dissenting.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to allow a *794private agreement to keep a settlement confidential override the traditional right of public access to judicial records. Even if the private interest in a confidential agreement were equal to the public’s right of access, SCAD’s privacy interest in this case should not trump the public’s right to court records since SCAD failed to follow the proper procedure for limiting access to its confidential agreement. Because the majority opinion allows an undefined privacy interest to overcome the presumption that court records should be open to the public, I dissent.
In this state, “the public and the press have traditionally enjoyed a right of access to court records.”4 Public access protects litigants and citizens “because justice faces its gravest threat when courts dispense it secretly.”5 In addition, access to court records in civil litigation strengthens the soundness of the trial judge’s decisions, encourages greater integrity from attorneys and their clients, and promotes public health and safety.6
This common-law right of public access is preserved in the Uniform Superior Court Rules.7 Rule 21 states: “All court records are public and are to be available for public inspection unless public access is limited by law or by the procedure set forth below.”8 Rule 21.2 gives superior courts authority in exceptional cases to limit access based on a party’s motion, if the trial court finds that “the harm otherwise resulting to the privacy of a person in interest clearly outweighs the public interest.”9 The court’s order must state “the part of the file to which access is limited, the nature and duration of the limitation, and the reason for limitation.”10 The party seeking to seal court records has the burden of overcoming the presumption of public access with specific reasons.11
*795In Atlanta Journal v. Long,12 we evaluated whether the superior court had correctly applied Rule 21 in denying public access to prejudgment court records. In that case, the superior court had prohibited access based on the parties’ privacy interest in avoiding embarrassment, the governmental interest in preserving the courts as the forum for resolving disputes, and the possibility that the prejudgment documents could be misused. Reviewing the trial court’s application of the balancing test, we held that the parties had not met their burden of overcoming the presumption that the public has a right of access.13 It is not clear from that decision the role of the trial court in weighing the competing interests. Today’s decision does little to clarify this issue.
Under Rule 21, the trial court is required to weigh the public’s interest in court records against the litigants’ interest in privacy. This balancing of competing interests requires the exercise of judicial discretion.14 I agree with the majority opinion that the trial court’s decision granting or limiting access under Rule 21 is reviewed for abuse of discretion.15 On appeal, however, we do not accord the same deference generally given a trial court’s discretionary decisions that are based on first-hand observations, such as the credibility of witnesses.16 Instead, we review whether the trial court considered the relevant interests and gave them the appropriate weight in exercising its discretion and granting or limiting access to the court records.17
In this case, the trial court listed SCAD’s reasons for limiting access as its wish to keep the settlement agreement confidential and the fact that confidentiality was a key to reaching the settlement in 1996. In comparison, the trial court listed the newspaper’s reasons for granting access as the presumption that court records should be open, the Savannah arts community’s interest in the terms of the settlement, and the changing circumstances since the agreement was *796made in 1996. It is not clear what weight the trial court gave to the competing interests, except that the evidence did not tilt the balance “clearly” towards privacy, as required by Rule 21.
Although parties in civil litigation may have an interest in keeping confidential a settlement agreement, SCAD has failed to articulate any specific harm that it would suffer from disclosure of its agreement with Visual Arts.18 First, both SCAD and Visual Arts are corporate entities and therefore cannot identify any personal privacy interest protected under state law.19 Second, the settlement does not involve any issue that courts generally recognize as exceptions to the common-law right, such as a trade secret, defamatory material, or national security.20 Third, both schools’ interest in confidentiality has diminished over the past three years as they have implemented the substantive provisions of their agreement.21 In particular, the need for the agreement to remain confidential became less compelling after Visual Arts closed its Savannah campus.
Any privacy interest in the settlement dwindled further when SCAD invoked, with Visual Arts’ support, the power of the superior court to aid in enforcing their agreement.22 Although the schools could have filed a voluntary dismissal of their action after settling in 1996, they instead obtained a court order approving the agreement and ordering both parties to comply with its terms and conditions. Among the terms was a requirement that they resolve any further dispute by private arbitration. In spite of this provision, SCAD filed its motion to compel seeking the court’s assistance to obtain evidence showing that Visual Arts breached their agreement by disclosing *797“confidential” information — the linking of the school’s closing to the lawsuit settlement — that any astute observer of the litigation could have deduced independently.
Finally, there is no “privacy conundrum” in this case. On the contrary, it was SCAD’s own actions in directly quoting the settlement letter and attaching it as an exhibit, when neither action was necessary to resolve the discovery motion, that instigated this appeal. SCAD had several ways to protect its settlement documents from public scrutiny besides marking, them “filed under seal.” It could have followed the procedures set out in Rule 21, which directs parties to seek a court order limiting access; it could have filed with the court clerk the same redacted copy of its legal memorandum that it served on the newspaper; it could have filed a brief describing the settlement agreement as confidential without quoting its specific provisions, as shown by its replacement brief; or it could have limited the number of documents and length of time they would be under seal rather than seeking blanket non-disclosure. Instead, SCAD relied on a form of self-help for which there is no basis in the law of this state.
On appeal, SCAD and Visual Arts additionally argue that the public interest in promoting the settlement of lawsuits justifies filing the settlement agreement under seal. Although there is a strong public policy in favor of encouraging settlements in civil cases, the litigants must show more than a general interest in promoting settlements.23 In Long I, we rejected the argument that the public interest in promoting private settlements before trial justifies limiting public access to pre-judgment court records.24 Moreover, this particular appeal does not support SCAD’s contention that the public has an interest in encouraging confidential settlements to save judicial resources. It is the fact that the schools made their agreement “confidential” that they had a basis for claiming in court that the other side breached their agreement.
Competing against the schools’ interest in confidentiality is the public’s traditional right of access to court records. The primary purpose of this right is to evaluate the court’s exercise of its authority to ensure that the judicial system operates fairly. Although the schools describe their dispute as one between private parties, both SCAD and Visual Arts have invited public support and scrutiny through their recruitment, marketing, and programs.25 The resolution of their *798litigation, the largest civil lawsuit in the county’s history, and the reasons for Visual Arts’ departure from downtown Savannah are issues of public interest to the schools’ students and the city’s citizens and taxpayers.
Decided March 8, 1999 — Reconsideration denied April 2,1999. Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue, David J. Bailey, Gregory R. Hanthorn, for appellant. Savage, Herndon & Turner, Robert B. Turner, Robert S. Kraeuter, Hull, Towill, Norman & Barrett, James B. Ellington, Nancy S. Gentry, for appellee. Dow, Lohnes & Albertson, Peter C. Canfield, Sean R. Smith, Thomas M. Clyde, amicus curiae.Having reviewed these competing interests, I conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ruling that the harm to the privacy of SCAD and Visual Arts from disclosure did not outweigh the public interest in access to court records under Rule 21. As a result, I would affirm the order granting the newspaper’s motion to unseal the record.
I am authorized to state that Justice Sears and Justice Hines join in this dissent.
Atlanta Journal & Atlanta Const. v. Long, 258 Ga. 410, 411 (369 SE2d 755) (1988); see Nixon v. Warner Communications, 435 U. S. 589, 597-599 (98 SC 1306, 55 LE2d 570) (1978) (discussing the right to inspect and copy judicial records); OCGA § 50-18-70 (1998) (public records shall be open for public inspection).
Long I, 258 Ga. at 411.
See Lloyd Doggett & Michael J. Mucchetti, Public Access to Public Courts: Discouraging Secrecy in the Public Interest, 69 Tex. L. Rev. 643, 648-653 (1991); see also Hammock v. Hoffmann-LaRoche, 662 A2d 546, 558 (NJ 1995) (adopting a broad standing rule affording public access to court files in products liability action against drug manufacturer because issues of public health, safety, and consumer fraud involved).
See Long I, 258 Ga. at 411; see also Green v. Drinnon, Inc., 262 Ga. 264, 265 (417 SE2d 11) (1992) (holding that tape or transcript of a judge’s remarks in open court must be made available for public inspection based on Uniform State Court Rule 21); Unif. Prob. Ct. R. 17 (adopting same balancing test before limiting access to court records in probate cases).
See, e.g., OCGA § 15-11-58 (1994) (with certain exceptions, court order required before files and records in a juvenile proceeding are open to inspection).
Unif. Sup. Ct. R. 21.2.
Unif. Sup. Ct. R. 21.1.
Long I, 258 Ga. at 414; cf. Brown v. Minter, 243 Ga. 397, 398 (254 SE2d 326) (1979) (burden is on public agency to explain why identifiable public records should not be fur*795nished citizen requesting them).
258 Ga. 410.
Id. at 414-415.
See Nixon, 435 U. S. at 599 (cases recognizing the common-law right of access agree the decision is one best left to the sound discretion of the trial court to be exercised in light of the relevant facts and circumstances of the particular case); cf. Bowers v. Shelton, 265 Ga. 247, 249 (453 SE2d 741) (1995) (under Open Records Act, superior courts vested with discretion in deciding whether to allow or prohibit inspection of public records).
Cf. General Tire v. Kepple, 970 SW2d 520, 526 (Tex. 1998) (adopting abuse of discretion standard of review under state rule).
See Bank of Am. Nat’l Trust & Sav. Ass’n v. Hotel Rittenhouse Assoc., 800 F2d 339, 344 (3d Cir. 1986).
See United States v. Criden, 648 F2d 814, 817-819 (3d Cir. 1981) (discussing the different types of appellate review of trial court’s discretionary decisions); cf. State ex rel. Bilder v. Township of Delavan, 334 NW2d 252, 261 (Wis. 1983) (on review appellate court must decide as a matter of law whether reasons for closure are sufficient).
See Hammock, 662 A2d at 559 (“Broad allegations of harm, unsubstantiated by specific examples or articulated reasoning, are insufficient”).
See Board of Regents v. Atlanta Journal & Atlanta Const. 259 Ga. 214, 217 (378 SE2d 305) (1989) (distinguishing between a personal right to privacy and a corporate preference for privacy); cf. Harris v. Cox Enters., 256 Ga. 299, 301 (348 SE2d 448) (1986) (personal privacy exception to right of public access under Open Records Act determined by examining tort of invasion of privacy). See generally Restatement (Second) of Torts § 6521 cmt. c (1977) (a corporation has no right to privacy under tort law aside from the exclusive use of its own name).
See Nixon, 435 U. S. at 598; Mokhiber v. Davis, 537 A2d 1100, 1115 (D.C. 1988).
See Hardaway Co. v. Rives, 262 Ga. 631, 635 (422 SE2d 854) (1992) (noting that the public interest in exempting DOT’s cost estimates from disclosure outweighs the public interest in disclosure until construction projects are completed or abandoned); Houston v. Rutledge, 237 Ga. 764, 765-766 (229 SE2d 624) (1976) (distinguishing between public records in a current criminal investigation, which should not be open for public inspection, and public records maintained in a concluded criminal investigation, which should be available); see also Napper v. Georgia Television Co., 257 Ga. 156, 165 (356 SE2d 640) (1987) (investigatory file in criminal case should be made available for public inspection once the trial has been held, conviction affirmed, and petitions for certiorari denied).
See Mokhiber, 537 A2d at 1111 (“By submitting pleadings and motions to the court for decision, one enters the public arena of courtroom proceedings and exposes oneself, as well as the opposing party, to the risk, though by no means certainty, of public scrutiny”).
See generally Anne-Therese Bechamps, Sealed Out-Of-Court Settlements: When Does the Public Have a Right to Know?, 66 Notre Dame L. Rev. 117, 128-130 (1990) (discussing policy of encouraging settlement of disputes without litigation).
Long I, 258 Ga. at 415.
See, e.g., Jacqueline Buena, Savannah Art Colleges Square Off In Ugly Feud, WALL St. J., Jan. 24, 1996, at S-l (aggressive marketing made SCAD largest arts school in the country by 1992); see also Tom Barry, Hutchinson Island Project creating second ‘exciting’ *798city in Chatham, Ga. Trend, Apr. 1, 1998, at 52 (describing SCAD as the largest art-and-design college in the world and a growth industry and leader in historic preservation in downtown Savannah and discussing its president’s efforts to triple the school’s size and raise its profile through sports).