OPINION
WALTERS, Justice.Lorrine Estep, as Personal Representative of the estate of her deceased husband, James T. Estep, and in her individual capacity as an injured claimant, sought a judgment against State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company to declare that the exclusion of coverage for household members in an automobile liability insurance policy is invalid or, in the alternative, that she is covered by the uninsured motorist provisions of the policy. The trial court granted summary judgment for State Farm on both claims. Mrs. Estep appeals.
On July 18, 1982, Lorrine was a passenger in a 1974 Ford Bronco registered in the name of and driven by her husband, James Estep. The State Farm policy insuring the vehicle provided automobile liability insurance and uninsured motor vehicle coverage. An accident occurred; James died as a result, and Lorrine suffered personal injuries. Lorrine presented a claim against James’s estate, alleging injuries sustained as a result of James’s negligence in the operation of the vehicle, and she also filed this declaratory judgment action against State Farm.
In granting summary judgment, the trial court sustained the validity of the household exclusion clause contained in the insurance policy, and refused to declare that Lorrine could recover under the policy’s uninsured motorist coverage. Mrs. Estep appeals the correctness of the court’s ruling on both of these questions of first impression.
Under the terms of the insurance policy, State Farm agreed:
To pay on behalf of the insured all sums which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of
(A) bodily injury sustained by other persons
* * He >(c *
caused by accident arising out of the * * use * * * of the owned motor vehicle;
The policy further provided, in what is commonly known as the “household exclusion,” the following:
This insurance does not apply * * *
(h) * * * TO BODILY INJURY TO ANY INSURED OR ANY MEMBER OF THE FAMILY OF AN INSURED RESIDING IN THE SAME HOUSEHOLD AS THE INSURED.
(All emphasis to the policy language has been added.) Mrs. Estep fits within the definition of both alternatives listed in Exclusion (h), since the policy defines an “insured” as including the spouse of the named insured, and she was also a member of the family residing in the same household as James.
Mrs. Estep’s principal argument is that the household exclusion clause is void as against public policy because it conflicts with those provisions of the Financial Responsibility Act, NMSA 1978, Sections 66-5-201 to 66-5-248, as were in effect at the time of the accident in this case. It is her contention, first, that the purpose of the Act was to provide protection to members of the general public from injury resulting from operation of motor vehicles, and to protect the vehicle operator from suspension of his license if a judgment of liability should be rendered against him but he was insured at the time of an accident; and secondly, that the primary purpose of protecting persons injured through motor vehicle accidents is frustrated by the household exclusion clause.
Suggesting that New Mexico’s public policy regarding automobile insurance coverage is reflected in our statutes and in case law, we are reminded by appellant that exclusionary clauses in insurance policies require a narrow construction, particularly when the insurer has expressed coverage through broad promises. King v. Travelers Insurance Co., 84 N.M. 550, 505 P.2d 1226 (1973).
Looking to the statutes to discern the legislature’s concerns (and we refer to the statutes effective in 1982), we note that Section 66-5-213 of the Financial Responsibility Act provides that an unsatisfied judgment against a motorist shall be forwarded to the division of motor vehicles upon the request of the judgment creditor or his attorney. Section 66-5-215 requires that, upon receipt of the certified copy of a judgment, the division of motor vehicles “forthwith suspend the license and registration * * * of any person against whom such judgment was rendered, except as hereinafter otherwise provided * * Section 66-5-219 then makes the following exception:
The provisions of * * * [Section] 66-6-215 NMSA 1978 shall not apply
A. to the driver or owner if the owner had in effect at the time of the accident an automobile liability policy or bond with respect to the vehicle involved in the accident * * *
Section 66-5-230 outlined the policy requirements:
A. A “motor vehicle liability policy” means an owner’s policy or an operator’s policy of liability insurance, certified as provided in Section 66-5-227 or Section 66-5-228 NMSA 1978 as proof of financial responsibility for the future and issued * * * by an insurance carrier duly authorized to transact business in this state to or for the benefit of the person named therein as insured.
B. The owner’s policy of liability insurance:
‡ % * Sj! ifc *
(2) shall insure the person named therein, and any other person, as insured, using any such vehicle or vehicles with the express or implied permission of such named insured, against loss from the liability imposed by law for damages arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of such vehicle * * *
We apply the definition of “motor vehicle liability policy” in Section 66-5-230(A) to “owner’s policy of liability” referred to in Section 66-5-230(B) and to “automobile liability policy” referred to in Section 66-5-219(A), because the Act nowhere defines “owner’s liability policy” or “automobile liability policy.” The Supreme Court of Arizona agreed that the meanings were the same, in Jenkins v. Mayflower Insurance Exch., 93 Ariz. 287, 380 P.2d 145 (1963), and we concur in its rejection of “artful distinctions” between motor vehicle liability policy, owner’s liability policy and automobile liability policy. The terms are not contradistinctive. Read together, the statutes require a policy of insurance enabling owners of motor vehicles to respond in damages to innocent victims injured by negligent drivers.
With some logic, Mrs. Estep urges that the household exclusion clause in the insurance policy in this case is in conflict with the requirement of Section 66-5-230(B)(2) that the policy “shall insure * * * against loss from liability imposed by law.” (Her emphasis.) We have held that when an insurance provision conflicts with the public policy expressed in a statute, it is void. Chavez v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 87 N.M. 327, 329, 533 P.2d 100, 102 (1975). New Mexico has established that interspousal immunity is an “archaic precept” out of tune with and contrary to public policy. Maestas v. Overton, 87 N.M. 213, 531 P.2d 947 (1975). Since a wife in this jurisdiction has a cause of action for injuries suffered because of her husband’s negligence, it is difficult to discern how a fundamental public policy purpose of the Financial Responsibility Act — i.e., to provide financial protection to those who sustain injury through the negligence of motor vehicle owners or operators — is served, or how the requirement of the Act — i.e., to provide proof of financial responsibility for losses from liability imposed by law which arise from the use of an insured motor vehicle — is observed, when the family exclusion clause in the policy specifically carves out from coverage a considerable segment of the “other” persons described in Section 66-5-230(B)(2) who are entitled by law to recover for the owner’s or driver’s negligence.
Our bemusement is not diminished when we consider what is commonly referred to as the “Conformity Clause” of State Farm’s policy, wherein State Farm warrants to its insured that the policy complies with “any motor vehicle financial responsibility law * * * to the extent of the coverage and limits required thereby * * (The clause continues and adds “ * * * but not in excess of the limits of liability stated in this policy.” “Limits of liability” is elsewhere defined in the policy as meaning the policy’s stated monetary limits of liability; it does not refer to the limits imposed by exclusion of liability coverage to a class of certain persons.) The Act mandates protection for “loss from liability imposed by law for damages arising out of the * * * use of such vehicle.” § 66-5-230(B)(2). State Farm’s inclusion of a restriction against coverage for household members is not only a contradiction of the “broad promise” (King v. Travelers, supra) in its “Conformity Clause” warranty, but it is a violation of the requirements of the Act and a repudiation of New Mexico’s public policy. See Hughes v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 236 N.W.2d 870 (N.D.1975).
Under materially and substantially identical Financial Responsibility Acts, other jurisdictions have reached the result we adopt today. For extremely thoughtful and exhaustively researched opinions on the questions of insurance exclusions and public policy as related to the provisions of acts requiring proof of financial responsibility, we are impressed with the expositions of Justice Williams in Mutual of Enumclaw Ins. Co. v. Wiscomb, 95 Wash.2d 373, 622 P.2d 1234 (1980), and Paulson, J., in Hughes v. State Farm Mut. Ins. Co., supra. See also Transamerica Ins. Co. v. Royle, 656 P.2d 820 (Mont. 1983), for a reasoned discussion of the interaction between statutory financial responsibility requirements and legal liability upon exclusionary insurance clauses.
State Farm, on the other hand, relies on decisions in a majority of jurisdictions which have upheld the exclusionary clauses on grounds of freedom of contract or minimization of fraudulent or collusive claims. E.g., Walker v. American Family Mut. Ins. Co., 340 N.W.2d 599 (Iowa 1983); Farmers Ins. Exch. v. Cocking, 29 Cal.3d 383, 173 Cal.Rptr. 846, 628 P.2d 1 (1981); United Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. v. Hanley, 172 Ind.App. 329, 360 N.E.2d 247 (1977).
Our examination of the divergence in the majority and minority decisions on the questions raised by this appeal, and our review of the comparable statutes in the various jurisdictions, lead us to conclude that only the degree to which considerations of public policy are applied separates the results reached. We consider that our legislature’s requirements for a policy covering security for a first accident, as well as for assuring financial responsibility for injuries caused, could not more clearly express a public policy consistent with the decisions of those jurisdictions we approve.
This Court has previously recognized that concerns of fraudulent and collusive claims may not be accepted as justification to subvert concerns for persons “free from the evil” of participating in fraudulent or collusive lawsuits. McGeehan v. Bunch, 88 N.M. 308, 540 P.2d 238 (1975). We reiterate what we held there: that denial of negligence actions to an entire class of persons — here, all family members — cannot be tolerated simply because some undefined portions of that class might instigate fraudulent lawsuits. Instead, we must recognize that the possibility of collusion exists to some extent in any case, and rely upon the judicial process to sift the evidence in separating truth from falsity to arrive at the correct result. See also Nocktonick v. Nocktonick, 227 Kan. 758, 611 P.2d 135 (1980), and the realistic dispatch of this dubious theorem in Sorensen v. Sorensen, 369 Mass. 350, 339 N.E.2d 907 (1975).
With respect to the freedom of contract argument, we suggest, as did the court in the second case of Mutual of Enumclaw Ins. Co. v. Wiscomb, 97 Wash.2d 203, 211, 643 P.2d 441, 445 (1982), that to say there is freedom of contract regarding inclusion or exclusion of coverage for family members in these cases “is to ignore reality.” The discussion in Wiscomb of the “take-it- or-leave-it” nature of obtaining automobile liability coverage, and the effect of the policy’s exclusion on third parties who are or may be ignorant of the insurance arrangements and unable or incompetent to contract for coverage for themselves, illustrates the fragility of any assertion that the terms of this or similar insurance policies truly are the product of conscious bargaining between the parties. The argument might be more credibly made were there evidence that insureds had been, or traditionally are, offered the choice of including or excluding coverage for family members. There is no such evidence in this record.
State Farm has attempted further to deflect the impact of the decisions we find persuasive by insisting that Mrs. Estep was denied coverage in this case because she is an “insured,” rather than because she is a member of the “household.” We do not think that a distinction between “insureds” and other members of the household is a significant factor in the treatment of the issue. “Insured” is generally defined in automobile policies (as it is in the instant case) to include most if not all of the members of the household. In Hughes, denial of coverage under the “insured” exclusion met the court’s response that coverage required by financial responsibility statutes must be extended to that liability imposed by law. Section 66-5-230(B) states that requirement. The husband’s liability to his injured wife, in New Mexico, just as in Hughes, is clearly imposed by law; ergo, the claimed exclusion as an “insured” is as susceptible to a holding of invalidity as is the household exclusion when a member of either class is legally entitled to recover for damages inflicted by the negligent driver.
To hold otherwise would be inconsistent with our earlier determination that public policy and the statutes do not permit insurance companies to limit the class of beneficiaries in a policy of motor vehicle liability insurance. The fundamental purpose for the enactment of financial responsibility laws — namely, .protecting innocent accident victims from financial hardship — is no less frustrated when the beneficiary limitation applies to the “named insured” [or an included “insured”] than when it applies to a broader and more comprehensive group, i.e., the family or household of the named insured. In either case, an innocent accident victim may suffer financial hardship if such clauses are validated. Consequently, we find that such an exclusion also violates public policy and the statutes, and is therefore void.
Hughes v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 236 N.E.2d at 886. See Dowdy v. Allstate Ins. Co., 68 Or.App. 709, 685 P.2d 444 (1984), to the same effect.
Finally, State Farm relies on Larson v. Occidental Fire & Casualty Co., 79 N.M. 562, 446 P.2d 210 (1968), to assert that only insureds holding certified policies fall under the requirements of the Financial Responsibility Act, and then that the protections of the Act apply only to persons injured in a future accident. We expressly overrule any such implications or expressions in Larson. It is clear to us that the Act in existence at the time of that decision, NMSA 1953, Sections 64-24-65 and -76, saved the driver or owner from suspension of his license if, at the time of the first accident, he had in effect an automobile policy providing minimum coverage for damages for liability arising out of the accident. A certified policy, under the old law (§ 64-24-84) as well as under the new (§ 66-5-219), means simply the certificate of the insurance company, filed with the motor vehicle division, verifying that the person required to furnish evidence of financial responsibility has in effect a policy meeting the minimum liability coverage provisions of the Act. NMSA 1953, Section 64-24-82, required such proof when one subject to its provisions sought to register or re-register his motor vehicle. That is still the reason for requiring certified policies. §§ 66-5-205, -206. Obviously, one was not required to furnish such evidence until an accident had occurred. Consequently, the necessity for proving a certified policy to avoid license suspension became operative only when the results of the first accident called into effect the penalty of suspension. To hold as State Farm suggests would elevate the provision of a “certified” policy above the conformity clause provision of the policy and the purpose of legislation aimed at protecting innocent accident victims. We have already expressed our view that the conformity clause of the insurance contract must prevail because it comports with New Mexico’s public policy. We do not agree with Farmers Alliance Mut. Ins. Co. v. Bakke, 619 F.2d 885 (10th Cir.1980), that the Financial Responsibility Act was only to mandate insuring provisions for drivers coming within its purview. It established a method for keeping uninsured vehicles off the highways, but its principal thrust was to provide financial response in damages for highway victims. “Certified” policies then and now permit vehicle registration and license renewal following an accident and they redound only to the benefit of automobile owners and drivers seeking to avoid suspension of driving priviléges; the terms of a policy (whether certified or not) which warrant financial responsibility, then and now, mandate coverage for the liability imposed by law.
We hold that the “insured” and “household” exclusions contained in motor vehicle liability policies issued or delivered in New Mexico were and are contrary to public policy and the statutes of this state, and they are therefore invalid exclusions.
We need not at this time decide plaintiff’s alternative argument that, applying the rationale adopted herein to invalidate exclusionary clauses in adhesion contracts of insurance, in some instances a plaintiff in the circumstances of Mrs. Estep might be able to claim coverage for damages under the “uninsured motorist” provisions of her husband’s policy. Suffice it to say that the legislature clearly expressed its purpose in Section 66-5-201.1:
The legislature is aware that motor vehicle accidents in the state of New Mexico can result in catastrophic financial hardship. The purpose of the Mandatory Financial Responsibility Act [66— 5-201 to 66-5-239 NMSA 1978] is to require and encourage residents of the state of New Mexico who own and operate motor vehicles upon the highways of the state to have the ability to respond in damages to accidents arising out of the use and operation of a motor vehicle. It is the intent that the risks and financial burdens of motor vehicle accidents be equitably distributed among all owners and operators of motor vehicles within the state.
The courts are obliged to accede to the legislative purpose in applying the statutory law governing mandatory insurance.
This matter is remanded to the district court with directions to set aside the summary judgment and reinstate the cause on the trial docket.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
SOSA, Senior Judge, and NEAL, J., concur. RIORDAN and STOWERS, JJ., dissent.