherwise not be required. (Emphasis added).
Sen. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 143, in 1975 Senate Journal, at 917. Furthermore, when the CZMA was amended in 1979, the legislature stated:
Your Committees heard testimony that present procedures regarding public hearings in connection with SMA permit *373applications are adequate. Therefore, the bill has been amended to allow the county authorities to determine the conditions under which hearings must be held, instead of requiring hearings in cases where they are requested by any person or agency. (Emphasis added).
Hse. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 629, in 1979 House Journal, at 1442.
The pattern and purpose of the CZMA lead to the conclusion that the legislature intended the hearing held by the county authority in conjunction with the application for an SMA use permit be informational in nature in order to permit members of the public to present their views and relevant data as an aid to the administrative decision on the particular application as well as long-term planning policy for the entire coastal area.
We find, therefore, that neither the language nor the legislative history of the CZMA supports Appellants’ contention that the City Council is required to conduct contested case hearings in SMA use permit proceedings. Rather, it is apparent that the legislature in HRS § 205A-29 allowed each authority to decide for itself the nature of the hearings it would conduct in reviewing SMA use permit applications.
In support of their argument that SMA use permit proceedings are “contested cases” within the meaning of Chapter 91, Appellants rely on decisions of this court in which we recognized that the hearings held by the planning commissions of the counties of Maui and Kauai in issuing SMA use permits were “contested cases.” Chang v. Planning Comm’n, 64 Haw. 431, 436, 643 P.2d 55, 60 (1982); Mahuiki v. Planning Comm’n, 65 Haw. 506, 513, 654 P.2d 874, 879 (1982).
As noted previously, while the City Council of the City and County of Honolulu appointed itself the “authority” to administer the Shoreline Management Area, the counties of Maui, Kauai, and Hawaii have delegated this function to their respective planning commissions. See HRS § 205A-22(2). County planning commissions are clearly “agencies” as defined by HAP A. See HRS § 91-1(1). Therefore, the permit application proceedings we considered in Chang and Mahuiki fell within the definition of “contested case” as “a proceeding in which the legal rights, duties, or privileges of specific parties are required by law to be determined after an opportunity for agency hearing.” HRS § 91-1(5); Mahuiki, 65 Haw. at 513, 654 P.2d at 879 (emphasis added). These decisions, therefore, are *374not dispositive of the question in this case, whether a legislative body is subject to the contested case procedures of HAPA.
C.
While we find that HRS § 205A-29 does not subject the City Council to Chapter 91 contested case procedures when acting upon SMA use permits, we recognize that § 205A-29(a) can be interpreted to require the Council’s adherence to Chapter 91 in establishing a regulatory scheme for administering SMA use permit application procedures. Specifically, the first sentence of § 205A-29(a) provides that:
The authority in each county, upon consultation with the central coordinating agency, shall establish and may amend pursuant to chapter 91, by rule or regulation the special management area use permit application procedures, conditions under which hearings must be held, and the time periods within which the hearing and action for special management area use permit shall occur. (Emphasis added).
Thus, while the City Council is not an “agency” as defined by Chapter 91, § 205A-29(a) nevertheless appears to require the “authority” to comply with the rule-making provisions of Chapter 91 in adopting its SMA use permit application procedures. We therefore turn to an examination of the manner in which the County adopted its procedural scheme for issuing SMA use permits.
In 1984, the City Council adopted Ordinance No. 84-4, subsequently codified as Revised Ordinances of Honolulu Chapter 33, setting forth a regulatory scheme for processing SMA use permit applications.7 Because the promulgation of rules governing SMA procedures was a legislative act, the Council was required by the Revised *375Charter of the City & County of Honolulu (Charter) to adopt an ordinance. 8
The procedure for the adoption of rules by agencies is set forth in HRS § 91-3(a):
Prior to the adoption of any rule authorized by law, or the amendment or repeal thereof, the adopting agency shall:
(1) Give at least 20 days’ notice for a public hearing. Such notice shall include a statement of the substance of the proposed rule, and of the date, time and place where interested persons may be heard thereon. The notice shall be mailed to all persons who have made a timely written request of the agency for advance notice of its rulemaking proceedings, and published at least once in a newspaper of general circulation in the State for state agencies and in the county for county agencies.
(2) Afford all interested persons opportunity to submit data, views, or arguments, orally or in writing. The agency shall fully consider all written and oral submissions respecting the proposed rule. The agency may make its decision at the public hearing or announce then the date as to when it intends to make its decision. Upon adoption, amendment, or repeal of a rule, the agency shall, if requested to do so by an interested person, issue a concise statement of the principal reasons for and against its determination.
HRS § 91-3(c) provides that in the case of county agencies, the rule shall be subject to the approval of the mayor.
The record indicates that the City Council conducted a public hearing on January 17,1984, prior to adoption of Ordinance No. 84-4. Notice was published on December 27,1983 and January 6,1984, specifying the *376date, time and place of the hearing. The notice explained in some detail the contents of the proposed ordinance. It provided that persons wishing to speak at the hearing should sign up at the City Clerk’s Office, that their presentations would be limited to three minutes, and requested them to submit fifteen copies of their statement. The notice further provided for the filing of written statements with the City Clerk up to the day before the subject matter was discussed in committee. The ordinance was adopted by the Council on February 10,1984, and was subsequently signed by the mayor.
We conclude, based upon the facts outlined above, that the procedure followed by the Council in adopting Ordinance 84-4 was in accordance with the rule-making provisions of Chapter 91. Consequently, the County complied with HRS § 205A-29(a) in establishing “pursuant to Chapter 91” its SMA use permit application procedures.
III.
We next consider Appellants’ contention that the procedures employed by the City Council in issuing the SMA use permit to Kaiser violated their constitutional right to procedural due process under the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 5 of the Hawaii Constitution. Appellants claim that, even if the City Council was not subject to the requirements of HAPA, the Council nevertheless had a constitutional responsibility to afford them a trial-type adjudicatory hearing because they possess constitutionally protected “property” interests. Therefore, Appellants argue, they were entitled to the full panoply of contested case procedures including cross-examination of witnesses, findings of fact and conclusions of law limited to the evidence, and prohibition on ex parte communications by decisionmakers. We disagree thata trial-type adjudicatory hearing was mandated by the constitution in this case and conclude that the hearings provided Appellants were consistent with the requirements of procedural due process.
In Aguiar v. Hawaii Hous. Auth., 55 Haw. 478, 495, 522 P.2d 1255, 1266 (1974), we set forth a two-step analysis for claims of a due process right to a hearing: (1) is the particular interest which claimant seeks to protect by a hearing “property” within the meaning of the due process clauses of the federal and state constitutions, and (2) if the interest is “property,” what specific procedures are required to protect it. Therefore, *377in order to assert a right to procedural due process, Appellants must possess an interest which qualifies as “property” within the meaning of the constitution.
“To have a property interest in a benefit, a person clearly must have more than an abstract need or desire for it. He must have more than a unilateral expectation of it. He must, instead, have a legitimate claim of entitlement to it.” Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577, 92 S. Ct. 2701, 2709, 33 L. Ed. 2d 548, 561 (1972). In Aguiar, we concluded that the plaintiffs’ interest in continuing to receive low-cost public housing benefits was a “property” interest.9 55 Haw. at 496, 522 P.2d at 1267. In Silver v. Castle Memorial Hosp., 53 Haw. 475, 497 P.2d 564 (1972), we found that a medical doctor’s interest in his continued practice of medicine in a federally-funded private hospital rose to the level of a constitutionally protected property interest.
The property interests in Aguiar and Silver involved basic needs of housing and employment to which the plaintiffs had “a legitimate claim of entitlement.” In contrast, the property interests asserted by the Appellants who oppose the SMA use permit in this case are of an aesthetic and environmental nature. While we have recognized the importance of aesthetic and environmental interests in determining an individual’s standing to contest the issue, Life of the Land, Inc. v. Land Use Comm’n, 61 Haw. 3, 8, 594 P.2d 1079, 1082 (1979), we have not found that such interests rise to the level of “property” within the meaning of the due process clause, and Appellants refer us to no authorities so holding.10
*378Even if we assume, arguendo, that Appellants’ visual and environmental interests constitute “property” interests within the meaning of the due process clause, no due process violation appears.
Due process is not a fixed concept requiring a specific procedural course in every situation. “[D]ue process is flexible and calls for such procedural protections as the particular situation demands.” Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 481, 92 S. Ct. 2593, 2600, 33 L. Ed. 2d 484, 494 (1972). The full rights of due process present in a court of law, including presentation of witnesses and cross-examination, do not automatically attach to a quasi-judicial hearing. See Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565, 95 S. Ct. 729, 42 L. Ed. 2d 725 (1975); Arnett v. Kennedy, 416 U.S. 134, 94 S. Ct. 1633, 40 L. Ed. 2d 15 (1974). The basic elements of procedural due process of law require notice and an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner before governmental deprivation of a significant property interest. Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 333, 96 S. Ct. 893, 902, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18, 32 (1976); North Georgia Finishing, Inc. v. Di-Chem, Inc. 419 U.S. 601, 605-606, 95 S. Ct. 719, 722, 42 L. Ed. 2d 751, 756-57 (1975).
Determination of the specific procedures required to satisfy due process requires a balancing of several factors: (1) the private interest which will be affected; (2) the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures actually used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or alternative procedural safeguards; and (3) the governmental interest, including the burden that additional procedural safeguards would entail. Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. at 335, 96 S. Ct. at 903, 47 L. Ed. 2d at 33; Silver v. Castle Memorial Hosp., 53 Haw. at 484, 497 P.2dat571.
Assuming for present purposes that Appellants can demonstrate protectible property interests sufficient to trigger procedural due process protection, we must weigh those interests against the risk of erroneous deprivation through the procedures actually provided by the Council, the probable value of providing an adjudicatory-type hearing, and the Council’ s interest in adhering to its current procedures. We find, in considering these factors, that Appellants’ rights to procedural due process were satisfied by notice and an opportunity to be heard, and that the due process clause does not require the additional procedures sought by Appellants.
An examination of the record in this case reveals that the Council provided ample notice of the public hearings and in fact Appellants do not *379complain that they did not receive adequate notice. The Council complied with its own notice procedures which require notice be given to all property owners within 300 feet of the affected property as well as to all owners of all property described in the permit application. Published notice was also provided. See Revised Ordinances § 33-5.3.
The record also reveals that Appellants were afforded numerous opportunities to be heard. City Clerk Raymond Pua submitted an affidavit listing sixteen separate public meetings or hearings in which members of the public were permitted to address the DLU or City Council regarding Kaiser’s SMA use permit application. In substance, all interested persons were given the opportunity to present their positions orally and in writing for the purpose of adding to the information and data available to the Council in evaluating the application and deciding whether or not to grant the permit.
Thus, Appellants were afforded numerous opportunities to present argument and testimony before the DLU, the Zoning Committee, and the Council as a whole. Several of the Appellants participated in the proceedings by presenting oral and written testimony. At no time during the proceedings were they denied the opportunity to address the Council or to ask questions of other witnesses. There is no evidence of procedural impropriety or other corruption of the hearing and decision-making processes.
We conclude, based on the record, that the proceedings conducted by the City Council in acting upon Kaiser’s SMA use permit application sat- . isfied the requirements of procedural due process. Therefore, we find no violation of the due process clause.
IV.
Finally, we turn to Appellants’ contention thattheCity Council’s decision to provide for public hearings, while other counties have chosen to provide contested case hearings pursuant to Chapter 91, results in a denial of the equal protection of the laws. Appellants’ equal protection argument appears directed at HRS § 205A-29(a) as it has been applied by the City and County of Honolulu in adopting its own SMA use permit procedures. We conclude that the City Council’s practice of holding public hearings rather than contested case hearings does not violate the equal protection clause.
*380We recognize that, unless fundamental rights or suspect classifications are implicated, we will apply the rational basis standard of review in examining a denial of equal protection claim. Nakano v. Matayoshi, 68 Haw. 140, 151-52, 706 P.2d 814, 821 (1985). Under this standard, to prevail, a party challenging the constitutionality of a statutory classification on equal protection grounds has the burden of showing, with convincing clarity that the classification is not rationally related to the statutory purpose, or that the challenged classification does not rest upon some ground of difference having a fair and substantial relation to the object of the legislation, and is therefore not arbitrary and capricious. Washington v. Fireman's Fund Ins. Cos., 68 Haw. 192, 199, 708 P.2d 129, 134 (1985). Thus, discrimination between classes is not per se objectionable, so long as any state of facts reasonably can be conceived to sustain it. State v. Freitas, 61 Haw. 262, 272, 602 P.2d 914, 922 (1979).
As we have recognized,
equal protection does not mandate that all laws apply with universality to all persons; the State “cannot function without classifying its citizens for various purposes and treating some differently from others.” The legislature may not, however,... do so arbitrarily. The classification must be reasonably related to the purpose of the legislation.
Fireman's Fund, 68 Haw. at 199, 708 P.2d at 134 (quoting Joshua v. MTL, Inc., 65 Haw. 623, 629, 656 P.2d 736, 740 (1982)).
The legislature in HRS § 205A-29 allowed each county “authority” to decide for itself the nature of hearings it would conduct in reviewing SMA use permit applications. In so doing, the legislature was most likely concerned that imposition of the CZMA review process not disrupt the general structure of county government. The legislative history reflects a deliberate choice by the legislature to utilize existing county authorities in the coastal zone permit process rather than creating a statewide coastal zone commission to manage coastal areas. See Sen. Comm. Rep. No. 143, in 1975 Senate Journal, at 916. The Committee also declared:
Rather than implement a new permit system to achieve interim control of development in the coastal zone, such control could be achieved expeditiously by requiring existing agencies to adopt guidelines pursuant to a policy established by the Legislature. Such guidelines would apply to all agency actions *381including the granting of permits for actions within the coastal zone.
Id. at 917. Each county has its own unique resources, problems, and considerations to evaluate in deciding what hearing procedure will best suit its needs. Any resulting differences between the procedures adopted by the various counties do not result in a denial of equal protection unless they are clearly arbitrary.
The Honolulu City Council’s decision to provide public hearings rather than contested case hearings was not clearly arbitrary. The legislative history of the CZMA indicates that the legislature desired to facilitate public participation in the decision-making process. See Senate Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 143, supra, at 917. Furthermore, the CZMA itself enunciates a policy to “[c]ommunicate the potential short and long-term impacts of proposed significant coastal developments early in their life-cycle and in terms understandable to the general public to facilitate public participation in the planning and review process.” HRS § 205A-2(c)(7)(C).
Thus, the City Council’s decision to provide for public hearings may well have been directed towards serving the legislature’s goal of maximizing public participation in managing the coastal zone. In the instant case, over 100 individuals presented testimony at public meetings before the Council, thus allowing a full airing of public views regarding the proposed development’s consistency with CZMA objectives, in particular the protection and preservation of coastal scenic and open space resources. See HRS § 205A-2(b)(3).
Thus, there exists in this case a reasonable state of facts to support the County’s procedure on equal protection grounds. Consequently, we find that the difference in procedures between Honolulu and the other counties does not constitute a violation of the equal protection clause.
V.
In conclusion, we hold that the Honolulu City Council, as the legislative branch of the City and County of Honolulu, is exempt from the procedural requirements of HRS Chapter 91 when acting upon SM A use permit applications. Furthermore, we find no violation of Appellants’ rights of due process or equal protection. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of *382the court below upholding the validity of the SMA use permit issued to Appellee Kaiser.
Ronald A. Albu (Gerard A. Jervis with him on the briefs) for Appellants Sandy Beach Defense Fund. Jane H. Howell, Deputy Corporation Counsel, for Appellee City Council of the City and County of Honolulu. Kenneth R. Kupchak (R. Charles BockenmdRobertH. Thomas with him on the answering brief, and Kamala J. Larsen with them on the supplemental brief; of counsel, Damon, Key, Char & Bocken) for Appellees Kaiser Hawaii Kai Development Co. and Kaiser Development Co. Steven S. Michaels, Deputy Attorney General, on the brief for Amicus Curiae State of Hawaii.“Contested case” is defined in HRS § 91-1(5) as “a proceeding in which the legal rights, duties, or privileges of specific parties are required by law to be determined after an opportunity for agency hearing.” HRS §§ 91-9 through 91-14 specify the procedural requirements for contested cases.
“Special Management Areas” encompass critical coastal lands immediately adjacent to the shoreline requiring special management attention because of unique coastal values or characteristics. HRS §§ 205A-21, -22(4).
The policies and objectives of Chapter 205A encompass seven major areas of legislative concern: (1) provision and protection of recreational resources; (2) protection and restoration of historic and cultural resources; (3) improvement of *366scenic and open space areas; (4) protection of coastal ecosystems; (5) provision for coastal-dependent economic uses; (6) reduction of coastal hazards; and (7) improvement of the process for managing development of coastal resources, including public participation. See HRS § 205A-2.
HRS § 205A-6 reads in pertinent part:
(a) Subject to chapters 661 and 662, any person or agency may commence a civil action alleging that any agency:
(1) Is not in compliance with one or more of the objectives, policies, and guidelines provided or authorized by this chapter within the special management area and the waters from the shoreline to the seaward limit of the State’s jurisdiction; or
(2) Has failed to perform any act or duty required to be performed under this chapter; or
(3) In exercising any duty required to be performed under this chapter, has not complied with the provisions of this chapter.
HRS §§ 91-9 etseq. set forth the procedures to be afforded the parties to a “contested case” including: (1) reasonable notice, (2) the opportunity to present evidence and argument, (3) an agency decision on the record, (4) rules of *369evidence, including the right of cross-examination, (5) a written decision accompanied by findings of fact and conclusions of law, and (6) prohibition against ex parte communications.
Revised Ordinances § 33-1.3 defines “Council” as “the city council of the city and county of Honolulu, which body shall act as the ‘ authority ’ under chapter 205A, Hawaii Revised Statutes.”
The CZMA was enacted by the legislature in 1977, and replaced the Shoreline Protection Act of 1975, an interim act. Prior to 1984, the County apparently processed SMA use permits under Ordinance No. 4529 which was repealed by Ordinance 84-4. For the purposes of this case, Ordinance 84-4 is the operative law.
The City Council does not “make rules”; rather, it “adopts ordinances.” The Charter provides that “[e] very legislative act of the council shall be by ordinance.” Charter § 3-201.
Since the governmental body involved, the Hawaii Housing Authority, was an “agency” as defined by Chapter 91, HAPA procedures were statutorily invoked and it was unnecessary for us to determine what procedures were constitutionally required. 55 Haw. at 495-96, 522 P.2d at 1267.
The California Supreme Court has recognized that land use decisions which substantially affect the property rights of owners of adjacent parcels may constitute deprivations of property within the context of procedural due process. See, e.g., Horn v. County of Ventura, 24 Cal. 3d 605, 156 Cal. Rptr. 718, 596 P.2d 1134, 1139 (1979); Scott v. City of Indian Wells, 6 Cal. 3d 541, 99 Cal. Rptr. 745, 492 P.2d 1137 (1972). None of the Appellants in this case are owners of property contiguous to the development which is the subject of the SMA use permit application.