dissenting.
First, I dissent because the majority has departed from our established standard of review for Rule 403 rulings by the trial court and has established a new standard. Heretofore, the standard of review of a trial judge’s ruling, as in this case, that the probative value of a particular piece of evidence outweighed any danger of unfair prejudice under Rule 403 had been an abuse of discretion standard. State v. Thompson, 314 N.C. 618, 336 S.E.2d 78 (1985). The majority’s new rule is, “When the intrinsic nature of the evidence itself is such that its probative value is always necessarily outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, the evidence becomes inadmissible under the rule ‘as a matter of law.’ ” It should . be noted that the application of the new rule is not limited to evidence of prior crimes of which a defendant has been acquitted. While the facts of the case at bar place under the new standard of review only prior crimes of which a defendant has been acquitted, who is to say what will, in future cases, fall within the category of evidence whose “intrinsic nature ... is such that its probative value is always necessarily outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,” causing that evidence to become “inadmissible ... as a matter of law.”
*48It is clear to me that the abuse of discretion standard is the only correct standard to be applied to Rule 403. The statute itself provides that “evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed” by reason of several circumstances, including (1) “unfair prejudice,” (2) “confusion of the issues,” or (3) misleading the jury; or “by consideration of’ (4) “undue delay,” (5) “waste of time,” or (6) “needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” N.C. R. Evid. 403 (emphasis added). The legislature’s use of words that in themselves imply some kind of balancing or weighing, such as “unfair,” “misleading,” “undue,” “waste,” and “needless,” evidences a legislative intent favoring discretionary rulings. The language of the rule itself convinces me that the legislature never intended to require the trial judge to exclude relevant and otherwise admissible evidence “as a matter of law.” Those in the majority should ask themselves whether “confusion of the issues,” “misleading the jury,” “undue delay,” “waste of time,” and “needless presentation of cumulative evidence” — like “unfair prejudice” — are not better determined by discretionary weighing rather than by a ruling “as a matter of law.”
I also dissent because I do not agree with the majority that evidence of another offense is rendered inadmissible “as a matter of law” by the fact that the defendant was tried and acquitted of that offense. Where evidence of another criminal act committed by the defendant is relevant and otherwise admissible, the trial court, in its discretion, may admit such evidence upon finding that the probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by the prejudicial effect of the evidence. I conclude that the trial court in this case did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence demonstrating that defendant had previously committed another rape for which he was tried and acquitted.
I.
It is an established principle of the law of evidence that when a criminal defendant elects to testify in his own behalf, he is subject to cross-examination, for the purpose of impeachment, with respect to prior specific criminal acts or degrading conduct for which there has been no conviction.
State v. Royal, 300 N.C. 515, 529, 268 S.E.2d 517, 527 (1980). Our prior case law establishes that inquiry into prior criminal acts is permissible even where the defendant has been tried and judicially discharged of the criminal activity. See State v. Leonard, 300 N.C. *49223, 266 S.E.2d 631 (permitting cross-examination of defendant concerning a prior shooting for which defendant had been found not guilty by reason of temporary insanity), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 960, 66 L. Ed. 2d 227 (1980); State v. Herbin, 298 N.C. 441, 259 S.E.2d 263 (1979) (concluding that it is permissible to cross-examine a defendant about a specific act of misconduct even though the defendant has been acquitted of charges arising out of the misconduct); accord State v. Ross, 295 N.C. 488, 246 S.E.2d 780 (1978) (approving of cross-examination about defendant’s prior possession of drugs despite the fact that charges against defendant had been dismissed because the search that disclosed the drugs was declared unlawful).
I find no support for the majority’s position in the case law of this state. The authorities relied on by the majority are unusual to say the least. Interestingly, the majority relies heavily on a dissenting opinion, Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342, 354, 107 L. Ed. 2d 708, 721 (1990) (Brennan, J., dissenting), in a case decided by a 6 to 3 vote contrary to its position here. Dowling held that defendant’s prior acquittal did not preclude the state from introducing evidence of those crimes in a subsequent case as is more fully explained herein.
The majority also relies on and quotes from our prior case of State v. Marley, 321 N.C. 415, 364 S.E.2d 133 (1988), which is totally inapposite. In Marley, the defendant was tried for first-degree murder on the theory of premeditation and deliberation. The jury found the defendant not guilty of first-degree murder but guilty of second-degree murder. The trial judge then aggravated the defendant’s second-degree conviction upon finding that the defendant had premeditated and deliberated the murder — the very charge of which the jury had just acquitted the defendant. We properly held that the trial judge erred. Furthermore, in Marley we knew that the jury acquitted the defendant of first-degree murder specifically because it rejected the theory that the defendant premeditated and deliberated the murder.
For the proposition that the potential for prejudice (of crimes for which a defendant has been acquitted) undermines the fact-finding process, the majority cites language from State v. Tolley, 290 N.C. 349, 365, 226 S.E.2d 353, 366 (1976), in which this Court discussed the prejudice of trying a defendant while he is shackled. Tolley had nothing whatever to do with the introduction of evidence of other crimes. The only cases cited by the majority that lend *50legitimacy to its position are one case from Arizona and one from Tennessee. The majority’s holding today is contrary to the majority view in the United States. Christopher Bello, Annotation, Admissibility of Evidence as to Other Offense as Affected by Defendant’s Acquittal of that Offense, 25 A.L.R.4th 934, § 2, at 939 (1983) (“[A] majority of jurisdictions [follow the rule] . . . that otherwise relevant and admissible evidence of another offense is not rendered inadmissible by the fact of the defendant’s previous acquittal of that other offense, except to the extent that the acquittal may be a factor to be weighed in the discretionary balancing by the trial judge of the probative value of the evidence against its unfairly prejudicial effect, and in determining the threshold question of whether the evidence is sufficiently convincing to warrant its admission.”); see, e.g., Ex parte Bayne, 375 So. 2d 1239 (Ala. 1979); California v. Griffin, 66 Cal. 2d 459, 426 P.2d 507, 58 Cal. Rptr. 107 (1967); Womble v. Maryland, 8 Md. App. 119, 258 A.2d 786 (1969); Missouri v. Millard, 242 S.W. 923 (Mo. 1922); Montana v. Hopkins, 68 Mont. 504, 219 P. 1106 (1923); Oregon v. Smith, 271 Or. 294, 532 P.2d 9 (1975). It is also interesting to note that the majority spends approximately one-fifth of its opinion distinguishing State v. Agee, 326 N.C. 542, 391 S.E.2d 171 (1990), in which this Court held that a defendant’s acquittal of a prior charge did not prohibit introduction in a subsequent trial of evidence of the crime for which the defendant was acquitted.
I find no compelling reason why relevant, probative, and otherwise admissible evidence of a defendant’s prior acts must be excluded for all purposes at subsequent criminal proceedings against the defendant simply because the evidence relates to alleged criminal conduct for which the defendant has been acquitted. An acquittal is not a judicial determination that the defendant charged did not commit the acts alleged against him. It merely shows that the State failed to carry its burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt every element of the crime charged. The admissibility of other crimes evidence is not contingent upon the same standard of proof. Such evidence is relevant and admissible if “the jury can reasonably conclude that the act occurred and that the defendant was the actor.” Dowling, 493 U.S. at 348, 107 L. Ed. 2d at 719 (emphasis added) (applying federal Rule 404(b), which, with one exception not applicable to this case, is identical to the North Carolina rule). Furthermore, the State’s failure to meet its burden of proof as to one element of a crime charged, although necessar*51ily resulting in an acquittal, does not mean that the jury decided all issues in favor of the person charged. Id. at 349, 107 L. Ed. 2d at 719. A general verdict finding a defendant not guilty of alleged criminal activity may rest upon any one of a number of reasons that have absolutely no bearing on the purpose for which evidence of the criminal behavior is admitted in a subsequent trial against the defendant.
Recognizing the “number of possible explanations for [a] jury’s acquittal verdict,” the United States Supreme Court in Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342, 107 L. Ed. 2d 708, held that the defendant’s acquittal at his first trial of burglary, attempted robbery, assault, and weapons offenses did not preclude the state from introducing evidence of these crimes to prove, in a subsequent trial of the defendant, that the defendant was the perpetrator of a bank robbery. The Dowling Court reasoned that the jury in the first trial might reasonably have found that the defendant was the masked man who entered the victim’s home, even if the jury did not believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant had committed the crimes charged at the first trial. Finding the record devoid of any evidence that the question of identity was determined in the defendant’s favor at the prior trial, the Court, even applying a constitutional standard, concluded that the defendant had “failed to satisfy his burden of demonstrating that the first jury concluded that he was not one of the intruders in [the victim’s] home.” Dowling, 493 U.S. at 352, 107 L. Ed. 2d at 720.
Applying the reasoning of the United States Supreme Court in Dowling, it is possible, for instance, that a defendant tried for first-degree murder might be acquitted because premeditation and deliberation was not proved to the jury’s satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt. Despite the defendant’s acquittal, evidence of the prior murder, if relevant and probative, should be admissible in a subsequent murder trial of the same defendant where the perpetrator’s identity is in question. Similarly, a jury might acquit a defendant of a burglary charge due to a lack of evidence that the prior incident occurred in the nighttime. This evidence might, however, be relevant and probative in the defendant’s subsequent robbery trial to prove a plan or scheme on the part of the defendant to commit a series of robberies.
II.
In the case sub judice, the evidence showing that defendant had previously raped Wanda Freeman was relevant, probative, *52and admissible in defendant’s subsequent rape trial. Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is inadmissible if its only relevancy is to show the defendant’s character or his disposition to commit an offense of the nature of the one charged. N.C. R. Evid. 404(b); State v. Jeter, 326 N.C. 457, 389 S.E.2d 805 (1990). Where, however, such evidence tends to prove any other relevant fact, it will not be excluded simply because it shows the defendant to have been guilty of an independent crime. Jeter, 326 N.C. 457, 389 S.E.2d 805; State v. Coffey, 326 N.C. 268, 389 S.E.2d 48 (1990).
As recognized by the majority, Rule 404(b) of the North Carolina Rules of Evidence is a “general rule of inclusion of relevant evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts by a defendant.” Coffey, 326 N.C. at 278-79, 389 S.E.2d at 54.
This rule of inclusion is “subject to but one exception requiring [the] exclusion [of evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts] if [the] only probative value [of such evidence] is to show that the defendant has the propensity or disposition to commit an offense of the nature of the crime charged.”
Jeter, 326 N.C. at 459-60, 389 S.E.2d at 807 (quoting Coffey, 326 N.C. at 279, 389 S.E.2d at 55).
Here, we are dealing with a trial of offenses including three counts of second-degree rape and one count of crime against nature, as well as second-degree kidnapping, and the prior acquittal was on second-degree rape and sexual offense charges. As evidenced by many of our previous decisions, this Court has been very liberal in admitting evidence of similar sexual offenses by a defendant for the purposes set out in Rule 404(b). State v. Cotton, 318 N.C. 663, 351 S.E.2d 277 (1987). We have reaffirmed this position in several recent cases:
Additionally, our decisions, both before and after the adoption of Rule 404(b), have been “markedly liberal” in holding evidence of prior sex offenses “admissible for one or more of the purposes listed [in the Rule] . . . .”
Coffey, 326 N.C. at 279, 389 S.E.2d at 54 (quoting 1 Brandis on North Carolina Evidence § 92 (3d ed. 1988)).
[N]ot only has this Court employed a “markedly liberal” interpretation of Rule 404(b) when the State was seeking to introduce evidence of prior, similar sex offenses by a defendant, *53but we have stressed repeatedly that the rule is, at bottom, one of relevancy.
State v. Jeter, 326 N.C. at 459, 389 S.E.2d at 807 (citation omitted).
This is particularly the case where the purpose is to show intent, whether the other offense precedes or follows the incident for which defendant is being tried. See, e.g., State v. Boyd, 321 N.C. 574, 364 S.E.2d 118 (1988) (testimony regarding defendant’s conduct with a young relative demonstrated defendant’s scheme or intent to take advantage of young relatives left in his custody); State v. Bagley, 321 N.C. 201, 362 S.E.2d 244 (defendant had attempted to commit a sexual offense upon another victim ten weeks after the alleged forcible cunnilingus on the prosecutrix), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 1036, 99 L. Ed. 2d 912 (1988); State v. Craven, 312 N.C. 580, 324 S.E.2d 599 (1985) (subsequent indecent liberties probative as to mens rea for crimes with which defendant was charged); State v. Williams, 303 N.C. 507, 279 S.E.2d 592 (1981) (at trial upon two counts of first-degree sexual offense, evidence that, after the date of the offense charged, defendant sexually assaulted another victim by rubbing her breasts was admissible to show intent, plan, or design to commit the crimes charged); State v. Davis, 229 N.C. 386, 50 S.E.2d 37 (1948) (evidence of improper advances toward another female victim at the orphanage where defendant was superintendent was admissible to show attitude, animus, and purpose); State v. Hall, 85 N.C. App. 447, 355 S.E.2d 250 (defendant’s intent in a prior conviction of assault with intent to commit rape was probative of his intent to rape another victim he later assaulted and kidnapped), disc. rev. denied, 320 N.C. 515, 358 S.E.2d 525 (1987).
Wanda Freeman’s testimony concerning the earlier rape incident, in many respects, closely paralleled the evidence of the incident in the present case. The defendant, on foot, approached both Ms. Freeman and the victim in this case, who were approximately the same age, around midnight and requested rides home in their automobiles. Defendant previously knew each victim casually, allowing him to predict their amenability to his request. While the two crimes differ in that defendant brandished a knife in the present case but used no weapon against Ms. Freeman, defendant threatened both with serious bodily harm. Once the defendant got his victims to an isolated area, he ordered them out of the car, tried to pull them out of the car, took their keys, and once he got them outside, ordered them to take down their pants. When they *54refused the latter demand, defendant forcibly loosened their pants. Subsequently, the victims were forced to submit to multiple acts of vaginal intercourse, and both victims were forced to perform one act of fellatio upon the defendant. In both cases, defendant showed a modicum of concern for his victim. After forcing the victim in this case to engage repeatedly in intercourse, defendant inquired if he had hurt her. He walked her to her car, drove with the victim to her apartment, and told her he would see her later. Following intercourse and fellatio with Ms. Freeman, defendant returned her keys and left the scene to obtain assistance in getting her car out of the mud. Given the similarities in the circumstances of the two rape incidents, the evidence of the earlier rape incident was relevant and highly probative of defendant’s intent to commit the kidnapping, rape, and sexual offense charges for which he was being tried.
For the purpose of impeaching the victim’s testimony and to suggest that she had fabricated the rape story, defendant introduced evidence tending to show that the victim in this case consented to accompanying him and to the sexual acts performed. Where, as here, a defendant maintains that the sexual acts for which he is being tried were committed with the victim’s consent, evidence of other crimes and acts is also relevant to rebut the defendant’s claim of consent. See State v. Arnold, 284 N.C. 41, 199 S.E.2d 423 (1973) (this Court, in a rape case, held that evidence of a prior offense was relevant where consent was an issue).
Courts in a majority of the other jurisdictions have likewise held admissible evidence of other offenses in cases where a defendant claims that the alleged victim consented to the sexual act and his intent, or the victim’s nonconsent, is a material issue. See, e.g., Fisher v. State, 57 Ala. App. 310, 328 So. 2d 311 (prior sexual assault relevant to rebut defendant’s claim that the victim’s participation in the sexual act was voluntary), cert. denied, 295 Ala. 401, 328 So. 2d 321 (1976); State v. Hill, 104 Ariz. 238, 450 P.2d 696 (1969) (prior conviction of rape with similar circumstances relevant to prove a forcible rape by defendant, who had fallen asleep in bed of victim whom defendant claimed had consented); People v. Gray, 259 Cal. App. 2d 846, 66 Cal. Rptr. 654 (1968) (nature of prior attacks probative of consent where issue was that of consent); Williams v. State, 110 So. 2d 654 (Fla.) (evidence of common plan, scheme, and design admissible to meet anticipated defense of consent), cert. denied, 361 U.S. 847, 4 L. Ed. 2d 86 (1959); Hunt *55v. State, 233 Ga. 329, 211 S.E.2d 288 (1974) (evidence of similar sexual offenses relevant to show intent of defendant relative to the issue of whether the victim consented to the sexual acts); People v. Lighthart, 62 Ill. App. 3d 720, 379 N.E.2d 403 (1978) (whether complainant consented was a question of fact for the jury, and evidence of prior conviction for attempted rape was admissible to show the defendant’s mental state); People v. Oliphant, 399 Mich. 472, 250 N.W.2d 443 (1976) (evidence of other crimes admissible when the lack of consent is crucial to the prosecution’s case).
After ruling that the evidence of the prior rape incident was admissible to show intent, preparation, and plan, the trial court properly weighed the probative value and prejudicial effect of the evidence, as follows:
[Considering the evidence presented in the trial of this case, . . . the prior acts of the defendant, as above found in 1986, are sufficiently close in time and are of such a nature as to afford proof of opportunity, intent, preparation and plan as to be admissible in the trial of this case.
The Court findfs] further that the probative value of the testimony sought to be elicited by the State is — out — outweighs any danger of unfair prejudice, or confusion of issues, or of misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.
Based upon the evidence before the trial court, it cannot be shown that the trial judge’s ruling was so arbitrary as to constitute an abuse of his discretion.
Nor did the trial court permit the jury to consider this evidence for any purpose prohibited by our rules of evidence. Defendant was permitted during cross-examination of Wanda Freeman to establish that he was found not guilty following a trial upon charges of second-degree rape and sexual offense arising from the incident. Thereafter, the trial judge instructed the jury that it could consider Wanda Freeman’s testimony only for the purposes of showing intent, knowledge, plan, scheme, or design. His instructions in this regard were as follows:
Now, evidence has been presented in the trial of this case on behalf of the State tending to show that the witness, Wanda Freeman, knows the defendant, Berry Scott. That he was a boyfriend of her best girlfriend. That on the 6th of *56July, 1986, she saw him at about 11:30 to 12:00 at a parking lot and at his request agreed to give him a ride to his aunt’s house. That she didn’t know where it was, and he directed her down Highway 74-76 to a road six[] or seven miles out of Whiteville. That they ended up in an open field with the car stuck, and while there the defendant forced himself upon her and engaged in vaginal intercourse with her without her consent and against her will, as well as oral sex. And that although the case was brought to trial, there was a verdict of not guilty in that case.
Now, that’s what some of that evidence tends to show. The defendant denies that he committed those acts.
I instruct you that this evidence has been received solely for the purpose of showing, if you find, that the defendant in this case had the intent, which is a necessary element of the crimes charged in this case; or, that the defendant had the knowledge, which is a necessary element of the crime or part of them charged; and that there existed in the mind of the defendant a plan, scheme, system or design involving the crime charged in this case.
If you believe this evidence, members of the jury, then you may consider it, but only for the limited purpose for which it was received and none other.
You may not convict the defendant in this case based upon something that you may find happened in the past with respect to someone else.
You should also weigh and consider the fact, along with the other evidence in this regard, that a jury returned a verdict of not guilty in that particular case on those particular facts.
In my view, this was a correct, proper, and adequate limiting instruction.
The burden is on the defendant to demonstrate that the issue which he seeks, by his challenge to the evidence, to foreclose was actually decided in the first case. Dowling, 493 U.S. 342, 107 L. Ed. 2d 708. Where, as here, no evidence is introduced as to the reason for the acquittal in the prior case, a trial court may, in its discretion, admit evidence of the defendant’s prior criminal activity, if relevant and probative of some issue before the trial court.
*57I believe that the majority has grievously erred in adopting its new rule. Furthermore, I cannot conclude, under our traditional rule, that the trial court’s ruling in admitting evidence establishing that defendant had previously committed another rape for which he was tried and acquitted was so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision. Therefore, I dissent from the majority’s opinion and vote to affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals finding no error in defendant’s trial.