Shellenberger v. Insurance Co. of North America

Neff, J.

(dissenting). I dissent from the majority opinion and would find that on the facts of this case plaintiff is entitled to first-party, no-fault benefits.

i

There is no dispute that plaintiff’s injury occurred as he moved his briefcase inside the cab of *606his truck. The briefcase contained the paperwork required and necessary for interstate truck shipments.

Defendant first challenged plaintiffs entitlement to first-party benefits on the ground that plaintiff was in the process of loading or unloading the truck when he was injured and therefore was precluded from recovery. In fact, in a brief filed in support of defendant’s motion for summary disposition based on the loading or unloading issue, defense counsel argued:

The only issue which plaintiff may contest would be whether plaintiff’s injuries, which in the course of his employment, occurred while plaintiff was "loading” or "unloading” his employer’s parked vehicle within the meaning of [MCL 500.3106(2); MSA 24.13106(2).]

The trial court granted the motion, finding that plaintiffs injury had occurred during activities which were "preparatory to unloading.” This Court reversed, noting that "Defendant claims, . . . that these documents [in the briefcase] were required and, thus, were an integral part of the freight.” The Court found that at the time of the injury plaintiff was "acting as a truck driver” and concluded that the loading or unloading provision did not apply. Shellenberger v Ins Co of North America, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, decided October 8, 1987 (Docket No. 94198).

The case was remanded to the trial court and defendant brought another motion for summary disposition, this time claiming that the injury did not occur as a result of use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle. Again defendant’s motion was granted and this appeal resulted.

*607II

The injury occurred while plaintiff was an occupant of a parked vehicle. Under those circumstances, recovery under the no-fault act is generally precluded. Miller v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 411 Mich 633, 639; 309 NW2d 544 (1981); Wills v State Farm Ins Cos, 178 Mich App 263, 266; 443 NW2d 396 (1989). There is a statutory exception to this rule:

(1) Accidental bodily injury does not arise out of the ownership, operation, maintenance, or use of a parked vehicle as a motor vehicle unless any of the following occur:
(c) Except as provided in subsection (2), the injury was sustained by a person while occupying, entering into, or alighting from the vehicle. [MCL 500.3106; MSA 24.13106.]

In order to fit within the exception, a claimant must show that his or her injuries arose out of the use of the motor vehicle "as a motor vehicle.” Shinabarger v Citizens Mutual Ins Co, 90 Mich App 307, 315; 282 NW2d 301 (1979), lv den 407 Mich 895 (1979); Denning v Farm Bureau Ins Group, 130 Mich App 777; 344 NW2d 368 (1983), lv den 419 Mich 877 (1984); Gooden v Transamerica Ins Corp of America, 166 Mich App 793; 420 NW2d 877 (1988), lv den 431 Mich 862 (1988). The test for determining whether an injury occurring in a parked vehicle arises out of the use of the vehicle "as a motor vehicle” is clearly set forth in the seminal case of Rangas v Aetna Casualty & Surety Co, 64 Mich App 1; 235 NW2d 42 (1975), lv den 395 Mich 787 (1975). There, this Court held that the injury must be foreseeably identifiable with the normal use, maintenance and ownership *608of the vehicle. Kangas, supra, p 17. Stated another way, "there must be a sufficient causal nexus between the use of the motor vehicle and the injury.” Gooden, supra, p 797, and cases cited therein.

hi

I believe that the facts of this case put it within the statutory exception. At the time of the injury, the truck engine was running. Plaintiff prepared to leave the truck terminal and started the engine, and while he was waiting for the oil pressure to build up, he moved the briefcase and injured himself.

There is no question that the briefcase contained documents for plaintiff to operate the vehicle legally in interstate commerce, which he did that day in a run from Battle Creek to cities in Ohio. He testified that he had to move the briefcase from the floor of the cab so that he could drive the truck and that he was in the process of placing it on the "doghouse,” a flat, table-like structure covering the engine, when his injury occurred. The injury occurred because he had to twist and turn while lifting the briefcase within the confines of the truck cab. For that reason, I disagree with the finding of the majority that it was a mere fortuity that the injury occurred in the truck.

I believe that this case falls squarely within the holding of Perryman v Citizens Ins Co of America, 156 Mich App 359; 401 NW2d 367 (1986), lv den 428 Mich 874 (1987). The use of this motor vehicle as a motor vehicle not only contemplated the transportation of the documents in plaintiff’s briefcase, such use required the documents to be present in the truck. Plaintiff needed to maneuver the briefcase containing the documents within the cab *609so he could get it off the floor to drive. The interior space was confined, in part, because of the engine cover which also provided a convenient flat spot to place the briefcase during plaintiff’s run from Michigan to Ohio. Like the majority in Perryman, I would find that the truck cab was one of the causes contributing to plaintiff’s injury and was therefore more than the mere situs of the injury.

In Perryman, this Court recognized that the limited confines of a motor vehicle can contribute to the mechanism of injury. As a part of our daily lives, we customarily crawl into, out of, around, and through motor vehicles of various types. Their internal configuration is not necessarily well suited to the anatomical needs and demands of the human body. In recognition of this, and in recognition of the importance of the use of motor vehicles in our everyday lives, the Perryman Court found that this factor was sufficient to provide the causal nexus between an injury and the use of an automobile as an automobile for purposes of recovery of first-party benefits. I, likewise, would reach the same conclusion in this case.

The majority’s reliance in this case on Thornton v Allstate Ins Co, 425 Mich 643, 659-660; 391 NW2d 320 (1986), is misplaced. The cases are factually distinguishable. The majority also expands Thornton to deny no-fault benefits under circumstances not contemplated or intended by the Court in that case. A close reading of the holding of Thornton supports, in my view, a finding of no-fault benefits entitlement under the circumstances presented here.

The majority opinion quotes from Thornton to support its conclusion that Thornton would deny benefits. I read that same passage, as well as the Thornton opinion as a whole, to argue for a finding of coverage in this case.

*610Thornton involved an armed robbery and shooting of a taxicab driver. The Court in Thornton looked closely at those situations involving injury arising out of assault and battery and concluded that the necessary causal connection between injury and use of the motor vehicle did not support an award of benefits under the no-fault act. The Court refused to grant benefits because the injury really arose out of the criminal intent of a third party rather than out of the use of a motor vehicle "as a motor vehicle.” Under the facts in Thornton, it could truly be said that the motor vehicle was merely the place where the shooting occurred.

The facts and circumstances of this case fit within the requirements of Thornton as quoted by the majority opinion and as set out in Miller, supra. Here, the involvement of the truck in the injury was directly related to its character as a motor vehicle, and there is clearly a relationship between the injury and the vehicular use of a motor vehicle as required by Thornton. Unlike in Thornton, the motor vehicle in this case was, at least in part, the instrumentality of the injury to plaintiff, not merely its situs. Plaintiff was using the vehicle as a vehicle when he was injured, and it contributed to the mechanism of his injury.

IV

I would reverse and remand for entry of judgment for plaintiff.