dissenting.
It is first noted that the transcript of testimony taken by the full Commission at Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, on February 29, 1984, was over two hundred pages in length. Exhibits introduced consisted of the records of Dr. Verhoogen, Dr. LaRowe, Dr. Caldwell, and Dr. Newcombe, a letter from Dr. Cune, and depositions of Dr. Verhoogen (68 pages and 2 reports), Dr. Luther (66 pages plus 7 page panel report of Drs. Dwinnel, Luther, and Jones) selected and paid for by Bunker Hill, and Dr. Flynn (30 pages).
The Commission made a thorough and careful analysis and evaluation of the doctor’s reports, their testimony, and the testimony of the other witnesses who testified live at the Coeur d’Alene hearings, which included only two witnesses produced by the Employer, a Mr. Faraca and a Mr. Schecket. We are presented with an excellent set of Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law — a careful perusal of which is absolutely necessary to an enlightened view of what this case is all about, and particularly to fully understand the injustice done to the claimant by the disheveling of thoroughly entrenched Idaho case law.
BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION
STATE OF IDAHO
IC 80-341382
FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW, AND AWARD
This matter came on before the Commission for hearing pursuant to Claimant’s application filed June 2, 1983. Claimant alleges that he suffered a compensable injury on November 12, 1980, while in the employ of the Bunker Hill Company, and that he is now totally and permanently disabled. Pintlar Corporation, the successor in interest to Employer, the Bunker Hill Company, admits in its Answer to Application for Hearing the nature and circumstances surrounding the employment and accident alleged by Claimant. The primary issue before the Commission is the extent of permanent disability which Claimant suffers.
A hearing was held before the full Commission on February 29, 1984. The parties have concluded the presentation of their evidence and have filed post-hearing memoranda of law, and the matter is now before the Commission for decision.
FINDINGS OF FACT
Personal Background of Claimant
I
On the date of his injury, November 12, 1980, Claimant was 34 years old, married, with three minor children. Mr. Frank was born and grew up in Kellogg, Idaho. He graduated from high school with a grade point average of 1.39. During at least the last year Mr. Frank attended high school, he worked a full night shift at the Bunker Hill Mine, and at the time of his accident had been an employee there for almost *795seventeen years. Immediately after high school Claimant was drafted into the military, and after approximately two years of service returned to Kellogg and to the Bunker Hill Mine. During his military service Claimant was trained as a helicopter mechanic, but testified that his training was basic in nature and that he had no significant transferable skills as- a result of that training. Prior to his accident, Mr. Frank’s primary recreation consisted of outdoor activities such as hunting and fishing, and bowling. He had no physical complaints of any substance, nor preexisting physical impairments.
II
During 1980, prior to Claimant’s accident, he received in gross wages from his employment $26,919. Gross wages for 1978 and 1979 were $24,225 and $27,981 respectively.
Nature of Industrial Accident
HI
On the morning of November 12, 1980 Claimant was traveling to his work position within the mine on a device known as a mine skip. The cable which pulled the skip broke, and Claimant fell approximately 170 feet, sustaining multiple injuries. Claimant was transported to Sacred Heart Medical Center in Spokane for treatment, where he remained until December 23, 1980.
IV
Upon examination, Claimant was found to have suffered the following injuries:
1) “Bursting” type fracture of the T-10 vertebrae, which was displaced;
2) Fracture of the left femur midshaft;
3) Compound fracture of the right tibia and fibula;
4) Fracture of the left hemopelvis including the sacroiliac joint;
5) Nasal fracture;
6) Deep wound of the left buttock approximately four inches deep and three inches wide.
V
The nasal fracture, the fractures of the right leg bones and the buttock wound were all treated the day of the accident. Claimant was held in skeletal traction, and on November 24, 1980, Harrington instrumentation was performed on the vertebral fracture. This process involved the insertion of rods with hooks on either side of the spine, and a spinal fusion was performed.
Physical Impairment
IX
Dr. Verhoogen did not rate Claimant for purposes of permanent physical impairment at that time, but noted that Claimant had limitation of motion in several respects as well as what Dr. Verhoogen believed to be a significant residual disability. Dr. Verhoogen expressed an opinion that Claimant would have difficulty returning to employment based upon the constant discomfort he experienced because of his many injuries.
X
On February 28, 1983, Claimant was examined by a panel in Spokane. The panel, headed by Dr. R.D. Luther, concluded that Claimant’s condition was stationary and that no further treatment was indicated. The panel rated Claimant’s total body impairment, including residuals of all his injuries, as 35% of the whole man. As indicated above, Dr. Verhoogen was reluctant to rate Claimant for purposes of permanent physical impairment. At the time of his deposition, on October 24, 1983, Dr. Verhoogen did testify that, with respect to range of motion only, he concurred that the 35% of the whole man impairment rating of the panel was approximately correct. Dr. Verhoogen indicated that he did not believe that the impairment rating was indicative of his overall disability, or ability to work.
XI
In most respects the medical testimony on record is consistent. The Spokane panel found a slightly greater impairment of motion in most respects than did Dr. Verhoo*796gen. Dr. Verhoogen, on the other hand, expressed greater concern for the residual effects of Claimant’s right ankle than did the panel. Although Dr. Verhoogen endorsed an impairment rating with some reluctance, he tentatively agreed that the panel’s rating of 35% of the whole man impairment was correct. The Commission finds Claimant impaired to the extent of 35% of the whole man.
Claimant’s Testimony
XII
Claimant testified that he experiences almost constant back pain except when reclining or lying down and that he can get relief from his back pain only by reclining or lying down. Claimant is able to sit for approximately 30 minutes, walk for five to six minutes, and then is able to sit again. Claimant must lie down for extended periods of time twenty-five or more days a month for relief of his back pain and regularly reclines for forty-five to sixty minutes at a time, interspersed between periods of sitting and briefly walking. Claimant experiences severe pain five to ten times a day, depending upon his activity, and states that he experiences nearly constant pain in his ankle, which is increased by walking.
Vocational Rehabilitation
XIII
Case notes from Jim Faraca, Field Consultant for the Rehabilitation Division of the Industrial Commission, were offered and received into evidence. Those notes indicate that several months after his release from the hospital, Claimant was anticipating returning to work as an underground miner for Bunker Hill. In approximately September, 1981 Claimant became aware of the imminent closure of Bunker Hill and his bleak prospects for returning to work there. At that time, Faraca undertook to discover other vocational interests that Claimant might have and to discuss the potential for retraining with the Claimant. Although Faraca was interested in a retraining program for Claimant, Claimant expressed little or no interest in reeducation or retraining and wishes to either return to underground mining or to become self-employed owning a tavern/restaurant in the Coeur d’Alene area. Vocational compatibility testing was not undertaken until January, 1983. That testing, performed by Bob Jude of Transitional Employment Services for the Handicapped in Coeur d’Alene, was synopsized in a vocational evaluation report on March 15, 1983 (Defendants’ Exhibit # 18). The results of that testing indicated that Claimant had adequate reading skills and inadequate arithmetic skills (especially where fractions were needed) to survive day to day life situations. Claimant displayed average abilities with respect to following oral directions, intellectual function capabilities, numerical skills, ability to visualize objects in space, and shop arithmetic skills. Claimant had above-average ability to manipulate mechanical tools, and although testing indicated that Claimant’s abilities in the areas of eye-hand coordination and mechanical knowledge were of average or less, the evaluator was unsure of the validity of these results. The evaluator concluded that Claimant’s vocational interests were unrealistic, and that Claimant believed that the testing program was a waste of time.
XIV
Claimant participates in a mining partnership with his brothers, and during the summers of 1982 and 1983 visited sites of mining operations in northern Idaho. Claimant performed minor duties while at the mine sites but did not work regularly or perform any substantial duties. Claimant is on the Board of Directors of two mine development companies and plays an active role in the management and operations of those companies. The record indicates that Claimant has some knowledge of mining properties, mining activities, and mining equipment. Claimant does not receive any income from his activities as director of the companies, and Claimant has not thus far received income by virtue of his participation in the Frank Brothers mining partnership.
*797XV
William Shecket, a vocational consultant, testified on behalf of Defendant concerning Claimant’s opportunities for reemployment. Shecket testified that, taking into consideration Claimant’s physical disability, he could perform jobs in telephone sales, as a hoistman at a mine, and as a laboratory technician. Shecket also testified that Claimant might be able to perform job duties as a mill worker operator in a mine with automated controls. The record indicates that for each job that Shecket testified that Claimant could perform, significant accommodations by the employer would be necessary. Additionally, it appears that Shecket may not have taken into account the extent of the physical complaints related by Claimant.
XVI
Dr. James Flynn, a psychologist, testified on behalf of Claimant with respect to Claimant’s vocational opportunities. Flynn testified that the regular labor market cannot accommodate an individual with Claimant’s physical limitations (as related by Claimant). Flynn further testified that those same physical limitation factors affect Claimant’s ability to be retrained for suitable employment. Flynn testified that he had conducted no studies of employment in the area in which Claimant lived, and that he is not in the business of vocational placement for individuals suffering from physical disabilities. The Commission places greater weight on the testimony of Dr. Flynn.
XVII
Employer argues, in essence, (and testifies, through its expert witness) that Claimant can perform virtually any unskilled or semi-skilled job which would allow him to change position on a regular basis. The Commission, after considering the testimony of Claimant, finds that this is an incorrect assumption. Just because Claimant spends a substantial amount of time shifting his position to relieve discomfort, it does not follow that he is employable in a job solely by virtue of the fact that he may attempt to move around while performing that job.
XVIII
Claimant’s education is limited and his only work experience is in the field of underground mining. Although Claimant is mildly active as a director of mining property development companies, there is no evidence that Claimant makes any money in this pursuit, nor that Claimant is in any manner employable by virtue of this activity. Claimant lives in an area where competition for work in all phases of the job market is extreme. In view of his physical disabilities and the extent to which most employers would have to accommodate Claimant’s constant physical discomfort, he is at a serious competitive disadvantage for the few sedentary jobs which he might otherwise perform. Claimant is an odd-lot worker.
Status of Employer
XIX
Employer is self-insured under the Idaho Workmen’s Compensation Law.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
I
Several preliminary issues do not appear to be in dispute. Based upon the pleadings of the parties, Employer admits that the parties are within the scope of the Idaho Workmen’s Compensation Law, that Claimant was injured within the course and scope of his employment, and that Claimant was totally disabled for an extended period of time. The parties have raised no issues with respect to medical expenses incurred by Claimant.
Total Temporary Disability
II
Dr. Verhoogen testified that Claimant had stabilized as of November 11, 1982 except with respect to his sacroiliac injuries and his right ankle, and that Claimant required no further treatment. The Spokane *798panel concluded after its February 28, 1983 examination that Claimant had stabilized and, at that time, rated Claimant as permanently disabled to the extent of 35% of the whole man. Based upon that panel report, Employer ceased total temporary disability payments as of the end of March, 1983. Based upon Dr. Verhoogen’s statement that he recommended no further treatment of Claimant as of November, 1982, based upon the panel’s determination that Claimant’s condition had stabilized, and based upon Employer’s decision to pay total temporary disability benefits through March, but no later, the Commission concludes that the period of recovery ended March 31, 1983.
Average Weekly Wage
III
Although Employer apparently calculated the appropriate weekly wage for Claimant for purposes of total temporary disability payments pursuant to IDAHO CODE, section 72-408, neither the amount of those payments nor the amount of Claimant’s average weekly wage appears on the record. Claimant testified that his gross earnings in 1980, prior to his accident, were $26,919. That sum was apparently earned after January 1, 1980, but prior to November 12, 1980, the date of the accident. The Commission cannot, consistent with IDA- [¶] CODE, section 72-429, determine an average weekly wage based solely upon that evidence. Based upon the evidence presented, however, it appears that Claimant worked forty-five weeks during 1980, and that he must therefore have averaged a gross weekly wage of $598.20.
IV
The Commission concludes that Claimant has met his burden of proof in establishing a prima facie case that he is a member of the odd-lot category. The Commission reaches its conclusion in spite of the fact that Claimant has not attempted to perform other work. Based upon the number and nature of jobs available in Claimant’s locale and based upon Claimant’s lack of job experience and physical disabilities, it would have been futile for Claimant to do more. The nature and extent of Claimant’s continuous physical discomfort makes his situation analogous to that of claimant in Cary [Carey] v. Clearwater County Road Department, et al., — Idaho-, Opinion No. 67, June 25, 1984 [107 Idaho 109, 686 P.2d 54].
IV
Employer has not met his burden of proof of showing that Claimant is capable of performing a specific function available in the job market. Nielson v. State of Idaho Industrial Special Indemnity Fund, — Idaho —, Opinion No. 68, June 27,1984 [106 Idaho 878, 684 P.2d 280].
AWARD
The Commission, having adopted the above Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, hereby awards Claimant, against Defendant, total temporary disability benefits from November 12, 1980 until March 31, 1983, less amounts paid; reasonable medical and related expenses incurred as a result of the November 12, 1980 accident, less amounts paid; and total permanent disability benefits from March 31, 1983, less amounts paid.
DATED and FILED this 18 day of July, 1984.
INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION /s/ Will S. Defenbach Will S. Defenbach, Chairman /s/ Gerald A. Geddes Gerald A. Geddes, Member /s/ L.G. Sirhall L.G. Sirhall, Member
ATTEST:
/s/ Patricia S. Ramey Patricia S. Ramey, Secretary Copies:
John J. Rose, Jr., Esq., Shoshone County Courthouse, Wallace, ID 83873 William F. Boyd, Esq., P.O. Box 659, Kellogg, ID 83837 03/ss
(DUPLICATE ORIGINAL)
Comes now the sixty-four thousand dollar question: With a full Commission final *799decision in place, which is wholly in accord with and cites Carey [107 Idaho 109, 686 P.2d 59] and relies upon the Lyons [98 Idaho 403, 565 P.2d 1360] odd-lot decision from this Court, by what reason in law and fact did the Commission award this Employer a new trial at which it was allowed to introduce evidence which was anything but newly discovered, and was in fact only newly manufactured after the Company received the decision?
Otherwise put, where a claimant was injured on November 12,1980, and the claimant and the employer had 39/2 months in which to prepare their respective cases before a hearing which did not take place until February 29, 1984, plus over another month while counsel prepared briefs for the Commission, Tr., p. 205, with yet another approximate 3V2 months elapsing while the commission deliberated until its decision was issued on July 15, 1984, on what valid grounds could the Company obtain a new trial from the commission?
The answer is simply stated: The Commission could not do so and erred as a matter of law in granting a new trial on the basis of the allegations, contentions, and theories presented to it, sporadically, by the Company in its three post-decision petitions for rehearing.
While in the process of developing this opinion the Court heard oral argument and took under consideration at the April 1988 Lewiston term the case of Madison (claimant) v. J.I. Morgan (employer), et al., S.Ct. No. 16895, which decision of the Industrial Commission was, as also were Carey and Lyons, an award of upon application of the odd-lot parts of that doctrine. Certain parts of that decision are highly pertinent to a resolution of the $64,000 question:
Subsequent to the hearing Claimant moved for a protective order prohibiting the deposing of one of Employer’s managers by Defendants Employer/Surety. The basis for the motion was the fact that said Defendants intended to elicit information from the manager to the effect that, subsequent to the hearing of this matter, Employer had offered Claimant employment which Claimant had declined to accept. After a telephone hearing and the submission of written memoranda, the Referee granted Claimant’s motion. Defendants Surety/Employer have requested reconsideration of that interim motion in closing memorandum, but have provided no new arguments.
The matter is one of discretion with the Commission. Rule IX(b) of the Commission’s Revised Rules of Practice and Procedure provides that the testimony of any witness may be presented by deposition, provided the party offering the deposition testimony provides reasonable notice prior to the taking of the deposition that it may be used for testimonial purposes or providing the parties agree. Absence such notice or agreement, depositions are admissable only to the extent allowed by the Idaho Rules of Civil Procedure. Subsection (c) of Rule IX provides that following a hearing the record remains open for the submission of deposition evidence for 28 days after the hearing with respect to Claimant and for 49 days after the hearing with respect to Defendants. The purpose of allowing the record to remain open after the hearing is not so that the parties may manufacture, solicit, or even gather evidence, but rather to allow a reasonable amount of time for scheduling and taking of post-hearing depositions, usually those of doctors with full and busy schedules who need significant advance notice for such depositions. Allowing deposition testimony such as that contemplated by Defendants Surety/Employer herein would lead to prolongation of the proceeding for rebuttal and possible stirrebuttal of the parties. Moreover, in this particular case it is hard to imagine a less reliable indication of Claimant’s probable wage earning capacity than the self-serving offer of employment by an employer involved in litigation on that very issue, which offer was not made until almost three years after the industrial accident. These are the reasons Claimant’s motion was initially granted. They are the same reasons why the Referee will not reconsider and deny the motion at this time.
*800Madison v. J.I. Morgan, et al., S.Ct. No. 16895, R., p. 256 (emphasis supplied and added).
The foregoing decision was that of the Honorable Cathy L. Naugle, Referee, presiding at the designation of the Industrial Commission. Her findings of fact, conclusions of law, and that particular ruling above set out were adopted as presented by the full Commission. The employer in that case filed a motion for reconsideration, supporting it by an 18 page brief documenting the areas wherein it argued that the evidence did not sustain the findings, and alleging error in the conclusions.
The Commission summarily denied the motion eight days later:
By timely Motion of February 12,1987, Defendants Employer and Surety have moved the Commission to reconsider its Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Order filed in this proceeding as of January 23, 1987. Although Defendants have submitted an 18-page brief in support of this motion, they have also asked permission to augment the brief after they receive a written transcript of the hearing of this matter which they have since ordered.
After a careful review of the arguments set out in Defendants’ brief, the Commission declines, in its discretion, to reconsider its decision and further declines to grant Defendants an extension of time in which to augment their brief.
Defendants’ Motion is hereby DENIED.
DATED and FILED this 20 day of February, 1987.
INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION /s/ L.G. Sirhall L.G. Sirhall, Chairman /s/ Will S. Defenbach Will S. Defenbach, Member /s/ Gerald A. Geddes Gerald A. Geddes, Member
ATTEST:
/s/ Patricia A. Ramey Patricia S. Ramey, Secretary
Careful note should be taken, in light of what will be seen happening to Mr. Frank’s final decision, that the employer in the Madison case in filing the motion for reconsideration submitted the requisite brief at the same time — as counsel apparently believed and as I believe to be the rule of the practice. A motion unsupported by a brief detailing the insufficiency of the evidence or any alleged errors in evidentiary rulings, or that conclusions of law are unsupported by the evidentiary facts found to exist is entitled to no consideration. It has forever been so required in Idaho jurisprudence.
As early as 1908, some years before the enactment of any workmen’s compensation law, Idaho law, both statutory and caseprecedential, was well-settled as to the grounds for allowing a new trial once a final judgment had been entered. Twenty years earlier when the statutory law had not been enacted, the Territorial Supreme Court could have been writing about Bunker Hill when 101 years ago it wrote as follows:
While the application for a new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence is addressed to the sound discretion of the court, the authorities seem to agree that such application should be looked upon with suspicion and disfavor because of the temptation to make a favorable showing after having sustained defeat, and certainly we find nothing in this application to have warranted the granting of a new trial.
Black v. City of Lewiston, 2 Idaho 276, 281, 13 P. 80 (1887) (emphasis added).
Thirteen years later, Idaho had become a state, and statutory law directed the court as to awarding new trials. R.S.1887, See § 4438 through § 4445. Very little change has been made since then, even when the statute evolved into a court rule. Section 4439 of the 1887 Code reads much the same as does Rule 59(a). Under causes (R.S. 1887) and reasons (I.R.C.P.)(3) of both the 1887 and the present day rule both identically require that “Accident or surprise, (be that) which ordinary prudence could not have guarded against.” Under (4) “Newly discovered evidence, material for the party making, the application (must be that), *801which he could not, with reasonable diligence have discovered at trial.”
Accordingly, with the statute before it, the Supreme Court in reviewing a denial of a motion for a new trial, had this to say:
The appellants contend that their motion for a new trial should have been granted because they had newly discovered evidence. We have carefully examined the affidavits of the witnesses used on the motion for new trial, and think that the so-called newly discovered evidence is, in the main, cumulative, and that none of it was beyond the reach of the appellants, who, by proper diligence, could have produced it at the trial. The affidavits do not show such surprise as will warrant the granting of a new trial. We think that the district judge did not, in denying the motion for a new trial, abuse that discretion vested in him by law, and we are not warranted in reversing the said order upon this ground.
Knollin v. Jones, 7 Idaho 466, 476, 63 P. 638 (1900) (emphasis added).
A few years later the Supreme Court made the same ruling, although with fewer words: “The affidavits of newly discovered evidence are mostly cumulative and corroborative, ...” Heckman v. Espey, 12 Idaho 755, 88 P. 80 (1906).
Two years later, from the Supreme Court, this:
If the appellant contends that this is newly discovered evidence, the statute requires that it must be made to appear that such evidence could not, with reasonable diligence, have been discovered and produced at the trial. (Sec. 4439, Rev.Stat.) It is clear from the provisions of said section that the accident or surprise therein referred to and diligence in attempting to obtain the evidence desired, must appear from the affidavit. As bearing upon this question, Schellhous v. Ball, 29 Cal. 605 [1866]; Baker v. Joseph, 16 Cal. 173 [I860]; Mowry v. Raabe, 89 Cal. 606, 27 Pac. 157 [1891]. In such affidavits, diligence must appear, and if one relies on newly discovered evidence, such evidence must not be merely cumulative or tending to impeach or contradict a witness. (Wood v. Moulton, 146 Cal. 317, 80 Pac. 92 [1905]) The showing in this case is insufficient to warrant an order granting a new trial, in this: (1) No diligence shown; and (2) The evidence tends merely to impeach the respondent Finley Monroe.
Hall v. Jensen, 14 Idaho 165, 93 P. 962 (1908) (emphasis added).
Thus it is seen that from earliest days the sense of both the legislature and the courts was to achieve a finality to judgments. Judgments once arrived at were not to be taken lightly. Litigants and attorneys became well advised that new trials could not be gained by a losing party who simply averred that surprise caused his loss, and that luckily he had found some new evidence which would enable him to win — if the trial judge would be only so kind as to award him a second trial.
The Supreme Court's stance in upholding the requirements of the legislative statute, and now Court Rule 59(a) was so firm that in the following years few indeed were the reported cases of appeals to the Supreme Court from trial court rulings on motions for new trial based on (3) and (4) — surprise and newly discovered evidence. In addition to the cases above quoted, which show the metamorphosis of the rule of law both before the passage of the statute governing the award of new trials, and then after-wards, there is a reported case in the years 1933,1953, and 1963 of last-ditch efforts by the losing party:
Appellant seeks to predicate error upon the action of the trial court in denying his motion for new trial. Affidavits were filed in support of and in opposition thereto. The principal ground relied upon by appellant is newly discovered evidence material to appellant which he could not with reasonable diligence have discovered or produced at the trial. The general rule is that in order to warrant the granting of a new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence it must appear (1) that the evidence is such as will probably change the result if a new trial *802is granted; (2) that it has been discovered since the trial; (3) that it could not have been discovered before the trial by the exercise of due diligence; (4) that it is material to the issues; and (5) that it is not merely cumulative or impeaching.
Taking up the second and third requirement above stated, it is conclusively shown that Van Slooten, former cashier of the bank of which appellant is receiver, handled the Corbett loan; that all of the negotiations carried on with respondent on behalf of the bank were conducted by Van Slooten. In appellant’s affidavit it is also alleged, among other things, that the president of the bank was inactive; that the board of directors acted upon the reports of Van Slooten; and that the latter was in charge of all of the loans and discounts of the bank and was the only person familiar with the transaction in all of its details. It is clearly shown by the affidavits in support of the motion that the evidence alleged to be newly discovered, which related to the facts and circumstances surrounding the execution of the mortgages, known to Van Slooten, must have been known to appellant and his attorney, or by the exercise of reasonable diligence could have been ascertained by them prior to the filing of the action and also that Van Slooten was a material witness. It has been held that there is no error in denying a motion for new trial where the newly discovered evidence was such as might have been produced by due diligence before or at the time of the trial or where no sufficient reason is disclosed why the evidence could not have been produced at the trial. A party is bound to know of the materiality of testimony except in case of surprise at the trial, and where he fails to move for a continuance to enable him to obtain absent evidence, the existence of materiality of which he first discovers during the progress of the trial, he is not entitled to a new trial on the ground that the evidence was newly discovered (20 Cal.Jur. 86). No motion for continuance was made and apparently no effort exerted to obtain the testimony of Van Slooten until after the judgment and there is no showing of any reason why the same effort could not have been put forth to obtain the attendance and evidence of Van Slooten before the trial as afterwards.
* * * * * *
In Stolz v. Scott, 28 Ida. 417, 427, 154 Pac. 982, 985, the rule is announced:
The granting or denying of a new trial rests in the sound discretion of the trial court, and, where the motion is based upon an affidavit alleging newly discovered evidence, and it appears that the evidence could have been, by the exercise of ordinary diligence, produced at the trial of the cause, an order denying the motion is not an abuse of that discretion, and will not be disturbed upon appeal. (Hall v. Jensen, 14 Ida. 165, 93 Pac. 962 [1908]; Montgomery v. Gray (on rehearing), 26 Ida. 583, 585, 144 Pac. 646 [1914]; Scanlan v. San Francisco etc. Ry. Co., 128 Cal. 586, 61 Pac. 271 [1900]; Broads v. Mead, 159 Cal. 765, 116 Pac. 46, AnmCas. 1912C, 1125 [1911].)
Livestock Credit Corp. v. Corbett, 53 Idaho 190, 198-99, 22 P.2d 874 (1933), (emphasis added).
The Court in the 1953 case of Papineau v. Idaho First National Bank, 74 Idaho 145, 258 P.2d 755 (1953), wrote:
It appears from the affidavit of appellant’s counsel that before the action was brought, he was advised the deposit slip was questioned, and that examination by a handwriting expert might be advisable. The instrument was in the possession of his client (according to his testimony) from its date. On the trial he produced a number of copies of deposit slips bearing the initials “V.” and “V.O.”, purporting to have been written by the witness Victoria Olsen, and some of which she acknowledged on the witness stand. These are variously dated as far back as 1945, and presumably have been in plaintiff’s possession from their date to the time of the trial. Nowhere does plaintiff say that he made any effort to have any of these instruments acknowledged by the *803witness, or to procure any other exemplar of her handwriting, before the trial. The showing is that no evidence has been discovered since the trial which was not available to the plaintiff, by reasonable diligence, before the trial. Moreover, the newly discovered evidence is not set out — only its effect is averred, and this on information and belief. Mr. Felton’s affidavit infers that he has been informed by an unnamed handwriting expert that the disputed instrument is in the handwriting of Victoria Olsen. No affidavit of such witness is produced, nor is any excuse or reason given for not producing such an affidavit. Under such circumstances it is entirely speculative as to whether the appellant would be able to produce the alleged newly discovered evidence. Such showing is entirely insufficient to justify vacation of judgment.
Papineau v. Idaho First Nat’l. Bank, 74 Idaho at 150, 258 P.2d 755. [per Taylor, J., joined by Porter, Givens, Thomas, and Keeton, JJ.]
As concerns the third and fourth sub-paragraph of the section, assuming that the facts stated in the affidavits presented by appellant were true, and also assuming that such testimony case as a surprise which ordinary prudence could not have guarded against, appellant has wholly failed to show that his substantial rights were materially affected. The testimony of the challenged witness was cumulative in effect to the testimony of other of appellant’s witnesses. In Hall v. Jensen, 14 Idaho 165, 93 P. 962 [1908], this court pointed out that newly discovered evidence, which is merely cumulative or designed to contradict witnesses, is not sufficient to warrant the granting of a new trial.
Findley v. Woodall, 86 Idaho 439, 387 P.2d 594 (1963) (emphasis added), [per McFadden, J., joined by Knudson, McQuade, Taylor, and Smith, JJ.]
In that case sat two justices, McFadden and McQuade, who on request continue to serve on this Court, thus establishing an unbroken chain of continuity of this case law dating backward almost a century.
Although there is no specific statute or Industrial Commission rule which mandates that the procedure of I.R.C.P. 59(a) is applicable in Commission proceedings, common sense would dictate that it should be.1 Moreover, precedential case law requires that it be so. Arneson v. Robinson, 59 Idaho 223, 82 P.2d 249 (1938). The case was before the Supreme Court on appeal from the Industrial Accident Board, and the Court’s unanimous opinion was authored by Justice Givens, concurred in by every participating justice. The defendants, employer-surety, on their appeal sought a second board hearing on grounds of newly discovered evidence and an allegation of fraud. The Court gave recognition to the right of a party to seek a new trial on grounds of newly discovered evidence:
Appellants ask this court to remand the case to the board because of newly discovered evidence and for fraud of claimant in withholding from the board and from doctors who examined him that he had been treated and examined by a Dr. Stauffer who had previously diagnosed his former ailment as osteomyelitis, the affidavit of appellant’s attorney reciting as follows:
____ Said fraud, was brought to affiant’s attention particularly by the evidence of Dr. Stauffer of Priest River, Idaho. That Dr. Stauffer, while practicing medicine in Dover, Idaho, on the 8th day of September, 1927, was called upon by claimant, Victor E. Arneson, at the office of said doctor and at that time claimant had a discharging wound on the back of the right middle thigh; that another place on said claimant just below said discharging sinus was about ready to break and Dr. Stauffer opened said gathering and from said wound there was discharged some straw colored watery fluid; that on the back of the left knee and opposite the knee joint the said Ameson had a discharging sinus from a deep re-*804traded scar; ____ that Dr. Stauffer advised Arneson at that time and place that he, Arneson, was suffering from tubercular osteomyelitis; ____ that Dr. Stauffer has the above mentioned notes in his possession and if allowed will present them to the Industrial Accident Board.....
Respondent’s past history and his osteomyelitic condition and treatment therefor were inquired into at length and fully covered by physicians called as witnesses for appellant, and the desired testimony of Dr. Stauffer, if adduced at the hearing would have been merely cumulative and we do not believe that it would have been sufficient to have impeached respondent, or show that he had willfully withheld testimony of the treatment of Dr. Stauffer, since he was not asked concerning this matter. True, appellants say they did not know of this testimony and therefore could not inquire, but we do not believe the entire circumstance requires a rehearing merely for the purpose of admitting this testimony.
Arneson v. Robinson, 59 Idaho at 238, 239, 82 P.2d at 254 (emphasis added).
Believing that the foregoing serves to well-enough set the stage, the next order of business is to ascertain on what basis the Commission saw fit to undo the work of its initial hearing and resultant findings, conclusions, and award of July 1984— which it did by its order of December 10, 1984. That order is wholly summary in nature, by which is meant that it states absolutely nothing whatever as to the grounds upon which it purported to take such drastic and unprecedented action. It consists of but three paragraphs of only three lines each.
The first paragraph serves the sole purpose of stating that it has reviewed “the motions, briefs, and affidavits filed herein since the entry of said award.” The final paragraph states only that the parties will be notified when and where there will be a further hearing.
The middle paragraph is the gutless guts of this remarkable order:
NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that this matter shall be reopened for further hearings to be set at the convenience of the Commission and the parties.
R., p. 143.
The most crucial portion of any order for a new trial, or a rehearing of a Commission proceeding, should be, and is, a statement of the specific grounds which motivate the court or tribunal. No person, including also corporate entity, should ever be required to endure a second trial after the first trial has gone to judgment without being apprised of the grounds. As long ago as Wolfe v. Ridley, 17 Idaho 173, 104 P. 1014 (1909) the Supreme Court per Justice Ailshie, was extremely critical of a district judge’s order granting a new trial which was as general in nature as is the Commission’s, the Court there concluding: “The grounds on which such orders are made ought always to be specified in the order.” 17 Idaho at 177, 104 P. at 1015.
Recently, in Luther v. Howland, 101 Idaho 373, 613 P.2d 666 (1980), this Court repeated and put teeth to that same requirement. That opinion distinguished between grounds and reasons, saying that although the grounds must be specified in an order granting a new trial, the same is not true as to “reasons,” which word as I understand it also carries the meaning of “reasoning.” Inferentially, what was declared in Luther is that where the grounds must be stated, it is reversible error to fail doing so. 101 Idaho at 375, 613 P.2d at 668.
Had Mr. Frank sought a certified appeal of the order, this Court should have granted it and reversed the order of December 10, 1984, which allowed a retrial of issues of which had been well tried, and decided. Be that as it may, on this appeal that same issue still confronts us and must be not ignored,2 but addressed.
*805On what grounds did the Commission allow the second trial? Because we are not told the answer in the summary order which informed as to nothing, and although there should be a reversal simply for that failure,3 it is not out of order to examine the record and ascertain what motions were properly before the Commission and thought by it to serve as the basis for awarding the Company extreme relief of a second trial.4
After the Commission’s decision was entered on July 18, 1984, just what motions or petitions had the Company laid before the Commission which might have motivated it to the kindness of awarding the Company a new trial?
The first motion, filed August 7, 1984, was a foot-in-the-door affair in length and breadth as informative as the Commission’s order. A nine-liner, it did nothing more than ask for a rehearing or reconsideration.
I.C. 80-341382
PETITION FOR REHEARING
COMES NOW, The employer in the above-entitled matter, by and through its attorney, William F. Boyd of the firm of Brown, Keane, Boyd & Gibler, and hereby petitions the Commission for reconsideration and/or rehearing of its decision entered herein on the 18th day of July, 1984.
This petition is made on the grounds and for the reasons that there is not substantial evidence in the record to sustain the Commission’s decision, and the Commission has erred as to matters of law.
The employer further petitions the Commission to set a briefing schedule to be followed by the parties upon rehearing and/or reconsideration.
DATED This 7th day of August, 1984.
BROWN, KEANE, BOYD & GIBLER
By William F. Boyd
Attorneys for Employer /s/ Blaine Evans Blaine Evans for William F. Boyd
CERTIFICATE OF MAILING
I hereby certify that I caused a true and correct copy of the foregoing Petition for Rehearing to be mailed, first-class, postage prepaid thereon, to the following named attorney this 7th day of August, 1984.
John J. Rose, Jr.
Shoshone County Courthouse
Wallace, ID 83873
/s/ Blaine Evans Blaine Evans
Idaho Code § 72-718 allows any party to ask for a reconsideration of any decision it has made by filing a request therefore within 20 days of the decision, and such petitions are routinely filed by losing parties, ordinarily to address questions of law such as failure to apply or misapplication of case law.
*806Where the petition fails to bring the Commission’s attention to the specific errors of which complaint is made, or wherein the evidence is believed to be insufficient, such petitions are as routinely denied as they were routinely filed. Which is as it should be. A party cannot invoke the weighing processes of a court or tribunal without being specific wherein it is contended that there was error. It is exactly the same in a district court where motion is made for a new trial based on insufficiency of the evidence and/or error in law. Rule 59(a), and before it the statute, has always required that a motion so based “must set forth the factual grounds therefor with particularity.” The recent case of Scafco Boise, Inc. v. Rigby, 98 Idaho 432, 566 P.2d 381 (1977), and before it an uninterrupted line of cases going back over 80 years require such last-ditch efforts to be summarily denied out of hand and without oral argument or briefing. In Scafco the motion for a new trial, based on newly discovered evidence and insufficiency of the evidence, was drawn and filed by the pro se defendants who obviously did not have any legal knowledge. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court reversed the district court’s grant of a new trial. The Supreme Court did so solely on the basis that the pro se defendants had not complied with the rule by filing a statement of particulars:
... Rule 59(a) requires that,
‘Any motion based on subdivisions 6 or 7 must set forth the factual grounds therefor with particularity.’
The language is mandatory and is wholly dispositive of this appeal. We hold that defendants failed to state with any particularity the grounds of their motion for a new trial and thus the motion should have been denied by the trial court..
In Paullus v. Liedkie, 92 Idaho 323, 442 P.2d 733 (1968), the court was faced with a virtually identical fact pattern. Appellant in that case likewise appeared pro se and filed a motion for new trial in terms just as general, vague and conclusory as in the present case. The holding of the Court, though based on slightly different rules and statutes then in effect, is controlling in the present case:
‘... if the motion is based upon the insufficiency of the evidence, the motion itself should “specify the particulars in which the evidence is alleged to be insufficient.” ’
The Court then ruled that, under such circumstances, it is proper to deny the motion for a new trial
‘Inasmuch as appellant’s for a new trial ... did not particularize where the evidence was insufficient or particularize wherein the court erred in law.’ 92 Idaho at 326, 442 P.2d at 736.
The purpose of any rule demanding particularity in a motion for new trial, was stated long ago:
‘... the object of the rule requiring these specifications is, first, to shorten the statement of the evidence by excluding everything irrelevant to the specified fact; and, second, to notify the opposite party of the particular finding called in question in order that he may see that the statement fairly and fully presents the evidence bearing upon that particular matter.’ Palmer v. Northern Pacific Ry. Co., 11 Idaho 583, 586-587, 83 P. 947, 948 (1905). Scafco Boise, Inc. v. Rigby, 98 Idaho at 434, 566 P.2d at 383 (1977).
Ever earlier than the Palmer case cited in Scafco was Robson v. Colson, 9 Idaho 215, 72 P. 951 (1903) where the same issue was before the Supreme Court. After citing authorities from states then having similar statutes, Montana (Zickler v. Deegan, 16 Mont. 198, 40 P. 410 (1895)), Utah (Marks v. Taylor, 23 Utah 152, 63 P. 897 (1901)), and California (Swift v. Occidental Min. etc. Co., 70 P. 470 (1902)), the Idaho Court held:
Our attention has not been called to any authorities holding a contrary view. We are of the opinion that it was the intention of the legislature of this state that opposing counsel as well as the trial court should be fully informed of the particular evidence relied upon by the moving party to warrant the court in granting the relief sought by the motion. There is no attempt on the part of appellants in this case to particularize or call attention to the insuffi*807ciency of the evidence in any particular instance, simply that the various parties are not entitled to the amount of water decreed by the court from certain dates, but are only entitled to so much water from certain dates fixed by appellants. Under the authorities above cited and the provisions of our statute, we must conclude that the statement must be disregarded, and this being true, it necessarily follows that the motion to dismiss the appeal from the order overruling a motion for new trial must be sustained, for the reason that the motion for new trial is barred on the statement.
Robson v. Colson, 9 Idaho at 220-21, 72 P. at 953 (1903) (emphasis added).
The Commission should have summarily denied the employer’s § 72-718 petition on receipt, solely by reason of its insufficiency — which is not a view peculiar to only this writer, but rather long established case law of Idaho. Nothing in the statutory workmen’s compensation law gives or purports to give an unlimited or any extension of time to a party for the purpose of making a delayed full compliance with a statute which allows 20 days, which should have been more than sufficient for counsel — not a pro se litigant as in Scafco — to spell out his particulars (which as will be seen was done later in a perfunctory effort which encompassed very few pages).
No reason appears in the record why the Commission did not do so even more readily than it acted in the Madison, supra, case. Pure surmise could be, based on the observation that it was drafted in Boise and delivered to the Commission barely meeting the 20 day time limit, that the Company’s counsel had obtained the Commission’s approval to at a later time furnish the required statement of particulars. But if that be so, it would have been improper without the consent of Mr. Frank’s attorney.
As was held in Scafco, because of the Company’s failure to furnish particulars when the petition was filed, the motion should have been denied. That denial would have then and there precluded the entry of the order awarding a new trial. If the commission had denied the petition, as it should have, its jurisdiction would have automatically ceased. “... and in any such events the decision shall be final upon denial of a motion for rehearing or reconsideration ...” I.C. § 72-718. If this Court were to apply the easily understood holding of Scafco, which goes unmentioned in the opinion authored by Chief Justice Shepard, it would be brought to the conclusion that the Commission’s jurisdiction was deemed terminated when it failed to take any action after receiving the August 7, 1984 petition. It had not been presented a petition sufficient to invoke its jurisdiction.
The primary complaint of the manner in which this routine petition was handled is readily deduced:
(a) It served as a foot-in-the-door should the Commission strangely not dismiss summarily, and thus kept the Company in a position to take its own good time in supplying the requisite statement of particulars, which it did, not in a direct manner but encompassed in a so-called supplemental petition for rehearing.
(b) Improperly it would include in that petition allegations by which it hoped to raise the new and additional grounds of Mr. Frank’s fraud (perjury) at the first hearings. [Commissioner Geddes, as over the recitals of his decision, properly did not give the supplemental petition for rehearing any consideration, as witnessed by his not mentioning it, and also evidenced by the fact that he mentioned the allegation of fraud, as only arising out of the petition for modification. The fact remains, however, that it can not be said that the other two commissioners, and possibly Mr. Geddes, may not have been prejudicially influenced, resulting in the order of December 10, 1984.]
(c) Those improperly included allegations, would undoubtedly provide a high degree of shock value to the Commission. Everyone listens when someone shouts “fraud.”
(d) Such would also go hand-in-hand with its (contemporaneously-filed) petition for modification — which was also grounded on a claim of manifest injustice, completely unspecified as to any particu*808lars. To see a claim of both fraud and manifest injustice surely would tend to inflame, or at least excite, the commissioners to who it was addressed.
More importantly, the petition for rehearing of the decision it had first entered could not serve as a valid basis for a new trial limited to the receiving of additional new evidence. A motion for a rehearing is much the same as the civil practice in the district courts; it is a request for a rehash of that which has already been decided; only briefs, and oral argument, too, on occasion are allowed.
Of singular importance the petition for rehearing was not, nor did it purport to be a motion for a new trial. It was what it was, and that is all that it was, a request for a rethinking of the Commission’s decision, hoping for a result less than an award of permanent total disability. In thus working backward in search of the unknown and undisclosed grounds for the Commission’s order of December 10, 1984, it is established that the petition for rehearing can not be said to have filled the bill. That being so, it stands to reason that the supplemental petition, by its own title being a supplement to the August 7 petition also could not suffice, nor, as pointed out, was it even mentioned in Mr. Geddes decision of 1986 — nor mention of any part of it.
Apparently having always recognized the inadequacy of the August 7, 1984 petition, two weeks after it was filed, a 20 page supplemental Petition for Rehearing was served and filed by the Company on August 21, 1984.
Ostensibly it was to serve the purpose of supplying the deficiencies of the petition above mentioned. Part I is devoted to assertion of error in Commission Findings numbered XV, XVI, XVII, and XVIII — discussed only for three pages. Part II thereof complains of Commission errors of law with respect to Conclusions IX and IV, to which but two pages of discussion are devoted. This was all matter which should have been in the August 7 petition, but was not, discussed supra.
Part III of the Supplemental Petition contained nothing in amplification or support of the Petition filed August 7, 1984, nor did it even pretend to.5 It alleged fraud (perjury, actually) on Mr. Frank’s part in having “testified that he was not receiving compensation from the mining company of which he was an officer when it in fact appears from the document attached to this petition as Exhibit A that he was receiving $2,000.00 a month as president of Goldback Mines Corporation.” R., p. 33. Part III was wholly extraneous to the August 7 petition, and not entitled to any consideration. Nor did Mr. Geddes accord it any, mentioned supra. The Supplemental Petition for Rehearing even had it been considered as a matter of statute and case law could not suffice as a grounds for awarding a new trial. A reconsideration of the evidence which had been adduced at the first trial, “yes.” But neither the full commission nor Mr. Geddes individually ever embarked upon a reconsideration or rehearing as such. Properly it would have treated separately the Petition for Rehearing and the petition for modification. But it was not, and in failing to do so it put Mr. Geddes in a most untenable position.
Also, on August 21, 1984, the Company made its final effort aimed at obtaining a new trial and a lessened award, or no award at all. This was the Petition for Modification recited in the recitals of Mr. Geddes 1986 decision. It again charged the same fraud (perjury) against Mr. Frank as did the Supplemental Petition, and additionally alleged that the Commission’s decision was manifestly unjust, I.C. § 72-719, presumably on the sole premise that Frank had fraudulently obtained it, as no other grounds or basis for relief was stated.
As alluded to earlier, this petition is absolutely devoid of any description of the *809nature of the manifest injustice, in which regard it was exactly like the initial petition for rehearing. Just as this Court held in Scafco, both the court (tribunal) — before it acts — and opposing party — before it defends — are entitled to know exactly the basis upon which a new trial is sought. Fraud, as one prong of the petition, was sufficiently stated, and only to do with the claim that Mr. Frank was receiving $2000 per month as a mining executive while all the while receiving total disability payments. It cannot be said that the claim of manifest injustice was sufficiently, or at all, particularized. The Commission can not possibly be said to have granted a new trial on the grounds of manifest injustice. As is seen by Mr. Geddes disposition of that contention, the fraud allegation would go nowhere, but it had been fully dissipated before December 10, 1984, by Mr. Frank’s earlier filed affidavit doubly swearing that he had not received $2000 or any monetary compensation as an officer for Goldback Mines — which went wholly unrefuted!
The Company simply did not, either by pleading or by petition, ever claim specifically that it was entitled to a new trial on the grounds of newly discovered evidence. But this was exactly where the Commission allowed the company to go by affording a second evidentiary trial, and ergo, necessarily could have been the only basis — undisclosed — for granting a new trial. It simply does not do to be so careless in procedure that due process is thwarted. But that is the only solution to the riddle earlier poised: On what valid grounds (pleaded) did the Commission grant the Company a new trial?
None, and for that reason there should not have been a second trial. But, goaded and regoaded by the Company’s repeated cries of “Wolf, fraud, and injustice,” it simply granted the Company a second trial. Errors in law at the first trial, there had been none. Insufficiency of evidence, likewise. The Company, well represented by able counsel with many years of experience, full well knew that there was evidence in the record to amply sustain the commissioner’s 1984 findings, knew also that the conclusions were based on decision law of this Court, and so, rather than waste an appeal went all-out in their effort to stampede the commission into allowing a new trial.
The Company’s Petition for Modification stated that it would take Mr. Frank’s deposition and inquire of him as to the Nesco report which the Company claimed proved perjury. That Petition closed with this specific commitment:
It should be recognized by the Commission that filed concurrently herewith is the notice of taking the oral deposition of the claimant, Paul Frank, on the 10th day of September, 1984. At that time all of the facts and circumstances concerning compensation in the amount of $2,000 per month paid by Goldback to Mr. Frank will be inquired into. The transcript of the deposition will be filed with the Commission in further support of this petition.
The only reasonable reading of that commitment is that the Commission would read and consider the deposition in determining what relief if any the Employer was entitled to. Both parties in their ensuing briefing would selectively incorporate excerpts of the testimony in arguing a point. The point argued by counsel for Mr. Frank was the invalidity of the Company’s claim of outright perjury as to the $2000 per month.
The Company's point was to develop its unpleaded claim that because Mr. Frank had misrepresented his physical limitations, the decision and award should be reconsidered, and it added to its brief selected excerpts from the deposition. Obviously both parties were of the view that the deposition would be considered by the full Commission when it ruled on the Petition for Modification. Of importance is that deposition was not considered by the Commission, notwithstanding that it had been stated that such was the Company’s very purpose on taking the deposition — to which Mr. Frank acceded.
The prejudice to Mr. Frank by the Commission’s failure to read his deposition is inestimable. Therein was set out a well-*810stated objection to the Company’s violation of the terms under which the deposition was scheduled, i.e., limited to one specified issue — the Nesco-Goldback $2000 per month affair.
The Company had changed the deposition taking date to the 13th day of September, 1984, and asked him to bring documentation and data pertinent to the Nesco-Goldback circumstances. The deposition took place and on November 5, 1984, the affidavit of Mr. Frank attaching 21 pages of the Company’s examination of Mr. Frank plus 25 pages of the Nesco-Goldback arrangement was filed and served. Mr. Frank’s affidavit referred to the same, and with respect thereto testified:
That the pages of testimony attached hereto are true correct questions put to me and answers thereto.
Said questions and answers show the nature of my association with Gold Back Mines Corporation.
That attached hereto are true and correct copies of corporate records further describing my association with Gold Back Mines Corporation.
The Company filed no affidavits refuting or contradicting Mr. Frank’s sworn deposition testimony which became doubly sworn to by his affidavit. Nevertheless, in a brief submitted to the Commission on November 16, 1984, the Company did not back away from its claim of perjury:
1. There is a disputed issue of fact surrounding the $2,000.00 per month in compensation which the mining company of which Mr. Frank is an officer pays to Mr. Frank. The documents which the employer has submitted to the Commission reveal $2,000.00 per month. Mr. Frank, however, in his oral deposition explains this away by asserting that he has received no cash, but, instead, ‘is to be paid in stock of the corporation. Either way, the employer contends he is being compensated at the rate of $2,000.00 per month.
R., p. 132 (emphasis added).
The Company’s ploy here was to then say all in the same sentence, “In this case not only is Mr. Frank receiving monthly compensation from a mining company, he also demonstrated his physical capabilities by reroofing a house for six days.” R., p. 136 (emphasis added). The blatant mischaracterization of that statement would appear later at the second trial which the Commission was stampeded into giving the Company. There it would be seen that Mr. Frank played a very minor part in being of some slight assistance to his brother.
Equally important, however, the extraneous incorrect information about roofing was clearly extraneous to the two petitions filed with the Commission, which are the pleadings by which the allegations of a party so moving claim their right to the relief of a rehearing and to the independent claim of a right to modification. The Commission cannot be found to have acted properly in granting a new trial on the basis of grounds not properly pleaded. Scafco, supra. It would ill-behoove any member of this Court to blithely ignore such errors of procedure. The practice of law in court proceedings requires adherence to established rules of procedure and the precedent of case law. The Company’s tactics in this case wholly ignored those requirements — yet it prevailed at getting a new trial, courtesy of the full Commission, as is easily seen.
As stated earlier herein, the Company had advised in the filing of its Petition for Modification that it was going to take Mr. Frank’s deposition solely to develop its contention that Mr. Frank was receiving $2000 monthly from the Goldback company. Nothing more. At the deposition, however, without even attempting the appearance of going into the perjury charge of the Gold-back-Nesco $2000 monthly affair, that which was the issue raised by its Petition for Modification, the Company proceeded to ask Mr. Frank about his post-of judgment physical activities, but without any specific mention of the limited help given to his brother, which the Company per its surveillance had long had notice since early August of that same year, but had not pleaded.
*811Following is the interrogation which was extraneous to any issue raised by either of the Company’s petition:
DIRECT EXAMINATION
BY MR. BOYD:
Q. Mr. Frank, I’m going to hand you a document marked Exhibit 1 entitled Amended Notice of Taking Deposition. Would you notice that on the third page of the document we’d asked that you produce at this proceeding certain documents?
A. Yes.
Q. And I’m going to hand you documents marked Exhibits 2, through and including Exhibit 9, that have been given to me by Jack Rose and ask if these are the documents in response to the request for documents that you just read?
A. Yes.
Q. Do you have any documents that show the amount of pay, income or compensation received in the year 1984 by you, other than the documents marked 2 through 9?
A. No.
Q. I take it you haven’t received any kind of monies in 1984?
A. No.
Q. I was under the understanding that you had received Social Security benefits, is that true?
A. Yes.
Q. Can you tell me from memory how much a month you have received, or per week, in the year 1984?
A. From Social Security?
Q. Yes, sir.
A. I think it’s $715 a month.
Q. And that would have been every month so far this year.
A. Yes.
Q. Have you received any income from Frank Brothers' mining partnership?
A. No.
Q. I take it, other than your wife’s salary, you haven’t received any other monies, is that true?
A. From State Industrial — I guess it’s State Industrial Compensation.
Q. Your workmen’s compensation weekly payments, is that right?
A. Yes.
To this point the Company’s questioning was permissibly within the scope of the purpose of the deposition. But then, rather innocuously at first, the interrogation diverted far astray:
Q. Now, you’ll recall that you testified at a hearing on February 29, 1984 in this case?
A. And the hearing was in Coeur d’Alene?
A. Yes.
Q. And did you understand that you were under oath at that time, Mr. Frank? A. Yes.
Q. And, of course, you’re aware that the Industrial Commission made and entered it’s award or decision in your case? A. Yes.
Q. And I gather that you were provided a copy of it and you read it, is that true? A. Yes.
Q. Is it true that to the best of your knowledge you have been and are being paid in accordance with the Industrial Commission’s award?
A. Yes.
Q. That is, paid by the employer?
A. Yes.
Q. Now, at the time of the hearing you testified that your back hurts virtually all the time, is that right?
A. Yes.
Q. That is, that’s what you testified to at that time?
A. Yes.
Q. And you testified on February 29, 1984 that if you walk for more than 20 minutes at a time that causes you pain, is that what you testified to?
A proper objection was immediately forthcoming: “I’m going to object for the reason that these questions go beyond the scope of the petition for modification of award and the supplemental petition for fair hearing [sic, rehearing] and the notice thereof filed with the Industrial Commission.” Frank Deposition, p. 6. It was then *812agreed by counsel that there would be “a continuing objection to all the questions along the lines you’re now discussing regarding his current physical condition as compared with that as testified at the hearing.” Frank Deposition, p. 7.
The Industrial Commission, and especially the legal member thereof, was in grievous error in considering any portion of that deposition other than that which was in development of the $2000 Goldbaek affair. That the error was prejudicial cannot be gain-said. Obviously something had to trigger the Commission into awarding the new trial, and everything points only to this “newly discovered” evidence — newly discovered only because the Company did not begin its surveillance of Mr. Frank until after the decision against the Company was handed down, although it had the opportunity to have done so anytime after he was released from the hospital. The company had not just months to prepare for trial — but years.
Accepting that this claim of fraud by perjury, had been raised by the Petition for Modification, what validity did it have? Very little, and in actuality, none. Even if the allegation could be proven, at trial it would be not legally sufficient. That issue had been explored at the trial which took place in 1984. This is demonstrated by Finding XIV of the 1984 decision:
Claimant participates in a mining partnership with his brothers, and during the summers of 1982 and 1983 visited sites of mining operations in northern Idaho. Claimant performed minor duties while at the mine sites but did not work regularly or perform any substantial duties. Claimant is on the Board of Directors of two mine development companies and plays an active role in the management and operations of those companies. The record indicates that Claimant has some knowledge of mining properties, mining activities, and mining equipment. Claimant does not receive any income from his activities as director of the companies, and Claimant has not thus far received income by virtue of his participation in the Frank Brothers mining partnership.
R., p. 13.
That finding flowed from evidence laid before the commission at a contested trial. The Company was without any right to have it tried a second time. The law in this area is firmly entrenched in Idaho. The holding in Robinson v. Robinson, 70 Idaho 122, 212 P.2d 1031 (1949), was reaffirmed 20 years later in Willis v. Willis, 93 Idaho 261, 460 P.2d 396 (1969) in a unanimous opinion with the Court membership including Justices McFadden, McQuade, Donaldson, and Shepard. The Robinson case had been cited 23 times in Idaho reported cases, twice in federal cases, and in two A.L.R. annotations. In short, it has excellent credentials. The main holding of that case is easily read and readily understood:
Generally speaking, the fraud which will invalidate a judgment must be extrinsic or collateral to the issues tried, by which the aggrieved party has been prejudiced, or prevented from having a fair trial. It is not sufficient to charge only intrinsic fraud, or that which is involved in the issues tried, such as the presentation of perjured testimony.
Robinson v. Robinson, 70 Idaho at 128, 212 P.2d 1031 (citing 12 additional cases, six of which are Idaho, C.J.S. judgments, and three Am.Jur., Vol. 228-243).
When Robinson was reaffirmed in Willis, the Supreme Court was constituted of five justices, none of whom were on the Court in 1949. In between Willis and Robinson there were the Telfair cases. In Telfair v. Greyhound Corporation, 89 Idaho 380, 404 P.2d 872 (1965), the plaintiff in a personal injury action, came out the loser by jury verdict and judgment both entered on January 27, 1984. Prior to trial plaintiff knew that potential witnesses were 28 of her copassengers on the bus. About a month after the trial had ended to her obvious dissatisfaction, her diligence discovered two of her copassengers from whom she obtained affidavits. Thus armed, she retained new counsel and moved the trial court (a) to set aside the judgment, and (b) to grant a new trial. The trial court denied relief. This Court’s decision cited just the Papineau case, supra, and *813the Livestock Credit Corp. case, supra, stated the rule of those two cases, as set out supra, and affirmed, holding that that plaintiff had not been in the “exercise of the due diligence required for locating witnesses and developing evidence prior to trial.” 89 Idaho at 385, 404 P.2d at 875.
Such had naught to do with fraud, but, a companion case did. Side by side with that case in Volume 89 of the Idaho Reporter is another Telfair v. Greyhound Corporation case, 89 Idaho 385, 404 P.2d 875 (1965). Here the appeal was from denial of the plaintiff’s independent action to set aside the final judgment. The grounds of that motion had been that Greyhound falsely answered her interrogatories by omitting the full and complete addresses of at least three passengers whose addresses had been known to Greyhound, all of which she concluded “prevented her from securing evidence which, if presented at the trial, would have resulted in a verdict compensating her for personal injuries.” The Court, however, declared that that was no showing of any fraud, “but, as shown by the evidence, appellant did not with due diligence investigate the case." 89 Idaho 385 at 388, 404 P.2d 875 at 876.
Returning to Willis, the Court’s opinion there relied upon both Robinson and Telfair:
In Robinson v. Robinson, 70 Idaho 122, 212 P.2d 1031 (1949), the court defined extrinsic fraud as being fraud ‘by which the aggrieved party has been prejudiced, or prevented from having a fair trial,’ and intrinsic fraud as being fraud ‘which is involved in the issues tried, such as the presentation of perjured testimony’ Completing the categorization of the different species of frauds specified in Rule 60(b), we next consider ‘fraud upon the court.’ In the case of Telfair v. Greyhound Corporation, 89 Idaho 385, 404 P.2d 875 (1965), this court discussed what constituted a fraud upon the court and cited with approval several opinions which defined the phrase. Fraud is perpetrated upon the court where the unsuccessful party has been prevented by fraud or deception from presenting all of his case to the court, United States v. Throckmorton, 98 U.S. [8 Otto] 61, 25 L.Ed. 93 (1878), or where an unconscionable plan or scheme was used to improperly influence the court in its decision. England v. Doyle, 281 F.2d 304 (9 Cir.1960).
In considering whether any fraud was perpetrated upon the court, we need only determine whether appellant was denied the opportunity to present her case, since there is no allegation in this case of an unconscionable plan or scheme to influence the court.
Willis v. Willis, 93 Idaho 261, at 263, 460 P.2d 396, at 398 (emphasis added).
The Court further added:
However appellant presented no evidence of any actions which prevented her from fully presenting her case, and it is undisputed that she was represented at all times by counsel during the various proceedings. On January 6, 1967 a hearing was held on the appellant’s motion, her attorney appeared in her behalf, and the court awarded her temporary alimony and attorney's fees. It was not until April 18, 1967, 3 months and 12 days later, that the divorce trial was held. This provided opportunity for appellant to take respondent’s deposition and also the depositions of any witnesses who lived in New York, depositions which interestingly enough, she did, in fact, take after the trial.
******
The type of perjured testimony necessary to constitute intrinsic fraud sufficient to vacate a final judgment was specified in the oft-quoted case of Shammas v. Shammas, 9 N.J. 321, 88 A.2d 204 at page 208 (1952) with Judge (Now U.S. Supreme Court Justice) Brennan speaking for the court:
‘ * * * Perjured testimony that warrants disturbance of a final judgment must be shown by clear, convincing and satisfactory evidence to have been, not false merely, but to have been wilfully and purposely falsely given, and to have been material to the issue tried and not merely *814cumulative but probably to have controlled the result. Further, a party seeking to be relieved from the judgment must show that the falsity of the testimony could not have been discovered by reasonable diligence in time to offset it at the trial or that for other good reason the failure to use diligence is in all the circumstances not a bar to relief. Balip Automotive Repairs, Inc. v. Atlantic Casualty Ins. Co., supra [7 N.J. 152, 81 A.2d 9 (1959)]. ***’
Willis v. Willis, 93 Idaho 261, at 264-65, 460 P.2d 396, at 399-400 (emphasis added).
Turning again to the Company’s post-judgment brief submitted to the Commission, it interspersed the following statement, which was wholly extraneous to both its Petition for Rehearing and its Petition for Modification: “The affidavit of Walt Richard is before the Commission and reveals the specific details of the claimant’s ability to work.” R., p. 136. This was in conjunction with its equally extraneous argument that the claimant may have misrepresented his ability to engage in physical labor at the time of the hearing in February. Obviously to the extreme the Company, notwithstanding that it had stated conelusory grounds in its Petitions which did not raise the issue of Mr. Frank’s trial testimony by pleading or motion, was directing all of its real effort at the hope of stampeding the Commission into a broad grant of a new trial at which it could once again attempt to prove that (1) Mr. Frank was not in the odd-lot category, and/or (2) that he was employable in that he could find employment despite his much battered body. As Mr. Frank’s brief in this Court well points out, p. 6, the Company failed to plead the issue upon which the Commission would ultimately changed its ruling. .
The correct appellate ruling in this case can only be that the Commission erred, not just in issuing an order which failed to state the grounds upon which it was entered, but also in awarding the Company a new trial on petitions — which were wholly insufficient as a matter of law, and which at least the lawyer member of the Commission is chargeable with knowledge thereof.
Plain and simple, the only conclusion which can be drawn from this affair is this: The Industrial Commission awarded the Company a new trial on the basis of its new evidence, i.e., the still pictures and the films of Mr. Frank which showed that he was at times capable of being somewhat useful, despite his severe injuries.
Was there any change in his physical condition from the time of the first hearing? None shown, and that takes I.C. § 72-719(l)(a) out of the picture.
Was there any fraud or perjury established by the Company? None, and that removes fraud from consideration. There never was any fraud.
What was the Company’s claim of manifest injustice based upon? Fraud, and fraud alone. So manifest injustice does not serve the Commission as grounds for granting a new trial or interfering with its first decision.
What does this Court do when a lower court or tribunal has improperly awarded a new trial? It reverses.
Did the newly discovered evidence qualify as evidence which with diligence could not have been produced at trial? Absolutely not. Early on in this brief the length of time available for preparation for trial was mentioned. The Company, with its substantial resources, assuming that it feels comfortable so playing the game, could have engaged its surveillance people in advance of the trial. Getting an adverse decision, it was only then that they took up spying with the hope of obtaining something which would change the decision. The problem they faced, however, and could not have surmounted except with the help of a willing Commission was that they were not entitled to the grant of a new trial on the basis of newly discovered evidence. That ground was not raised by motion or pleading, and moreover it displayed evidence which was not newly discovered but newly manufactured, only after getting an adverse decision.
As was said by the Territorial Supreme Court years ago of such shenanigans: “the *815application for a new trial should be looked upon with suspicion and disfavor because of the temptation to make a favorable showing after having sustained defeat.” Black v. City of Lewiston, 2 Idaho 281, 13 P. 80 (1887).
What has happened in Mr. Frank’s case is exactly that which this Supreme Court declared cannot be done. In Boshers v. Payne & Doust, Employers and Aetna Casualty and Surety Company, Surety, 58 Idaho 109, 70 P.2d 391 (1937), the procedure there at issue was precisely the same as in this case, a 1936 petition to the Commission for a new decision which would modify or terminate6 the award which Mark Boshers had received in 1926 for serious injuries received in 1924. The Court’s opinion in that case succinctly gives an account of the accident and the resultant injuries, and the award:
Respondent (a single man, 41 years of age) had been working for appellants as a powder man in their rock quarry. September 2, 1924, while standing on the bank of the quarry, respondent was struck on the head with ‘a flying missile presumably thrown from a cable used to handle a heavy Bagley scraper, rendered unconscious and knocked into the rock pit.’ The rock scraper was dragged over and across his body; he was taken up with a load of rocks and dragged over to a rock crusher. As a result of the accident he suffered disabilities to his right leg as follows: Crepitus in the knee joint (equivalent to 75 per cent loss above knee); stretching of the internal lateral ligaments and all ligaments of knee joint relaxed; flail-like motion of leg when walking. His left leg was disabled as follows: Improper alignment of tibia; badly displaced union of fibula; limitation of motion of ankle, interference of blood circulation in leg, ankle and foot; weakness and stiffness of leg muscles, equivalent to 75 per cent loss between knee and ankle. The disability in his legs precluded him from carrying burdens of even moderate weight. His right external ear was cut off and one-third of hearing lost.
Respondent received medical and surgical attendance and treatment in a hospital until February 26,1925, and further medical attention in Spokane until September 1, 1925. Ten medical examinations were given him from September 2, 1924, to August 18, 1926. August 16, 1927, the Industrial Accident Board approved an agreement entered into between the workman and the contractors, whereby it was agreed between the parties, and approved and ordered by the board, that Boshers should receive compensation for the full period of 400 weeks, at $12 per week, and thereafter $6 per week during the remainder of his life. This order became final.
Boshers v. Payne, 58 Idaho 109, 110-11, 70 P.2d 391, 392 (1937).
That employer’s petition was based on a change of circumstances, which change was alleged to be an “improvement from that of permanent and total disability as originally determined.” Boshers at 111, 70 P.2d 391.
The Industrial Accident Board denied any relief and in time an appeal was taken to this Court. This Court, as then constituted, per Justices Ailshie, author, and Justices Morgan, Holden, Budge, and Givens, sensed that the employer was using the modification of award statute more for the purpose of attacking the earlier determination of permanent and total disability than it was in attempting to demonstrate any change, as witnessed by this discourse:
That such an application may not be employed to serve as an appeal or as grounds for reversal of an award which has become final, was held in the case of Standard A.I. Co. v. Hinson, 251 Ky. 287, 64 S.W.(2d) 574 [1933], wherein the Kentucky court of appeals said:
There are two obstructions in the way of securing a reversal of the judgment on account of the incompetent evidence about which complaint is made: First, an award is in the na*816ture of a judgment, and the right acquired under it cannot be destroyed by a mere refusal to recognize it and thereby compelling the injured employee to have the case reopened and prove his right to the compensation; or, indeed, by doing the same thing by simply petitioning for a review. The burden is upon the one claiming a change in conditions upon which the award rests to sustain his charge.
In considering this same provision, which is common to the workmen’s compensation acts, the Texas commission of appeals (with the approval of the supreme court), in Independence Indemnity Co. v. White (Tex.Com.App.) 27 S.W.(2d) 529 [1930], said:
Sections of the various Workmen’s Compensation Acts, which authorize a review of awards on the application of one of the interested parties and providing that such awards may be modified on such review, are not intended to afford a method of correcting errors made in fixing the amount of the original awards, but are designed to afford a means of enabling an employer or the employee to obtain an increase, decrease, or termination of awards because of a change in the workmen’s physical condition occurring subsequent to the entry of the original awards. Crossfield v. Tanian, 2 Q.B. (Eng.) 629, 69 L.J.Q.B. 790; Mead v. Lockhard, 2 B.W.C.C. (Eng.) 398; Corbet v. Haines, W.C.Rep. (Eng.) 288; State v. District Court, 136 Minn. 147, 161 N.W. 391 [1917]; Bloomington, D. & C. Ry. Co. v. Industrial Board, 276 Ill. 120, 114 N.E. 511 [1916]; Benton Coal Co. v. Industrial Commission, 301 Ill. 396, 134 N.E. 37 [1922].
Boshers, supra, at 114, 70 P.2d 391 (emphasis included and added).
It is to be understood that the Company here did not attempt to plead a change in condition where the issues had just shortly before been tried and a decision entered. But what it did was much the same as the Court saw being done in Boshers. It pleaded fraud in the nature of perjury as to $2000 monthly from Goldback. It did not plead any other fraud than that on the part of Mr. Frank. It improperly alluded by comment in its brief that by reason of having done a six-day reroofing job, he may have misrepresented his views of the restrictions of his disability.
It declared itself entitled to relief because of manifest injustice — but its pleading spelled out no particulars whatever. Absolutely none, zero.
But what did it finally obtain from the Commission which brings Mr. Frank to this Court? Not a modification on the basis of new medical testimony, which it was not entitled to, but an entire new trial wherein, of all things, it received evidence of Mr. Frank’s trivial activities, and thereupon reduced his award drastically. It did so, merely by citing the statute and saying “manifest injustice.” This is exactly what the Boshers case stands against — the Company used the system and misused a too complaint Commission to obtain what it had not sought on appeal or by forthrightly claiming “a change in the nature or extent of the employee’s injury or disability.” I.C. § 72-719(l)(a).
If this Court as presently constituted does not heed what we said in Boshers, the working people of this state, based on what has been done to Mr. Frank, are in for a long and arduous journey.
Because the foregoing analysis of the manner in which the Company obtained a new trial has been pieced together from a laborious review of a convoluted record, its accuracy is verified on a review of the candid statements of Company’s counsel at oral argument:
JUSTICE HUNTLEY: Okay, now tell me what the films show, or the testimony of the two investigators who saw him doing those things as the films were being taken. What do they show that changes the circumstance as to whether the man can, for any sustained period of time, hold a job?
COUNSEL: First, I’d like to make clear that we aren’t saying, and it is not *817our position, that any circumstances changed. Instead, we argued to the Commission that they were wrong in the first instance and to prevent manifest injustice they should correct ...
JUSTICE BISTLINE: Let me interrupt right there. You say you believe they were wrong in the first instance. But in the first instance they didn’t have any of this evidence that you went out and acquired after they decided the case.
COUNSEL: That’s right.
JUSTICE BISTLINE: To my mind, that is exactly like a situation we’re all familiar with where you’ve got a jury trial in a civil action in district court, and the other side says something you think you would object to, and you might object to, but you didn’t object to, and you wait out the jury verdict. Then the jury comes in and they go against you. Then you say, well look at how bad that was, and the court on appeal always says you can’t just wait out the jury verdict and then make your move. Now, you could have had your private detectives on this case earlier, could you not?
COUNSEL: Could have.
JUSTICE BISTLINE: But you didn’t.
COUNSEL: That’s right.
JUSTICE BISTLINE: You waited out the verdict, and then you didn’t like the verdict, and then you went out and hired private detectives and got evidence that you could have had in the first place, but you didn’t go after.
COUNSEL: You can’t, I mean. Yes, your honor, you can say what you’re saying, but let me point out an important fact. The house reroofing job wasn’t performed until after the initial hearing.
JUSTICE BISTLINE: How do you know that he wasn’t doing something similar, if you don’t put surveillance on him?
COUNSEL: I guess, I don’t know that. We put in all the evidence that we had available to us in the initial hearing about his capability to engage in physical activity____
A question by Justice Bakes brought to our attention the threshold question not discussed at all in the opinion of Chief Justice Shepard:
COUNSEL: All I care about is trying to explain our position to the Court whether it comes in my argument or in answers to questions, but, in short, there was substantial competent evidence in the record to sustain the award on rehearing and we think we’ve demonstrated that and it doesn’t seem like there’s a lot of question about the substantial competent evidence in the record. There is conflicting evidence, we admit it, we can’t get away from it. There’s conflicting evidence, and I can’t get away from the fact that initially the Commission found him totally and permanent disabled and I considered it our job to convince the commission otherwise within the limits of the law of the state of Idaho, and we did that. And the standard of review of the Commission’s award on rehearing, so far as I can ascertain from the law of the state of Idaho, isn’t any different than their initial award. In other words, we submit that this Court has to review the award on rehearing in conformance with the same standards that this. Court has consistently adhered to with respect to an initial award.
JUSTICE BAKES: On that point, Mr. Boyd, there’s an argument of Mr. Rose that there’s a certain threshold on a reconsideration argument in the Idaho statute, there’s a certain threshold of showing that you’ve got to climb over before the Commission’s got to find, before they’re entitled to go back and reconsider their prior decision. It cites the Pets case, which of course is the Cascade case, the Oregon case and the Duncan Louisiana Court of Appeals case. Do you want to discuss that point, because that is a legal question in one sense. I mean, you’re focusing back and saying, you know, this is a reconsideration, they’ve made new findings and now you’ve got to go back and look at the entire record to see if there is evidence to support those new findings. But you can see the problem is, if there’d been no rehearing, if all that evidence had been *818before the Commission in the first instance and they had made this finding that they ultimately came to, that’s one situation, but if its a situation where they made a total disability finding first and then they went back under the statute and reconsidered and came up with a different finding, his argument is, as I understand it, is that these two cases provide that there’s a certain burden which has to be a showing made before the Commission can do that and absent that showing, they can’t go back and alter or amend their decision.
As is seen by examining the appended second decision of the Commission, of July 2, 1986, it is in many respects a reprint of its 1984 decision.
The only additional medical testimony recited by the Commission is that of Dr. Adams who rated Mr. Frank’s disability 4 percent higher than had the three doctor panel as found in the 1984 decision, and the testimony of Dr. Verhoogen taken by deposition on February 22, after the Commission’s order of December 10, 1984, had started the ball game over to be played a second time.
Dr. Verhoogen’s testimony at the first hearing is located in the Commission’s 1984 decision, Findings of Fact VII and VIII, supra, and as is readily seen was separately treated by the full Commission as was so of all the witnesses. In the 1986 decision those two findings were combined into Finding VII. See Appendix A, attached.
Dr. Verhoogen’s testimony which was given after the Commission order allowed the Company to bring in new evidence is not so readily found, being mentioned only in 1986 Finding VIII, which was the rewrite of the 1984 Finding X which dealt with the panel examination of Mr. Frank, set out supra. As will be noted by examining the 1986 Finding VIII, see Appendix, Dr. Verhoogen had been made aware of the “roofing” affair filed by the Company’s hired investigators after the Commission issued its decision. The Commission’s account of Dr. Verhoogen’s medical opinions doés not do justice to the doctor, as is revealed by examining the testimony:
Q. Doctor, you’re familiar that Paul helped his brother this past summer roofing a home?
A. Yes.
Q. And did you discuss that project with Paul?
A. Yes, I did.
Q. And you’re aware he lifted several sheets of approximately half inch plywood?
A. I don’t recall if it was a plywood or shingles or what it was. He told me he was able to work a little while and then he had to stop and rest for a while. And there was a very sporadic type of work.
Q. I would like you to assume that a piece of plywood he lifted weighs about 35 pounds and he may have lifted up to ten pieces of plywood over a period of several hours. Would that change your opinion — what you previously felt Paul was able to physically do?
A. No, I think that in my previous deposition I stated that I thought he would be able to occasionally lift even up to 100 pounds. That he would probably suffer for it the next day.
Q. Have you in your common sense and experience seen patients overexert themselves to help loved ones?
A. For a variety of reasons.
MR. GIBLER: I object to the form.
Q. Your answer?
A. For any number of reasons, yes.
Q. Do you feel that Paul could be a roofer with his physical condition—
A. No.
Q. —on a full-time basis?
A. No.
Q. Do you feel, or do you have an opinion on whether or not this roofing activity would have caused the additional spur formation you saw at the back of his ankle?
A. I don’t recall exactly how many days he was doing the roofing, but it seems to me it was relatively few, and is not what caused the spur inflamation. If you told me that he had been doing the roofing daily for two months, then, yes, maybe it *819did aggravate it. But as I recall we’re talking about several days.
Q. Say even if it was up to six or seven, I don’t recall the exact amount of days.
A. No, that won’t do it. This is a degenerative wear and tear type of phenomenon that takes months to occur.
Q. Has your previous prognosis of Mr. Frank changed?
A. No. If anything, the ankle has worsened since the previous visit.
Q. Regarding your prognosis regarding the back and the pelvis?
A. I think it is looking — I have to admit to you as far, as the back and pelvis is concerned, I am treating the pelvis but there is nothing much to do about it. As far as the back goes, as far as the compression fracture, I leave that up to Dr. Thrasher. So I don’t want to make comments with regard to that treatment.
With regard to his ankle, it looks more and more like he’s going to require surgery to clean that out eventually.
Q. Do you have a time frame in which that surgery might occur?
A. It depends on his symptoms. No, and I suppose to some extent it will depend on his activity.
Q. I told you earlier that Paul was going to see Dr. Adams for an impairment rating?
A. Yes.
Q. And you previously were reluctant to do an impairment rating because you had been involved with Paul for so long?
A. Correct.
Q. If Dr. Adams were to find an impairment even substantially greater than what the Spokane medical panel found, would you necessarily disagree with that?
A. That’s kind of a hypothetical question to answer. It depends on how much higher.
Q. Say if they found him 60 percent impaired, just to pull a figure out of the sky?
A. Total, counting the back and ankle and sacroiliac joints, the whole works?
Q. Yes.
A. I would say that’s probably legitimate.
Q. Doctor, before I had to go off the record and interrupted you, you were going to elaborate on what your experiences have shown with patients suffering from a severe disability and what they may do in coping with that?
A. Well, I was simply going to state that you asked if it was within my experience that a patient may do something like that for a loved one. I want to make the point it is not just doing something for a loved one, but sometimes the patient will do something like that out of sheer frustration. That a young vigorous healthy guy who is used to doing anything he wants, who is all of a sudden injured and can’t do things, sometimes out of sheer frustration he will simply try to do something to see if he could get away with it. (emphasis added)
True, this Court more often than not defers to the expertise of the Commission. That proposition is based on the belief that the three commissioners either have, or by reason of the experience gained by sitting on the Commission, become more expert in medical matters than, for instance, Supreme Court justices who are rarely so exposed.
So much for medical expertise, which is not at all paramount in the instant case. In this case the issues presented are almost entirely, if not solely, legal issues, i.e., principles of law. For my part, I live in the fantasy world which believes that attorneys are possessed of their own expertise, and that is in the area of ascertaining the state of the law. And how is that done, one might ask? Simply done, it might be replied. A first precept is to achieve a respectable degree of consistency. What is decided as a principle of law by a thinking jurist or court in 1949 is not to be ignored in 1969. When this Court in the Lyons case fell in line with other jurisdictions which had recognized the odd-lot doctrine, and of even greater importance held as a matter of law that George Lyons fell into *820that class, to those who are called upon to have an expertise in law, that became the law. If there is to be any consistency in the law, it must be strictly adhered to. To ignore it is to abide with judicial anarchy, and attorneys, litigants, district courts and other tribunals will wander in the waste lands of ignorance as to the state of the law. Is today’s opinion for the Court sounded on established principles of law? Are the facts of the case discussed with even a scintilla of citation for controlling case precedent? The answers to both questions can only be a “no” — a sad but true commentary indeed.
The opinion authored by the Chief Justice at one point states unequivocally in comparing this case to the Louisiana case cited in Mr. Frank’s brief, Duncan v. Carlo Ditta, that “In the instant case, by contrast, claimant offered no evidence to rebut Employer’s evidence upon the petition for rehearing and modification of the award.” (At p. 793, 792 P.2d at 818.) The language is unusually awkward for the Chief Justice, but it is understood that the reference is to the hearing which the Commission by its order allowed, and by the “employer’s evidence” necessarily is meant the still pictures and the video film which the Company’s retained private investigators obtained after the Commission had ruled adversely to the Company. For certain, what is missing here is the introduction of any new medical evidence by the Company which demonstrated any improvement in Mr. Frank’s physical condition since the panel, through Dr. Luther, testified to it as Company’s witness on January 4, 1984, which was by deposition. This was over fifteen months prior to the second hearing conducted by Commissioner Geddes sitting alone. To the contrary, and belying the quoted excerpt from the opinion authored by the Chief Justice, it was Mr. Frank who produced the only medical evidence of any change in physical impairment during that period of time, to wit, the new testimony of Dr. Verhoogen and Dr. Adams, both of whom saw the claimant’s physical condition as having worsened and his medical impairment increased! Those who join the opinion of the Chief Justice are simply not conversant with the record. It was the Company which failed to offer any evidence to rebut the claimant’s medical testimony — just the opposite of what has been written.
Had this case come before the Court on a clean slate, without the unprecedented procedural morass created by the Company and the Commission, it would be very difficult to succumb to the platitude that “The determination of the extent of a claimant’s disability is a factual matter for the Industrial Commission, and if supported by substantial and competent evidence will not be reversed.” (At p. 794, 792 P.2d at 819.) This Court has not always so self-emasculated itself. Fortunately, the Commission generally has followed the principles of law handed down by this Court. An excellent recent example is the case mentioned earlier, Madison v. J.I. Morgan, et al. The Commission there found the claimant to be in the odd-lot category and awarded permanent and total disability benefits. Mr. Madison was indeed another severely injured worker:
Claimant apparently sought no treatment for the September, 1982 injuries or any other condition between January 17, 1983 and October 28, 1983, the date on which the third industrial accident relevant to these proceedings occurred. On that date Claimant sustained personal injury to his left hip, left knee, back and left arm while in the course and scope of covered employment for the Employer when part of a tree fell on him, striking him in the mid-back region and pinning him underneath. The blow caused fractures of the left him and right eleventh rib, left knee strain and damage to the right ulnar nerve. He was transported by ambulance to a nearby community hospital, then transferred to a hospital in Ontario, Oregon, where he came under the care of Dr. Bills, an Oregon board certified orthopedic surgeon, who surgically set Claimant’s hip and continued to treat him for the injuries received in that accident through late November of 1984.
Madison v. J.I. Morgan, et al., I.C. 83-447 888, S.Ct. No. 16895.
*821Another recent case awarding the same relief is Carey v. Clearwater County Road Department, 107 Idaho 109, 686 P.2d 54 (1984).7 The facts of that case are strikingly similar to the facts in Mr. Frank’s case, other than Mr. Carey did not suffer a 170 foot free fall down a mine shaft. They are very well set forth in the opinion authored by Justice Shepard and joined by the other four justices — a unanimous opinion:
Claimant Carey had injured his back in 1968, had a lumbar disc removed, and been off work for a year. Thereafter, although he had had some difficulty with his back and had noted discomfort on occasion, he had had little work difficulty. In November 1977, during the course of his employment with Clear-water County Road Department, and while he was attempting to lift and reset a guard rail post weighing about 200 pounds, claimant felt a ripping, burning sensation in his lower back. He continued to notice discomfort in the area of his low back.
Carey consulted his physician, Dr. Cleto, who diagnosed the problem as low back compressive syndrome and prescribed medications, muscle relaxants, and physical therapy. The pain continued, and Cleto referred claimant to Dr. Thorson, who recommended conservative treatment. Although claimant sustained increasing pain in his back, he was able to continue working until he was laid off on November 30, 1978.
In February 1979, Dr. Thorson performed surgery on claimant to remove a disc at the lumbosacral level. The recovery from surgery was complicated by infections, and claimant felt the surgery did not improve his condition. Another doctor performed nerve block treatments, but those did not relieve the pain. At the time of the commission hearing, claimant was still experiencing constant pain in his back, legs, and groin, which pain impeded his normal activities. He could walk only a short distance and had trouble standing, sitting, or driving for longer than 20 minutes. Dr. Cleto testified claimant would have trouble returning to work, and Cleto found claimant’s impairment to be 50%, one-fifth thereof being attributable to the 1968 injury and four-fifths to the 1977 injury.
In June 1980, claimant was evaluated in Spokane, Washington by a panel of physicians consisting of a neurologist and two orthopedists. That panel found claimant to have an impairment of 50% of the whole man, of which one-fifth was attributable to the 1968 accident and four-fifths to the 1977 accident. It recommended that claimant work where he was not required to do any heavy lifting or to remain in one position for long periods of time. While the panel opined that there was work which claimant could do, it did not identify any specific jobs which he could hold.
Witnesses were presented, on behalf of both the Industrial Special Indemnity Fund and the claimant, as to claimant’s ability to obtain and handle light work which would not require lifting and which would allow him to stand or sit at will. It is sufficient to say that such testimony was conflicting as to claimant’s physical ability and the availability of work which claimant could perform within claimant’s geographical area.
Claimant himself testified as to his pri- or work history. He stated that after the 1968 injury, but prior to the 1977 injury, he had worked at various jobs, such as weigh clerk, grease monkey and mechanic’s helper, and he indicated that his back problem had not bothered him to any considerable extent at that employment.
*822The commission found that claimant had a permanent physical impairment of 50% of the whole man. It found that 10% of the of the impairment preexisted the industrial accident and 40% was caused by the industrial accident.
The commission further held that claimant’s job prospects were poor, at best, given the lack of sedentary work available in the claimant’s geographical area, the claimant’s lack of qualifications to do most of the sedentary work that was available, his inability to drive or ride in a car for the time necessary to travel to a larger market area, and his inability to work regularly and steadily due to his unreliable physical condition. These problems would prevent him from keeping a job other than for a sympathetic employers. The commission therefore found that claimant fell into the “odd-lot” category and was totally and permanently disabled.
107 Idaho at 110-111, 686 P.2d at 55-56.
In affirming the commission’s Carey decision (except for directed readjusting of liability as between the Industrial Special Indemnity Fund and the State Insurance Fund Surety), this Court’s opinion relied heavily on the language in its well-received landmark opinion authored by Justice Donaldson in Lyons v. Special Indemnity Fund, 98 Idaho 403, 565 P.2d 1360 (1977):
[T]he effect of successive injuries may be greater than the sum of the impairments resulting from each. The Commission must therefore evaluate appellant’s ability to find employment in the future after considering all of his physical impairments, not just the most recent one.
In addition to the medical factor of permanent impairment, the Commission must also consider nonmedical factors such as age, sex, education, economic and social environment, training, and usable skills. I.C. § 72-425____ Appellant has a ninth grade education and no special training or skills. His primary vocational asset was his ability to perform heavy manual labor. While his lack of formal education, special training, and usable skills did not prevent him from working in the past, it will undoubtedly lessen his chances of finding employment in the future. At best, appellant can only offer a prospective employer the ability to perform unskilled light work of a highly restricted nature. His position differs from that of someone such as an accountant who would still have valuable skills to offer an employer in spite of a substantial physical handicap.
It is not necessary for a person to be physically unable to do anything worthy of compensation to be classified as totally disabled.
An employer who is so injured that he can perform no services other than those which are so limited in quality, dependability or quantity that a reasonably stable market for them does not exist, may well be classified as totally disabled. Arnold v. Splendid Bakery, 88 Idaho 455, 463, 401 P.2d 271, 276 (1965).
Claimants such as those described in the above quotation from Arnold are often classified as ‘odd-lot’ workers. See 2 A. Larson, The Law of Workmen’s Compensation § 57.51 (1976). While they are physically able to perform some work, they are so handicapped that they will not be employed regularly in any well-known branch of the labor market — absent a business boom, the sympathy of a particular employer or friends, temporary good luck, or a superhuman effort on their part. Lyons, supra, 98 Idaho at 406, 565 P.2d at 1363.
Carey v. Clearwater County Road Dept., 107 Idaho at 112, 686 P.2d at 57.8
*823This Court’s decision in Lyons was succinctly and forthrightly stated:
It is the opinion of this Court that the evidence as a matter of law places the appellant within the odd-lot category. He is a 48-year-old male with a ninth-grade education. His vocational training and skills are confined solely to heavy manual labor, which he can no longer perform. As a result of his injuries, he experiences almost constant pain in both of his legs, his left arm, and the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar areas of his spine. He testified that the pain increases if he either sits in one place or walks around for any length of time. Appellant is also restricted in his ability to lift objects and to use his arms. He lives in a small mountain community where the opportunities for light work are limited. Therefore, the Fund must show that some kind of suitable work is regularly and continuously available to appellant.
In meeting its burden, it will not be sufficient for the Fund to merely show that appellant is able to perform some type of work. Idaho Code § 72-425 requires that the Commission consider the economic and social environment in which the claimant lives. To be consistent with this requirement it is necessary that the Fund introduce evidence that there is an actual job within a reasonable distance from appellant’s home which he is able to perform or for which he can be trained. In addition, the Fund must show that appellant has a reasonable opportunity to be employed at that job. It is of no significance that there is a job appellant is capable of performing if he would in fact not be considered for the job due to his injuries, lack of education, lack of training, or other reasons.
Lyons, supra, at 407, 565 P.2d at 1364 (emphasis added).
As is seen by even a cursory review of those cases, this Court was not remiss in its disposition of the Lyons case. It was not a weak-kneed Court which there ruled as a matter of law that Mr. Lyons had become an odd-lot worker, and hence not employable.
As the Commission recently ruled in the Madison case, and as it ruled in the Carey case, and as this Court on a review of the evidence and application of principles of *824law ruled in Lyons, as a matter of law, Mr. Frank became an odd-lot worker, and I would so vote as I did in Lyons.
As Chief Justice Shepard wrote in Carey, “Odd-lot status is a factual determination within the discretion of the Industrial Commission, ____” I am in full agreement. But as Justice Donaldson wrote in Lyons, “It is the opinion of this Court that the evidence as a matter of law places the appellant within the odd-lot category.” I am also in agreement.
Further, I am in agreement with the caveat of the Lyons opinion set out earlier herein and worth repeating.
Therefore, the Fund must show that some kind of suitable work is regularly and continuously available to appellant.
In meeting its burden, it will not be sufficient for the Fund to merely show that appellant is able to perform some type of work. Idaho Code § 72-425 requires that the Commission consider the economic and social environment in which the claimant lives. To be consistent with this requirement it is necessary that the Fund introduce evidence that there is an actual job within a reasonable distance from appellant’s home which he is able to perform or for which he can be trained. In addition, the Fund must show that appellant has a reasonable opportunity to be employed at that job. It is of no significance that there is a job appellant is capable of performing if he would in fact not be considered for the job due to his injuries, lack of education, lack of training, or other reasons.
Lyons v. Industrial Special Indemn. Fund, 98 Idaho 403, 407, 565 P.2d 1360, 1364 (1977).
I am also in agreement with our unanimous per curiam opinion in Francis v. Amalgamated Sugar Co., side by side with Lyons, 98 Idaho 407, 565 P.2d 1364 (1977) where this Court wrote:
The Commission’s recitation that it has considered medical and non-medical factors including “the claimant’s age, sex, education, economic and social environment and training and usable skills,” in concluding that he is only 25% disabled is not a substitute for an explicit finding of what kind of suitable work is available to the claimant who is in the odd lot category. Indeed, after the Industrial Commission issued its order in this claim, the claimant petitioned the Commission to make “a specific Finding of Fact as to what avenues of gainful employment are at present open to the claimant and whether a reasonably stable labor market now exists for claimant’s services in such employment,” but the Commission denied this request on the ground that “specific findings of fact relative to avenues of gainful employment open to the claimant and the labor market are not necessary for the adjudication of this matter.” But, as Lyons makes clear, this is precisely the kind of finding the Commission must make when the claimant falls into the odd lot category. Accordingly, the matter is remanded to the Industrial Commission for further findings. Costs to appellant.
Francis v. Amalgamated Sugar Co., 98 Idaho 407, 409, 565 P.2d 1364, 1366 (1977).
In my view the Commission’s findings in its second decision are highly suspect in the first place, and inadequate at the same time. I do not hesitate to describe the findings as pitiful — a result I do not ascribe to Commissioner Geddes, but to the full Commission which sent him out alone on a Quixotic endeavor. The full Commission, in a circumstance where its lawyer member necessarily must bear the brunt of making a decision which is procedural and legal in nature, heard cries of fraud and manifest injustice — of which there was neither — and without vacating or setting aside its final decision which was nearly so final that it could only be challenged on appeal, declared the case re-opened to allow the Company to bring in its supposed newly discovered evidence of fraud, no change of condition being alleged, and in so declaring did Commissioner Geddes a great disservice. Any person put into that position could o.nly be given to understand that the other two commissioners must have had in mind that the employer had not been fairly *825dealt with by a decision which awarded the claimant total permanent disability.
The re-opening of this case for further evidence was just the opposite of what happened in the Madison case where the referee was in charge, even though in Madison there had not been the entry of a final decision. That case had only gone so far as to have been heard, and left open for specific purposes, none of which were for the presentation of evidence which could and should have been presented at trial.
The findings, which are woefully inadequate, are exactly of the kind refused by this Court in Francis.
Mr. Bovino, a company employee, said that he believed Mr. Frank “could perform such jobs as receptionist, lab technician, assayer, hoist operator and possibly a motor operator.” (Whatever this is or means?) But he didn’t testify of knowing of any jobs being open in Shoshone County. Commissioner Geddes failed to point out that the Company had never made a job offer of any kind to Mr. Frank. Mr. Bovino’s testimony was worthless, other than to testify that Mr. Frank was a fine gentleman. Tr., p. 106. His statement as set out in the finding was followed by the remark that those were “off the top of my head.” Mr. Shecket, a company witness, was retained by the Company, he testified to having been a vocational consultant for two years, with a bachelor’s degree in psychology, and a masters degree .in counseling and guidance (1975) with which credentials he was employed by Post Falls School District as a school psychologist, prior to which he had worked for the Health and Welfare Department in Coeur d’Alene, and had been a salesman, and a school guidance counselor. Initially he was asked to review the conclusions of Dr. Flynn, with which he had disagreed. Tr., p. 155. His testimony was much like as what was written in Finding XII 1986, Finding XV 1984 — other than that he did not say “telephone salesman” but said “telephone auto salesman.”
It is significant that Shecket testified only once — at the first hearing before the full Commission. The full Commission found in 1984 that “The record indicates that for each job that Shecket testified that claimant could perform, significant accommodations by the employer would be necessary.” In 1986 this finding was distilled down to “Some accommodations may need to be made to accommodate the Claimant’s impairments.” The testimony of Mr. Shecket justified the 1984 finding. Tr., p. 162. He knew of no openings for laboratory technicians in Shoshone County. Tr., p. 162. Anyone on this Court who would take the time to review his testimony would not be favorably impressed with his candor, or lack thereof. On examination by Mr. Frank’s attorney he conceded that he had given all of his testimony as to what Mr. Frank could do without having any personal contact with him whatsoever. Tr., p. 177. Commissioner Geddes did not accept the Shecket testimony that Mr. Frank could be employed as a dental lab technician, given at page 198. Mr. Schecket qualified his answer by saying Mr. Frank was “qualified for entry level____” Mr. Shecket, in short, would say almost anything and everything, but he didn’t say that there was any genuine employment available for Mr. Frank that would fall in line with this Court’s mandate to employers set out in Lyons. Commissioner Geddes did not make a finding that the Shecket testimony filled the bill, nor did the full Commission in its 1984 decision.
Mr. Faraca testified live at the 1984 hearing. The full Commission’s 1984 Finding XIII is reflective of his contact with the case, and although more accurately developed than the 1986 Finding XVI in that it shows that it was Mr. Bob Jude who conducted vocational compatibility testing on Mr. Frank (not disclosed in 1986 Finding XVI), does not indicate the extent or contact of Mr. Faraca’s testimony at the hearing, which for the most part was simply to identify his case notes in order to have the same admitted, Exhibit No. 22, and to also identify a “job search” which had been proposed by the Department of Employment, Exhibit No. 23.
Testifying as a Company witness, he explained his familiarity with the labor market to which Mr. Frank would have to turn:
*826Q. (BY MR. BOYD) Now, as a part of your job, do you become familiar with or are you familiar with the labor market in Shoshone County, Idaho, and the nearby surrounding area?
A. Yes.
Q. Why do you have to be familiar with that?
A. It’s an integral part of the job for job placement of the injured worker to be aware of jobs that might be available for job placement in case an injured worker is unable to return to his former vocation.
Q. What have you observed the economic job connected circumstance to be in Shoshone County, Idaho at the present time?
A. Very high unemployment rate. Probably one of the highest in the state.
Q. And how long has this situation been in existence?
A. Since the closure of the Bunker Hill which—
Q. If I might refresh your memory—
A. About 1981.
MR. BOYD: Can I ask a leading question to refresh his memory, Mr. Defenbach?
CHAIRMAN: Yes, you may.
Q. (BY MR. BOYD) I would suggest that the Bunker Hill announced it would shut down August 25, 1981. Does that refresh your memory?
Tr., Vol. I, p. 147-48.
Mr. Jude, called to the stand by Mr. Frank was more expansive by far. A professional occupational therapist who has worked for East and West Shoshone Hospital, Shoshone Living Center, Kellogg and Wallace School District, Pinecrest Psychiatric Hospital, and the Department of Vocational Rehabilitation, he established the goals of his profession:
The framework of occupational therapy is to evaluate a person’s disability as far as where they are functioning at the present time. And that can include anything from taking care of themselves with daily living skills tasks to vocational training with the ultimate goal of trying to rehabilitate somebody so that they are a happy, productive member of society instead of being disabled and a non-productive member of society.
Tr., Vol. I, p. 88.
Mr. Jude stated that he had interviewed and evaluated Mr. Frank on referral from Transitional Services for the Handicapped (TESH), for whom he had served professionally for three years. He testified that to his knowledge Mr. Frank’s physical disabilities in connection with the job market:
The contacts that we made were more on an informal basis, just talking. Mainly in that workshop, we tried to secure light assembly work contracts from different mining companies, which we did have a few at the time before Sunshine shut down and then Bunker Hill shut down. Wé went with the idea that we could build up a new operation and if we could, we needed to build up some sort of credibility first and then proceed onto, hopefully, open up some doors by having an in-house contract that we could train people to work within the industry. You have to understand that the workshop at that time had only been there about two and a half years and really wasn’t developed into what it needed to be as far as the job market in the area.
Q. What response was there in your contact with them?
A. Well, not real good because there wasn’t a market at that time for able-bodied persons.
Tr., Vol. I, p. 94.
Q. What did you feel he needed to do to be employable in the Shoshone County job market?
A. To be honest with you, as far as the Shoshone County job market, at that particular time there wasn’t much of a job market. So, in order to be realistic with the people that we evaluated, if they weren’t willing to go back to school or relocate to a different geographical area, I would honest tell them that they would be in for an extremely difficult time, especially somebody that has severe physical disabilities.
Tr., Vol. I, p. 98.
*827Q. Were the skills and disabilities that you were aware of that Paul had, were you able to identify any jobs at Shoshone County for him?
A. Not anything specific because he didn’t really get to that point yet.
Q. Would you feel he has ability to compete in that job market?
A. Well, physically, I would say he definitely has got some diminished capacity, according to the medical evaluations. I don’t know that because of the economic situation that — it would really be difficult to say how well he could compete. The nature of the industry up in the area would not seem conducive to his physical disabilities, unless he had better training and better skills to utilize.
Tr., Vol. I, p. 103-04.
Mr. Jude’s evaluation after testing is reflected in 1984 Finding XIII, but with no mention being made of his trial testimony, it is necessarily inferred that the Commission in writing its 1984 decision was only aware of the Evaluation, Exhibit 23, and forgot the testimony.
Similarly, Commissioner Geddes in drafting the 1986 decision which supplanted the 1984 decision, in his 1986 Finding XVI, gave no thought to Mr. Jude’s testimony. The Commission was not at liberty to disregard the testimony, as it well knows, so the inadvertence in not giving it the same consideration as was given the other witnesses is highly prejudicial error.
The Commission’s 1986 decision did include the 1986 Testimony of Mr. Hauser, Finding XV, who had not previously testified. That finding states that Mr. Hauser “indicated” that there was a lack of sedentary work available for disabled persons. The use of the word “indicated” is too relaxed for my blood. Rather it should be conceded that Mr. Hauser did more than indicate. An examination of the transcript itself is required:
Q. Okay. What’s the disadvantages of a person in the Shoshone County labor market with Paul’s physical condition?
A. Well, disregarding his educational background, he is tremendously limited as by the medical evidence that I reviewed from almost all types of employment. The fact that there are very few jobs and a number of nondisabled workers looking for employment adds another factor to his disabling condition.
Q. What’s been your ability to place disabled workers, nonskilled, in Shoshone County?
A. Real minimal. I could give you numbers of my current caseload, if that would be important.
Q. Well, are you generally able to place disabled workers—
A. No.
Q. —in Shoshone County?
A. No. In particular, not with the kind of disabilities that Mr. Frank has. In fact, when I take an application of a person that is severely limited like this, part of my application process is finding out if they would be willing to move from the area, prior to services being rendered by my agency.
Q. Why is that important?
A. Because there is such a lack of sedentary work, for one thing. And there is a tremendous prejudice against people with back injuries in Shoshone County.
Q. How does — where does Paul fall on the scale of disabled workers?
A. He would be classed as severely disabled, according to—
MR. BOYD: I’m going to object to the question and move to strike the portion of the answer given so far on the grounds there’s improper foundation. We don’t know — there’s no way to tell without more foundation what “the scale” is — that phrase used in the question.
MR. ROSE: I’ll rephrase my question.
Q. (By Mr. Rose) How does Mr. frank’s disabilities compare with your other caseload disabilities?
A. He is more severely disabled than people currently on my caseload. If he was on my caseload, I would close his case as too severe—
*828MR. BOYD: I’ll object to that and move to strike it on the grounds it’s not responsive, and it’s irrelevant.
MR. ROSE: Well, he doesn’t have the objection of not responsive available to him, because I asked the question. And as far as relevancy, I would — I would — I would submit it is relevant.
COMMISSIONER GEDDES: It’s not quite responsive to your question though. And I’m going to sustain the objection. You can ask the question, and we’ll see what happens.
MR. ROSE: I’m sorry. I lost my train. Could you read my last question back, ma’am?
(WHEREUPON THE REPORTER READ BACK THE RECORD AS FOLLOWS: “Q (By Mr. Rose) How does Mr. Frank’s disabilities compare with your other caseload disabilities?”)
MR. BOYD: I don’t have any objections to the part where he said it is more severe.
MR. ROSE: Okay.
THE WITNESS: Oh. It's what I added. Okay.
Q. (By Mr. Rose) Mr. Frank is more severely disabled than the majority of your cases?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. What would be the ability to place him, in your opinion?
A. In competitive employment?
Q. Yes.
A. I would say that I wouldn’t have the ability to do that; that it would be nearly impossible.
Q. Okay. How would you handle this type of case in your agency?
A. If I had an open case on this gentleman and received the—
MR. BOYD: I’m going to object to that question on the grounds that it’s irrelevant. How he would be handled in his agency doesn’t have anything to do with the case.
MR. ROSE: I think the man’s been established as a vocational rehabilitation person and — well—and I will just rephrase the question.
Q. (By Mr. Rose) In your professional opinion, how would you handle Mr. Frank’s case?
A. Gathering the medical information that I have read available to me, I would close his case as too severe for eligibility criteria for vocational rehabilitation services.
Tr., Vol. II, p. 130-33.
Q. And finally, what’s your opinion on whether Paul could be employed in Shoshone County or in a reasonable area that he could manage with the criteria placed on him by the medical panel?
A. In my professional opinion, I do not believe he can be.
Tr., Vol. II, p. 136.
Excluding the 1986 Finding XVII, which was based upon the Company’s post-hearing, post-1984 decision, so-called newly discovered evidence, the evidence in the record, as a matter of law is in the same category as this Court observed in Francis, supra, and does not substantiate the conclusion reached in Finding XIX that “the claimant is not totally disabled for work.” That conclusion is necessarily based on either the predicate that the Commission believes it erred in its 1984 decision whereby the Commission concluded that Mr. Frank fell into the odd-lot category, or, if not so, then is based on the “newly discovered evidence” summarized in 1986 Finding XVII. Either way, the Commission cannot be sustained.
If the 1986 decision is thought by the Commission to be responsive to the Company’s petition for reconsideration, the newly discovered evidence was impermissibly admitted over a valid objection. If the Commission thought itself proceeding on the grounds of manifest injustice, i.e., the claim of fraud by alleged perjury in Mr. Frank’s having testified that he received no compensation out of the Goldback-Nesco affair, again the Commission’s own 1986 Finding XVIII destroys that theory.
Wholly missing from the 1986 decision is even a scintilla of a finding which meets this Court’s mandated requirement in Lyons:
*829If the evidence of the medical and nonmedical factors places a claimant prima facie in the odd-lot category the burden is then on the employer, the Fund [Employer] in this case, to show that some kind of suitable work is regularly and continuously available to the claimant. Employers Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Industrial Comm’n, 25 Ariz.App. 117, 541 P.2d 580 (1975); Transport Indem. Co. v. Industrial Accident Comm’n, 157 Cal.App.2d 542, 321 P.2d 21 (1958); Brown v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 82 N.M. 424, 483 P.2d 305 (1970); Hill v. U.S. Plywood — Champion Co., 12 Or.App. 1, 503 P.2d 728 (1972); 2 A. Larson, supra, at 10-136. It is much easier for the Fund [Employer] to prove the employability of the appellant for a particular job than for appellant to prove the universal negative of not being employable at any work.
It is the opinion of this Court that the evidence as a matter of law places the appellant within the odd-lot category. He is a 48-year-Nd male with a ninth-grade education. His vocational training and skills are confined solely to heavy manual labor, which he can no longer perform. As a result of his injuries, he experiences almost constant pain in both of his legs, his left arm, and the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar areas of his spine. He testified that the pain increases if he either sits in one place or walks around for any length of time. Appellant is also restricted in his ability to lift objects and to use his arms. He lives in a small mountain community where the opportunities for light work are limited. Therefore, the Fund [Employer] must show that some kind of suitable work is regularly and continuously available to appellant.
In meeting its burden, it will not be sufficient for the Fund [Employer] to merely show that appellant is able to perform some type of work. Idaho Code § 72-425 requires that the Commission consider the economic and social environment in which the claimant lives. To be consistent with this requirement it is necessary that the Fund [Employer] introduce evidence that there is an actual job within a reasonable distance from appellant’s home which he is able to perform or for which he can be trained. In addition, the Fund [Employer] must show that appellant has a reasonable opportunity to be employed at that job. It is of no significance that there is a job appellant is capable of performing if he would in fact not be considered for the job due to his injuries, lack of education, lack of training, or other reasons.
Lyons v. Industrial Special Indem. Fund, 98 Idaho 403, 406-07, 565 P.2d 1360, 1363-64 (1977).
Equally against the 1986 decision is the Court’s unanimous declaration to the same effect in Francis, supra, where again we held as a matter of law that claimant was in the odd-lot category:
The claimant, who was employed as an electrician by respondent Amalgamated Sugar Co., was injured when he was pinned beneath the transmission of a switch engine when the transmission slipped as he was doing maintenance and repair work. The accident aggravated an existing injury to his back. The Commission found that the most recent injury produced an additional disability equal to 15% of the whole man which, when combined with the prior disability of 10% of the whole man, produced a total disability equal to 25% of the whole man. Although the commission did not distinguish between disability and impairment ratings, it is implicit in its findings and conclusions that in this case it equated the rating of the claimant’s permanent impairment with its rating of his disability without explicit consideration of the types of employment the claimant can now perform. Because, as we explained in Lyons, this is improper if a claimant falls in the odd lot category and because this claimant falls in the odd lot category, this matter must be remanded to the Industrial Commission for further proceedings.
The claimant in this case has the equivalent of a twelfth grade education. He is now in his mid-forties. His work histo*830ry has been in construction or heavy equipment repair and has always involved heavy lifting. However, since the time of the industrial accident he testified that he has been unable to do the moderate to heavy lifting necessary for performance of his former work. Since that time he has not found permanent employment. He has discontinued the types of employment that he has attempted which involved bench or chair work because he has experienced pain in his lower back and legs after prolonged sitting. His efforts at vocational rehabilitation have not been successful. A Department of Employment job counselor testified upon the claimant’s behalf that there was no stable labor market for the type of work that the claimant could perform, although he did not preclude the possibility that the claimant might be retained for work in other fields.
After examining the claimant’s history and experience, his physical condition, and the testimony concerning his potential for finding work that he can perform, we conclude as a matter of law that the claimant has made out a prima facie case that he should be placed in the odd lot category. Lyons, supra, 98 Idaho pp. 405-407, 565 P.2d pp. 1362-1364. This being the case, the burden is shifted to the employer “to show that some kind of suitable work is regularly and continuously available to the claimant.” Id., at 406, 565 P.2d at 1363. While there is evidence in the record to support a finding that the claimant suffers at 25% permanent impairment as defined by I.C. § 72-424, nevertheless without evidence of the type of work that the claimant can perform there is no evidence in the record to support the finding by the Industrial Commission that the claimant’s permanent disability rating as defined by I.C. § 72-425 is only 25%. The Commission’s recitation that it has considered medical and non-medical factors including “the claimant’s age, sex, education, economic and social environment and training and usable skills,” in concluding that he is only 25% disabled is not a substitute for an explicit finding of what kind of suitable work is available to the claimant who is in the odd lot category. Indeed, after the Industrial Commission issued its order in this claim, the claimant petitioned the Commission to make a “a specific Finding of Fact as to what avenues of gainful employment are at present open to the claimant and whether a reasonably stable labor market now exists for claimant’s services in such employment,” but the Commission denied this request on the ground that “specific findings of fact relative to avenues of gainful employment open to the claimant and the labor market are not necessary for the adjudication of this matter.” But, as Lyons makes clear, this is precisely the kind of finding the Commission must make when the claimant falls into the odd lot category. Accordingly, the matter is remanded to the Industrial Commission for further findings. Costs to appellant.
Francis v. Amalgamated Sugar Co., 98 Idaho 407, 408-10, 565 P.2d 1364, 1366-67 (1977) (emphasis added).
Although Justice Bakes dissented in the Lyons case, he did not do so in Francis; hence a second odd-lot decision from this Court, which is a unanimous opinion, should have some persuasion with those justices who join the opinion authored by the Chief Justice, and is absolutely binding on the Industrial Commission. The Commission, as I see it, by reopening for the reception of evidence as to events which occurred after its 1984 decision had boxed itself in where it apparently thought it had to do something or appear foolish. It performed exactly as a very candid counsel for the Company informed us at oral argument:
First, I’d like to make clear that we aren’t saying, and it is not our position, that any circumstances changed. Instead, we argued to the Commission that they were wrong in the first instance and to prevent manifest injustice they should correct ...
The Commission could only point to the additional evidence taken at the second *831hearing to sustain its drastically different second decision in 1986:
Based upon the additional evidence received by the Commission at its hearing in April, 1985, it is concluded that it would have been a manifest injustice to the Employer to have awarded the Claimant benefits for total and permanent disability.
Immediately prior to that statement was the remarkable statement, “Since the matter is pending before the Commission on a motion for reconsideration also, the commission may modify its prior decision in any respect.” Id. That for certain is an ipse dixit in pure form. Not fortified by a citation of authority from where it was drawn, it stands nakedly alone and without precedent. With enough justices joining the Chief Justice, it henceforth will be precedent. Equal precedent being made this day is the welcome advice to employers and suretys that hereafter they only need use the magic words “fraud and manifest injustice” in connection with a petition for reconsideration, and they will be back in court to put in evidence anything which was omitted at the first hearing, or anything else which they were able to manufacture anew after they learned that they were not the prevailing party.
Mention should also be made that Professor Larson, author of the leading treatise on worker’s compensation, recognizes that courts, unlike today’s silent majority, have cautioned against over-reliance on films:
Although on the surface it might appear that nothing could be more cogent and even dramatic refutation of a disability claim than motion pictures of claimant jacking up a car or playing tennis, the courts have rightly observed that such evidence must be used with great caution. For example, in a Louisiana case, the insurer had managed to take pictures showing claimant doing certain heavy work. What the pictures did not show was that the claimant had to rest between the scenes shown in the films, that he was in constant pain, and that he had to go to bed the next day. Moreover, it did not show what every intervertebral disc victim knows, that a characteristic of disc pains in the early stages is that they come and go, and may leave the injured person intervals of weeks and months in which he is practically normal.
3 Larson’s Law of Workmen’s Compensation § 79.75, pp. 15-426.280-.281 (1983 edition) (footnotes and citations omitted); see also Nolan v. Stamper Drilling Co., Inc., 488 So.2d 312, 314 (La.App.1986).
Other courts have severely limited the utility of film evidence by concluding that films are not sufficient to satisfy the employer’s burden of proving an improvement in disability from total to partial:
[T]he films fail to rebut claimant’s testimony that he has “good and bad days.” Claimant may have been able to perform the filmed activities on a good day and still may have suffered total incapacity on a bad day. The films, taken over a period of only two days, do not in themselves rebut claimant’s testimony about the degree of his disability on a bad day, because they do not reveal whether he was photographed on a good or bad day. A mere showing that he is able to engage in sporadic physical activity does not sustain employer’s burden of proving that claimant is no longer totally disabled.
Matter of Compensation of Petz, 58 Or.App. 347, 648 P.2d 372, 375 (1982) (emphasis added).
However, it is clear that films alone are inadequate to sustain appellant’s burden of showing a reduction of claimant’s disability from total to partial.
The films produced by the appellant have questionable value. In DeBattiste [v. Anthony Laudadio & Son, 167 Pa.Super. 38, 74 A.2d 784 (1950) ], supra, a case particularly relevant to the problem at hand, the Superior Court of Pennsylvania aptly pointed out the questions left unanswered by motion pictures. The Court said, ‘The pictures show claimant’s activity for very limited periods of time. Was claimant then working faster or slower than before the accident? The *832pictures cannot accurately measure his speed, energy and efficiency at work; they do not constitute an infallible measure of either disability or earning power.’ 167 Pa.Super. at 43, 74 A.2d at 787.
John B. Kelly Co., Inc. v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board, 8 Pa. Cmwlth. 589, 303 A.2d 255, 257 (1973).
All considered, I cannot think of any opinion in this area of the law which has been as great a disservice to the Idaho worker as is today’s opinion of the Court. While it might be said of my effort that it is over-encompassing, it can be more readily said that the majority opinion says far too little. Issues which were preserved for appeal, and argued, have gone unanswered — simply because they cannot be answered and still uphold the Commission’s retromingency in its handling of the compensation case of Paul Frank. I would welcome an opinion by Justice Bakes which could satisfactorily explain why and how the Commission is at liberty to summarily enter an order reopening a case which has been tried and decided, without any justification having been presented to it by the Company. None has been forthcoming, and so, for the betterment of the practice in that area of the law it has devolved on these shoulders to make a reasonably thorough, although not by any means exhaustive, review of the many principles of case law which are being washed down the dram.
APPENDIX
BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION STATE OF IDAHO
IC 80-341382
FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW, AND AWARD ON RECONSIDERATION
This matter initially came before the Commission for hearing on February 29, 1984. The matter was tried and submitted to the Commission for decision. A decision was issued by the Commission July 18, 1984. The Commission awarded the Claimant total temporary disability benefits from November 12, 1980, the date of his injury, until March 31, 1983; medical expenses incurred as the result of the November 12, 1980 injury; and total permanent disability benefits commencing March 31, 1983. On August 7, 1984 Employer filed a timely Petition for Rehearing. On August 22, 1984 Employer filed a Petition for Modification of the Award under § 72-719 Idaho Code, requesting that the Award be set aside or modified to correct a manifest injustice and on the further ground that the Award was. procured by fraud. On December 10,1984 the Commission entered its Order and reopened the matter for further hearings on the issues raised by the motions submitted by Employer. On February 5, 1985 the Commission entered a further Order requiring the Employer to reinstitute compensation benefits pending a rehearing. The Commission conducted its additional hearing in this matter in Coeur d’Alene on April 23, 1985 with Commissioner Gerald A. Geddes presiding. Further oral and documentary evidence was presented. Thereafter, counsel for the parties submitted briefs and the matter is now before the Commission for decision. Having considered the evidence submitted, the Commissioner recommends that the decision of July 18, 1984 be set aside and that a new decision, issued with consideration of all evidence in the record, be entered by the Commission. The Commissioner recommends that the full Commission approve and adopt the following Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Award.
FINDINGS OF FACT
I
On November 12, 1980 the Claimant was employed by the Bunker Hill Company as an underground miner. His employment was covered by the provisions of the Idaho Workmens’ Compensation Law, and the Employer was an authorized self-insured employer under that law.
II
On the date of the injury, November 12, 1980, the Claimant was 34 years old, married, with three dependent children under the age of 18. Mr. Frank was born and grew up in Kellogg, Idaho. He graduated from high school with a grade point average of 1.39. During at least the last year Mr. Frank attended high school, he worked a full night shift at the Bunker Hill mine, and at the time of his accident, had been an employee there for almost 17 years. Im*833mediately after high school, Claimant was drafted into the military, and after approximately two years of service returned to Kellogg and to his employment at Bunker Hill mine. During his military service, Claimant was trained as a helicopter mechanic, but he testified that his training was basic in nature and that he had no significant transferrable skills as a result of that training. Prior to the accident, Mr. Frank’s primary recreation consisted of outdoor activities, such as hunting and fishing, and bowling. He had no physical complaints of any substance nor any preexisting physical impairments.
III
The Claimant’s average weekly wage at the time of his injury is determined pursuant to § 72-419(4)(a) Idaho Code. Based upon Exhibit # 36, introduced at the second hearing in this matter, the Commissioner finds that the 13-consecutive-calendar-week period immediately preceding the Claimant’s accident was the highest period of earnings of any of the consecutive 13-week periods in the 52 weeks immediately preceding the accident. The Claimant earned $7,950.14 during this period. His average weekly wage is computed by dividing that amount by 13, which produces a figure of $611.55. The Commissioner finds that the Claimant’s average weekly wage at the time of his injury was $611.55.
IV
On the morning of November 12, 1980 the Claimant was traveling to his work position within the mine on a device known as a mine skip. The cable which pulled the skip broke, and the Claimant fell approximately 170 feet, sustaining multiple injuries. The Claimant was transported to Sacred Heart Medical Center in Spokane for treatment and remained at that hospital until December 23, 1980. The Claimant suffered a number of injuries, including fracture of the T-10 vertebrae, which was displaced, fracture of the left femur mid-shaft, compound fracture of the right tibia and fibula, fracture of the left hemopelvis, including the sacroiliac joint, a nasal fracture, and a deep wound of the left buttock.
V
On November 24, 1980 harrington rods were inserted during surgery at the site of the vertebral fracture. A spinal fusion was performed from T-7 to L-l on December 10, 1980. A third surgery was performed to insert a rod to reduce the fracture of the left femur.
VI
The Claimant improved slowly for the first several months after his discharge from the hospital. X-rays indicated that the separations of the pelvis still remained and that healing of the broken leg bones was progressing, though slowly. The Claimant complained of aching in the area of the fractures but was looking forward to returning to work for Bunker Hill as an underground miner.
VII
In July, 1982 Dr. Alex Verhoogen, the Claimant’s treating physician, noticed that x-rays of the right ankle indicated an angulation of the joint showing compression of the joint on one side and formation of a large bone spur on the front of the ankle. Dr. Verhoogen concluded that this condition was the result of a compression fracture which had not been previously diagnosed. Dr. Verhoogen believed that arthritic changes in the ankle were continuing and that at least some damage to the cartilage and articulating surfaces within the ankle had occurred and would continue to occur. At some time during the latter part of 1982 the Claimant began to experience increasing discomfort relating to his back, described as an aching sensation in the low back area across the lumbosacral junction and the sacroiliac joints, with pain radiating out into the two sides along the musculature. The Claimant indicated that the pain was worsened by any activity such as bending or lifting. When Dr. Verhoogen examined the Claimant in November, 1982 he determined that no further treatment was necessary and that the Claimant was stable in all respects except that he believed that Claimant’s right ankle might continue to worsen. Also, since Claimant’s pelvic separations had not fused, those injuries could either worsen or improve. Dr. Verhoogen noted that Claimant walked with a slight limp of unknown cause. He *834testified that the tibia of the right leg was fractured obliquely which might have resulted in a slight shortening of the leg, though he could not recall whether or not there was an actual shortening. Dr. Verhoogen noted that the motion of the left hip was decreased compared to the right hip, that flexion of the ankle joint was decreased as was hyperextension of the back. The Claimant also had reduced flexibility with respect to lateral bending. X-rays taken on November 11, 1982 were generally satisfactory to Dr. Verhoogen except for the ankle condition and except for some calcification around the sacroiliac joint. Dr. Verhoogen did not rate the Claimant for purposes of permanent physical impairment in November, 1982, but noted that the Claimant had limitations of motion in several respects as well as what Dr. Verhoogen believed to be a significant residual disability. Dr. Verhoogen expressed an opinion that the Claimant would have difficulty returning to employment based upon the constant discomfort he experienced because of his many injuries.
VIII
On February 28, 1983 the Claimant was examined by a medical panel in Spokane. The panel was headed by Dr. R.D. Luther. It concluded that the Claimant’s condition was stationary and that no further treatment was indicated. The panel rated the Claimant’s total body impairment, including residuals of all his injuries, as 35% of the whole man. Though Dr. Verhoogen had been reluctant to rate the Claimant for purposes of permanent impairment, he testified at the time of his October 24, 1983 deposition that he concurred with the rating with respect to range of motion. Dr. Verhoogen indicated that he did not believe the impairment rating was indicative of the Claimant’s overall disability or his ability to work. Dr. Verhoogen examined the Claimant again on December 18, 1984 and testified on February 22, 1985 during a deposition which was admitted in evidence. At the time of this examination, the Claimant’s main complaint concerned his right ankle. The Claimant described slowly increasing pain in the ankle, and it was Dr. Verhoogen’s impression that the condition of the ankle had worsened to some extent. He believed that it was more and more likely that the Claimant may require surgery on the ankle. Dr. Verhoogen found no significant change with respect to the Claimant’s other injuries. Dr. Verhoogen had been informed that the Claimant had performed some work on a roofing project during the summer of 1984. He questioned the Claimant about that incident. Dr. Verhoogen indicated that it was possible for the Claimant to do some lifting and some physical work if he could stop and rest periodically. He indicated that heavy lifting might cause the Claimant to feel pain subsequently and that “he would probably suffer for it the next day.”
IX
The Claimant was examined by Dr. Warren J. Adams, an orthopedic specialist of Spokane, on March 20, 1985. Dr. Adams testified at a deposition taken March 27, 1985 and the deposition is admitted in evidence. Dr. Adams obtained a history from the Claimant and also reviewed additional medical information, including the report of the Spokane panel of doctors. He used the American Medical Association Guide to Impairment to determine the Claimant’s peri manent physical impairment and found that his total impairment was 39% of the whole man. With respect to physical limitations, he indicated that the Claimant could perform activity up to the point that it caused him significant discomfort. Dr. Adams did not believe that the Spokane medical panel had correctly calculated the Claimant’s permanent physical impairment in accordance with the AMA guides. Dr. Adams believed that the Claimant’s arthritis of his right ankle would likely progress.
X
Having considered the various impairment ratings in the record, the Commissioner finds that the Cláimant has a permanent physical impairment of 35% of the whole man.
^
The Claimant testified that he experiences almost constant back pain except when reclining or lying down and that he can get relief from his back pain only by reclining or lying down. He testified that he was able to sit for approximately 30 minutes, walk for five to six minutes, and *835then is able to sit again. The Claimant must lie down for extended periods of time 25 dr more days a month for relief of his back pain and regularly reclines for 45 to 60 minutes at a time interspersed between periods of sitting and briefly walking. The Claimant testified that he experiences severe pain five to ten times a day, depending upon his activity, and states that he experiences nearly constant pain in his ankle which is increased by walking.
XII
A vocational consultant, William Shecket, testified on behalf of the Defendant concerning the Claimant’s opportunities for reemployment. Shecket testified that the Claimant could perform jobs in telephone sales, as a hoistman at a mine and as a laboratory technician. Shecket also testified that the Claimant might be able to perform job duties as a mill worker operator in a mine with automated controls. Some accommodation may need to be made to accommodate the Claimant’s impairments.
xill
Dr. James Flynn, a psychologist, testified on behalf of the Claimant with respect to the Claimant’s vocational opportunities. Dr. Flynn testified that the regular labor market cannot accommodate an individual with the Claimant’s physical limitations as related by the Claimant. Flynn also testified that those same physical limitation factors affect the Claimant’s ability to be retrained for suitable employment. Flynn did not conduct any studies of employment in the area where the Claimant lives and is not in the business of vocational placement.
XIV
Vincent Bovino, Manager of Human Resources for the Defendant, testified that he believed the Claimant could perform such jobs as receptionist, lab technician, assayer, hoist operator and possibly a motor operator.
xy
Michael Hauser, a vocational rehabilitation counselor for the Idaho Department of Vocational Rehabilitation, testified that there has been considerable loss of employment in Shoshone County due to economic conditions. He indicated that there was a lack of sedentary work available for disabled persons and that there is tremendous prejudice against people with back injuries. He believed that it was nearly impossible to place the Claimant in competitive employment in Shoshone County.
XVI
Jim Faraca, a field consultant for the Rehabilitation Division of the Industrial Commission, undertook to assist the Claimant to seek other vocational opportunities and discuss the potential for retraining with the Claimant. The Claimant expressed little or no interest in reeducation or retraining and desired to either return to underground mining or to become self-employed owning a tavern/restaurant in the Coeur d’Alene area. Vocational testing was performed in January, 1983 by a service in Coeur d’Alene. The results of the testing indicated that the Claimant had adequate reading skills but inadequate arithmetic skills. The Claimant displayed average ability with respect to following oral directions, intellectual function capabilities, numerical skills, ability to visualize objects in space, and shop arithmetic skills. The Claimant had above average ability to manipulate mechanical tools, and although testing indicated that the Claimant’s abilities in the area of eye-hand coordination and mechanical knowledge were average or less, the evaluator was unsure of the validity of these results. The individual who evaluated the Claimant’s tests concluded that the Claimant’s vocational interests were unrealistic and also believed that the Claimant thought the testing program to be a waste of time.
XVII
The Defendants presented evidence concerning observations made of the Claimant by private investigators during the first part of August of 1984. The primary observations were of the Claimant engaged in assisting others in reroofing a house in Coeur d’Alene. Both still pictures and extensive video tape was made of the Claimant’s activities. In particular, the Claimant engaged in this physical activity on August 1, August 3, August 6, 7, and 8 of 1984. The Claimant was observed driving his pickup, cutting plywood with a power saw, bending over, bending underneath plywood supported on sawhorses, lifting plywood *836from the truck to the sawhorses, handing pieces of plywood up to persons on a scaffold or on the roof, climbing the ladder to the scaffold, climbing on the roof, balancing himself on the roof, straddling the peak of the roof, hammering, and, in general, performing work in connection with the roofing job. A number of other individuals, presumed to be family members, were assisting in the operation. On August 10 the Claimant was observed driving from his residence to Clark Fork, Idaho, a trip which consumed 2h hours, during which the Claimant stopped three times. The Claimant was observed washing his pickup, unloading items from the pickup, and driving a lawn mower from the back of the pickup. The investigators observed no indications that the Claimant was in pain during any of his activities.
XVIII
Evidence was also presented that the Claimant acts as president of a mining company, Gold Back Mine, but that he performs no significant duties for the mine. The Claimant visits the mine property periodically to prevent vandalism, discusses mine business with shareholders and officers, and receives correspondence and telephone inquiries concerning mine business. The company has agreed to pay the Claimant $2,000 per month for his work as president and has agreed to pay him in stock of the corporation because the corporation is without funds. The evidence also indicates that the stock has no ready market and has virtually no value at the present time. The Commissioner finds that the Claimant actually receives no income from his activities in connection with the mine.
XIX
Upon evaluation of all of the evidence, including the Claimant’s testimony of his complaints, the observations of the investigators, and the opinions of the various witnesses who have testified, the Commissioner concludes that the Claimant is not totally disabled for work. While the Claimant is unable to engage in hard or vigorous physical activity, he is able to engage in moderate physical labor over extended periods of time and can do so without significant discomfort. The Commissioner concludes that the Claimant has somewhat overstated the extent of his complaints of pain and has somewhat underestimated his ability to engage in physical activity. The evidence does not establish that the Claimant is able to engage in employment as a roofer on a permanent basis, but that he is able to perform many of the activities performed by roofers for significant periods of time. Thus, it is concluded that the Claimant is able to engage in employment in those specific occupations described by witnesses Bovino and Shecket, as well as other occupations requiring mild or moderate physical activity and various sedentary activities. The Commissioner further finds that the Claimant’s education is limited and his only significant work experience is in the field of underground mining. It is recognized that the Claimant lives in an area where competition for employment is extreme. The Claimant’s physical condition is a significant factor limiting the Claimant’s employability. The Commissioner finds and recommends that the Claimant be awarded, in addition to his permanent physical impairment of 35%, an additional 20% of the whole man rating for non-medical factors and that the Claimant receive a total permanent partial disability rating of 55% of the whole man.
XX
Based upon the report of the panel examination which was issued in March, 1983, the Employer ceased payment of total temporary disability income benefits to the Claimant on March 31, 1983. Based upon the panel report and the testimony of Dr. Verhoogen that the Claimant was substantially stable as of November 11, 1982, the Commission finds that the Claimant was totally disabled for work from the date of his accident through March 31, 1983.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
I
As a direct result of Claimant’s accident and injury of November 12, 1980, the Claimant was totally disabled for work through March 31, 1983 and is entitled to income benefits for total temporary disability during that period.
II
As a direct result of Claimant's accident and injury, he has a permanent physical impairment of 35% of the whole man.
*837III
The evaluation of permanent disability is an appraisal of the employee’s present and probable future ability to engage in gainful activity as it is affected by the medical factor of permanent impairment and by pertinent non-medical factors. As a direct result of Claimant’s accident and injury, the Claimant has a permanent partial disability of 55% of the whole man, which includes consideration of the medical factor of permanent impairment and the non-medical factors described in the foregoing Findings of Fact. The Claimant is entitled to income benefits for his permanent partial disability at the statutory rate of 55% of the 1980 average weekly state wage commencing April 1, 1983.
IV
This matter is pending before the Commission on the Defendant’s timely motion for reconsideration or rehearing, filed pursuant to § 72-718 Idaho Code, as well as Defendant’s Motion for Modification of the Award previously entered, which is filed pursuant to § 72-719 Idaho Code. The Commission may, on its own motion, review the matter to correct a manifest injustice which is brought to its attention by motion of any party. Banzhaf v. Carnation Company, 104 Idaho 700 [662 P.2d 1144 (1983)]. Since the matter is pending before the Commission on a motion for reconsideration also, the Commission may modify its prior decision in any respect. Based upon the additional evidence received by the Commission at its hearing in April, 1985, it is concluded that it would have been a manifest injustice to the Employer to have awarded the Claimant benefits for total and permanent disability. The Findings of Fact show that the Claimant is not totally and permanently disabled and is not entitled to the award which was previously entered. Therefore, it is appropriate to set aside the Award entered July 18, 1984 and enter the following modified award, which the Commissioner recommends that the full Commission approve and adopt as its decision.
AWARD
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED, and this does order, adjudge, and decree, that the Claimant have and recover from the Defendant total temporary disability benefits from November 12, 1980 through March 31, 1983, reasonable medical and related expenses incurred as a result of the November 12, 1980 accident, and partial permanent disability benefits of 55% of the whole man commencing April 1,1983, with Defendant entitled to credit for any amounts previously paid to or on behalf of the Claimant.
/s/ Gerald A. Geddes Gerald A. Geddes, Commissioner ORDER
The Commission has reviewed the record and the foregoing Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order, and hereby approves and confirms the same, and adopts them as the Decision and Order of the Commission.
DATED and FILED this 2d day of July, 1986.
INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION /s/ Gerald A. Geddes Gerald A. Geddes, Chairman /s/ L.G. Sirhall L.G. Sirhall, Member /s/ Will S. Defenbach Will S. Defenbach, Member ATTEST:
/s/ Patricia A. Ramey Patricia S. Ramey, Secretary Copies:
John J. Rose, Jr., Esq., Shoshone County Courthouse, Wallace, ID 83873 William F. Boyd, Esq., P.O. Box 659, Kellogg, ID 83837 01/ss
ADDENDUM TO THIS COURT'S ORIGINAL OPINION
BOYLE, Justice.Appellant Paul Frank appeals from an order of the Industrial Commission which modified a previous award.
Appellant was injured in a mining accident in the course of his employment with respondent Bunker Hill, after which he filed a claim for worker’s compensation. The Industrial Commission found that appellant suffered thirty-five percent disabili*838ty of the whole man, however due to limited education, work experience and competition in employment, appellant was classified as an odd-lot worker and awarded total permanent disability. This award was based on testimony which established that although appellant could work, poor economic conditions in Shoshone County and a lack of sedentary work available for disabled persons made it nearly impossible to place him in competitive employment.
Bunker Hill thereafter timely filed a petition for rehearing and a motion requesting that the award be set aside or modified in order to correct a manifest injustice. See I.C. § 72-719. Upon rehearing the Indus-, trial Commission reviewed new evidence which consisted of testimony, written reports, photographs and videotapes of appellant engaging in roofing activity over several days for significant periods of time. After considering this new evidence on rehearing, the Industrial Commission determined appellant was not totally and permanently disabled, but was impaired thirty-five percent of the whole man, and due to limited education, work experience, and competition in employment awarded an additional twenty percent of the whole man.
In reviewing the findings of the Industrial Commission this Court is limited to a review of the questions of law before the Commission and absent clear error must affirm the Commission’s decision. Graham v. Larry Donohoe Logging, 103 Idaho 824, 654 P.2d 1377 (1982). Thus, as stated in this Court’s original opinion filed May 24, 1988, we hold that the Industrial Commission’s findings of fact and award of fifty-five percent permanent disability are supported by the record.
On rehearing we continue to adhere to the views expressed in our original opinion authored by the late Chief Justice Shepard. Frank v. Bunker Hill, 117 Idaho 790, 792 P.2d 815 (1988).
The orders and decision of the Industrial Commission are affirmed.
BAKES, C.J., and JOHNSON, J„ concur.. The Commission has already seen fit to specifically adopt as its Rule VI, "Discovery," the appropriate provisions of the Idaho Rules of Civil Procedure.
. The Chief Justice's opinion does not discuss Boshers v. Payne, 58 Idaho 109, 70 P.2d 391 *805(1937), relied upon in Mr. Frank’s brief in this Court, although it is cited in one instance. As will appear infra, it should be controlling authority.
. Prior cases from this Court lament the failure to be specific as to grounds, but then begrudgingly plough into the record.
. Following the order of December 10, 1987, although it first heard the case sitting en banc, the full commission assigned the second trial to commissioner Geddes sitting by himself. Geddes, unassisted by the other two commissioners, made all of the evidentiary rulings at trial, and wrote the new findings, conclusions, and award, which in turn were signed by all three commissioners utilizing the same procedure which obtains a decision where a referee has been appointed.
As will be seen, the commission had sent Mr. Geddes on a most difficult mission which conceptually would necessarily involve some weighty propositions of statutory and case law. Page one of his decision recites the employer’s two petitions, "Petition for Rehearing” and “Petition for Modification of Award under § 72-719 Idaho Code, Requesting that the Award [of July 18, 1984] Be Set Aside or Modified to Correct a Manifest Injustice and on the Further Ground that the Award was Procedured by Fraud.” Following that Mr. Geddes made an accurate and, as a matter of act the only possible, assessment of the situation: "On December 10, 1984, the commission entered its Order and reopened the matter for further hearings on the issues raised by the motions submitted by employer.'' R., 146, 147.
. Ten pages of the supplemental petition consisted of a statement of the officials of Nesco Resources and a letter report from its president to its stockholders. Mr. Frank’s name was mentioned therein. It stated that he was making $2000 monthly for managing Gold Back Mines Corporation.
. On the basis of its allegation of Mr. Frank’s perjury the Bunker Hill Company’s brief actually asked the Commission to take away all of Mr. Frank’s compensation benefits. R., p. 132, 133.
. The commission’s initial decision in favor of Mr. Frank cited and relied upon this Court’s Carey decision: "... The nature and extent of Claimant's continuous physical discomfort makes his situation analogous to that of claimant in Carey v. Clearwater County Road Department ...’’ Conclusion of Law IV, R. p. 17. It is to be noted that the Carey case goes wholly without mention in Chief Justice Shepard’s opinion in Mr. Frank’s case, notwithstanding that Carey was authored by Justice Shepard. Carey also went unmentioned in the commission’s 1986 decision which reduced Mr. Frank’s total and permanent award by almost one-half.
. By way of this footnote the reader will become even better acquainted with the similarity of the backgrounds of the three injured working men, Mr. Lyons, Mr. Carey, and Mr. Frank. Of Mr. Lyon's background Justice Donaldson wrote:
The record discloses that appellant Lyons is a 48 year old male with a ninth grade education whose entire labor history consists of nothing but heavy manual labor. In 1942 he went to work in the shipyards cutting iron with an acetylene torch. During the summers between 1942 and 1945, appellant worked in *823Idaho as a manual laborer on a road crew for the United States Forest Service. In 1945, he moved to Idaho permanently, locating in the Kooskia area where he worked in the lumber industry setting choker, pulling green chain, driving caterpillar tractor, driving truck, and working as a sawyer. In 1951, appellant moved to the Riggins area where he continued working in the lumber industry until a series of accidents, specifically detailed below, forced him to seek vocational rehabilitation in 1961. Following his vocational training, appellant worked periodically in a body shop in Orofino, Idaho, in addition to continuing work in the lumber industry. This arrangement continued from 1961 until his final injury in 1972. Appellant has no special training or skills other than his vocational training in bodyshop work.
Appellant, obviously a man of starcrossed fortune, has had a long succession of injuries throughout his life. At age 7, he lost his thumb in an accident with a saw. Industrial noise encountered over the years has led to a binaural hearing impairment. In addition to the 1972 injury to his back which led to the filing of this claim, appellant suffered three other back injuries while working for the logging industry. He also reinjured his back while working in the Orofino Body Shop. Appellant fractured his left leg twice which finally led to the insertion of a three inch screw for support. He also fractured his right leg in the same accident that injured his lower back in 1959 when he slipped off a logging truck. In two separate instances appellant damaged each of his eyes, his right eye when he was struck by a flying piece of brush and his left eye which was pierced by a piece of steel while working at the Orofino Body Shop. Additionally, appellant testified that he suffered permanent lung damage from smoke inhalation while fighting a forest fire in 1967. Appellant's string of misfortune finally culminated on September 22, 1972. While driving a logging truck for Alpine Construction Co., later known as A & T Logging, Inc., he found it necessary to put chains on his truck in order to traverse a muddy road. The chain hangers were so high on the truck that he was forced to make a small jump to rehang the chains and in doing so he felt a sharp pain in his back, as though "somebody hit me right between the shoulders with a sledge hammer." Since that time appellant states he has been unable to work at all due to the almost constant pain he is experiencing in his legs, back and left arm.
Lyons v. Industrial Special Indem. Fund, 98 Idaho 403, 404-05, 565 P.2d 1360, 1361-62.