dissenting.
Larceny from the person was first distinguished from simple larceny in the sixteenth century, James O. Pearson, Jr., Annotation, What Constitutes Larceny “From A Person,” 74 A.L.R.3d 271, § 2[b] (1976), when by an act of the English Parliament, larceny from the person was “debarred of the benefit of clergy,” 5 Blackstone’s Commentaries 241 (St. George Tucker ed. 1803). In a footnote to Blackstone’s discussion of larceny against the person and the English statute which first distinguished that offense from simple larceny, Tucker observed that that statute was “not in force in Virginia.” Id. at 241 n.10. In that footnote, Tucker refers the reader to a footnote earlier in the volume which reads in pertinent part as follows:
All statutory offenses and penalties whatsoever, treated of in the [Blackstone] commentaries, as offenses, against the laws of England, are, therefore, to be regarded only as offenses in that kingdom, and, not as having any existence either in the Commonwealth of Virginia, or under the federal government, unless made such by the legislature of the Commonwealth, or of the United States.
Id. at 33 n.9. Therefore, to the extent that larceny from the person is a crime in Virginia, it is so by virtue of legislative statute and does not trace its roots to the common law. See also Pearson, What Constitutes Larceny “From A Person", 74 A.L.R.3d at 274, § 1 [a]. Simply put, larceny from the person is a statutory offense in Virginia.
Several well known principles of statutory construction govern our construction of Code § 18.2-95. “When the legislature has spoken plainly it is not the function of the courts to change or amend its enactments under the guise of construing them.” Winston v. City of Richmond, 196 Va. 403, 407-08, 83 S.E.2d 728, 731 (1954). Courts may only construe statutes that are “wholly within the domain of ambiguity” because statutes that are “plain need no interpretation.” Id. Moreover, to the extent that a penal statute requires construction, “it must be strictly construed against the state and limited in application to cases falling clearly within the language of the statute.” Turner v. Common*712wealth, 226 Va. 456, 459, 309 S.E.2d 337, 338 (1983).
Code § 18.2-95 defines grand larceny, in relevant part, as the commission of “larceny from the person of another of money or other thing of value oí1 $5 or more.” Only by an act of judicial legislation may a court insert after the phrase, “larceny from the person,” the phrase “or his presence.” The majority justifies such a construction first on the ground that robbery includes “the taking of the property of another, [by force or intimidation] from his person or in his presence.” That statement of the law of robbery, though accurate, compels a conclusion opposite that reached by the majority.
In describing the scope of the common law crime of robbery, the Virginia Supreme Court stated:
In this State there is no statutory definition of robbery, although Code of 1950, § 18-163, [now Code § 18.2-58] in effect at the time of the alleged offense, fixes the punishment therefor. Hence, with us, the elements of robbery are the same as at common law. [We have] adopted the common-law definition of robbery as “the taking, with intent to steal, of the personal property of another, from his person or in his presence, against his will, by violence or intimidation.”
Pettus v. Peyton, 207 Va. 906, 909-10, 153 S.E.2d 278, 280 (1967) (citations omitted) (emphasis added). See also Pierce v. Commonwealth, 205 Va. 528, 532, 138 S.E.2d 28, 30 (1964) (the notion of robbery is drawn from the common law, and encompasses larceny, by force or intimidation, “from the person or his presence”); Butts v. Commonwealth, 145 Va. 800, 811, 133 S.E. 764, 767 (1926) (robbery requires proof of, inter alia, a taking of property “ ‘from [the] person [of another] or in his presence’ ”) (quoting Clark’s Criminal Law § 105, at 323 (2d ed. 1902)); 5 Blackstone’s Commentaries, supra, at 241.
The import of the definition of robbery for purposes of construing Code § 18.2-95 is that, in the context of robbery, “from the person” and “from his presence” have different meanings. See Smyth v. White, 195 Va. 169, 172, 77 S.E.2d 454, 456 (1953) (violent taking was “from the person or at least in the presence of the victim”); Person v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 36, 40, 389 S.E.2d 907, 910 (1990) (implying that “from his presence” and *713“from his person” are distinct concepts). If “from his presence” contemplates removing property from the area within a person’s dominion or control, see Brookman v. Commonwealth, 151 Va. 522, 526, 145 S.E. 358, 360 (1928) (where defendant took cash drawer from victim who was lying on floor pretending to be dead, theft was from the victim’s presence), then “from the person” necessarily contemplates removing property that actually touches or is attached to the person. Our courts have not construed the phrase “from his person” to mean “from his person or his presence.” Indeed, I can conceive of no reason why the phrase “from the person,” as that term is used in the context of robbery, should have a different meaning when used by the legislature to describe the statutory crime of larceny from the person.
Significantly, the sixteenth century statute which first distinguished simple larceny from larceny from the person required that the property be actually stolen from the victim’s person, and not simply from his presence:
[Larceny from the person] was not otherwise regarded or punished by the common law than as simple larceny until the Statute of 8 Elizabeth (ch. 4), which vastly increased the punishment but did not alter the nature of the felony. Under this statute it was held, as it is under some statutes in this country, that there must be an actual taking from the person — a taking from his presence is not sufficient as it is in robbery.
50 Am. Jur. 2d Larceny § 48 (1970) (footnotes omitted). See also Terral v. State, 442 P.2d 465, 465-66 (Nev. 1968) (in the sixteenth century English law, larceny from the person required more than mere theft from the presence of a person; “the statutory words ‘from the person’ mean precisely that”). Indeed, other jurisdictions which characterize their robbery offense as larceny, by force or intimidation, “from the person or his immediate presence” have construed “from the person” to require that the stolen personalty be actually attached to or touching the victim. See, e.g., State v. Lucero, 498 P.2d 350, 351 (Utah 1972); People v. McElroy, 48 P. 718, 719 (Cal. 1897).
The majority relies on the opinions of courts of several states which interpret those states’ own “larceny from the person” statutes and which rely upon their own case precedent. The majority *714quotes at length from a recent opinion of the North Carolina Supreme Court which involved a fact situation similar to this case. The North Carolina court concluded that larceny from the person may involve property not “actually ‘attached’ to [the person].” State v. Buckom, 401 S.E.2d 362, 365 (N.C. 1991). As the majority notes, that conclusion turned on the North Carolina court’s perception that a distinction should be drawn between “ ‘private’ stealing most commonly associated with larceny, and the taking by force and violence commonly associated with robbery.” Id. at 365.
Our own Supreme Court, however, in the course of discussing the propriety of a conviction for larceny from the person, long ago rejected the notion of distinguishing robbery and larceny on such a basis. In Johnson v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. (24 Gratt.) 555, 556-57 (1873), the victim was standing “upon [a] street . . . and was holding some money ... in his open hand, and was counting it, and [the defendant] came by and took the money out of his hand and walked off.”
The only error in the judgment assigned in the petition for a writ of error is, that, by the laws of Virginia, the offence of which the prisoner stands convicted cannot be considered larceny from the person. “For in this State” (she proceeds to say in her petition) “that offence is divided into two classes, viz: ‘privately stealing,’ and ‘open and violent assault, commonly called robbery.’ And your petitioner is advised that the statute under which she was indicted was not designed for such cases as the one of which she was convicted, but for cases of those commonly known as ‘pickpockets,’ who properly come under the first class mentioned, i.e., ‘privately stealing.’ ”
There is no such offence known to the law of Virginia as “private” stealing, from the person of another or otherwise. The law makes no distinction between private and public stealing, except that robbery must, of necessity, be committed publicly. But it is not pretended that the offence in this case was robbery, and therefore nothing further need be said here as to the nature of that crime.
*715Id. at 5511
The holding of Johnson is still the law in Virginia. Because neither the disapproved distinction between “private” and “public” stealing nor the common law definition of robbery compels a construction of the statutory term “from the person,” I would give that phrase its plain meaning. I would hold, therefore, that in order for a conviction to lie for “larceny from the person,” the theft must be actually, not constructively, from the victim’s person. Since Garland stole sixty to seventy dollars from the cash drawer near where the victim stood, but not from the victim’s person, the evidence proved only Garland’s guilt of petit larceny. Code § 18.2-96.
Fundamental to our jurisprudence is the principle that the legislature may, within our state and federal constitutional scheme, choose to prescribe guidelines for offenses as it sees fit. Thus, with respect to larceny, the legislature has the power to “entirely abolish such distinctions” as there may be between degrees of offenses. Bell v. Commonwealth, 167 Va. 526, 533, 189 S.E. 441, 444 (1937). The legislature, however, has not done so. Equally fundamental is the principle that this Court lacks the authority to enlarge the scope of a statute such as Code § 18.2-95, which has a clear meaning, “regardless of what [this Court might] think of its wisdom or policy.” Temple v. City of Petersburg, 182 Va. 418, 423, 29 S.E.2d 357, 358 (1944). Because the majority interprets Code § 18.2-95 to permit a conviction for larceny from the person if the evidence proves that property was taken from the victim’s mere “presence,” I dissent.
Blackstone was of the view that the English offense of larceny from the person was indeed an attempt to prevent “privately stealing from a man’s person, as by picking his pocket or the like, privily without his knowledge.” 5 Blackstone's Commentaries, supra, at 241. That the Virginia Supreme Court has construed Virginia’s statute to bar more than covert theft from the person is further evidence that larceny from the person is not a common law crime in Virginia, but one that finds its roots in the criminal code.