In Re Initiative Petition Number 259, State Question 376

WELCH, Chief Justice

(dissenting).

In deciding this case we are not concerned, and judicially we cannot be concerned here with any issue for or against the sale of beer, or for or against local option. We are here concerned only with the legal question whether the proposal here involved is, in its stated terms and provisions, such as may be properly submitted to the voters of the State to be adopted as an amendment of the Constitution of Oklahoma.

Protestant contends that the sponsor or sponsors of this initiative petition, or the person or persons who prepared it in the first place, are in effect undertaking to submit a statutory enactment to be voted on by the people as a constitutional amendment. The protestant contends that at the 1955 Session of the Oklahoma State Legislature there was introduced H.B. 827 dealing with certain alcoholic beverages, defining the same and providing for county option as to the sale thereof, etc., which bill was not adopted by the Legislature, and that thereafter the sponsors of the circulation of this initiative petition merely copied H.B. 827, omitting only the final section of the “Bill,” which was the emergency clause, and that thereby the original sponsor or sponsors undertook to circulate the legislative “Bill” and to have it petitioned to be voted on for incorporation in our Constitution as an amendment thereto.

From a comparison of the “proposal” with H.B. 827 it seems to me that this contention is fairly well sustained. I here quote the “proposal” and H.B. 827 in parallel columns.

Proposal:

An Act Relating To Certain Alcoholic Beverages: Authorizing County Option; Providing For Elections In Counties To Prohibit Or Permit Manufacture, Sale Or Other Distribution; Providing Procedure; Fixing Penalties.

Be It Enacted By The People Of The State Of Oklahoma;

Section 1. Reference may be made to this Act as the

House Bill 827: (1955 Legislature)

Be It Enacted By The People Of The State Of Oklahoma:

Section 1. Reference may be made to this Act as the

*148“County Option Law.”

As used in this Act the following terms, unless the context otherwise indicates, shall have the following meanings:

(a) “Beverage” or “beverages” shall mean and include any beverage containing more than one-half of one per cent (½ of 1%) of alcohol by volume and not more than three and two-tenths per cent (3.2%) •of alcohol by weight.

(b) “Person” includes the singular and plural number, and shall mean and include a natural person, estate or trust, association, co-partnership or corporation.

(c) “Election” means an election held for the purpose of a vote of the people of a county as to the prohibition or permission of the manufacture, sale, barter, furnishing or transporting of such beverages in said county.

■ Section 2. Upon application by written petition filed with the county clerk of any county in this State, signed by á number of legal voters in such county equal to fifteen per cent (15%) of the total number of votes cast at the last general election for the state office receiving the highest number of votes at such election in such ■county, it shall be the duty of the Board of County Commissioners of said county, at the next regular meeting of said board, after twenty (20) days from the filing of the petition, to make an order directing a special election to be held in said county on a day not less than forty (40) nor more than sixty days after the making of such order, for the purpose of submitting to the legal voters of said county the proposition whether the beverages described in Section 1 of this Act may be manufactured, sold, bartered, given away or otherwise furnished, or transported, or received, in such county.

Such order shall, be in substantially the following form:

Order

A sufficient petition having been filed as provided by law, it is ordered that on ,-, the-day of-, 195 — , an election shall be held throughout- Coun-

“County Option Laws of 1955.”

As used in this Act the following terms, unless the context otherwise indicates, shall have the following meanings:

(a) “Beverage” or “beverages” shall mean and include any beverage containing more than one-half of one per cent (i/⅞ of 1%) of alcohol by volume and not more than three and two-tenths per cent (3.2%) of alcohol by weight.

(b) “Person” includes the singular and plural number, and shall mean and include a natural person, estate or trust, association, co-partnership or corporation.

(c) “Election” means an election held for the purpose of a vote of the people of a county as to the prohibition or permission of the manufacturer, sale, barter, furnishing or transporting of such beverages in said county. ■

Section 2. Upon application by written petition filed with the county clerk of any county in this State, signed by a number of legal voters in such county equal to fifteen per cent (15%) of the total number of votes cast at the last general election for the state office receiving the highest number of votes 'at such election in such county, it shall b.e the duty of the Board of County Commissioners of said county, at the next regular meeting of said board, after twenty (20) days from the filing of the petition, to .make an order directing a special election to be held in said county on a day not less than forty (40) nor more than sixty days after the making of such order, for the purpose of submitting to the legal voters of said county the proposition whether the beverages described in Section 1 of this Act may be manufactured, sold, bartered, given away or otherwise furnished, or transported, or received, in such county.

Such order shall be in substantially the following form:

Order

A sufficient petition having been filed as provided by law, it is ordered that on -, the —r day of-, 195 — , an election shall be held throughout-Coun*149ty, for the purpose of submitting to the legal voters of said county the proposition of whether beverages containing more than one-half of one per cent Q/¿ of 1%) of alcohol by volume and not more than three and two-tenths per cent (3.2%) of alcohol by weight may be manufactured, sold, bartered, given away or otherwise furnished, or transported, or received in said county. The proposition will be stated on the ballot as:

Shall the County Option Law be adopted (or “abandoned and no longer in effect”) in - County?

This-day-, 195 — . Board of County Commissioners, Chairman

Attest: County Clerk

Section 3. Such petition shall be substantially in the following form:

Petition

To The

Board Of County Commissioners Of - County, State Of Oklahoma:

We, the undersigned citizens and legal voters of the State of Oklahoma and of the County of -, respectfully order that the hereinafter described proposition shall be submitted to the legal voters of said state and county for their approval or rejection at a special election to be called and held as in this Act provided, and each of us for himself says:

I have personally signed this petition; I am a legal voter of the State of Oklahoma and of - County and am a legal voter and registered in the county writ: ten after my name; my residence and post office are correctly written after my name. The question we herewith submit to our fellow voters is: Shall the manufacture, sale, barter, giving away, furnishing, receiving and transportation of ty, for the purpose of submitting to the legal voters of said county the proposition of whether beverages containing more than one-half of one per cent (½ of 1%) of alcohol by volume and not more than three and two-tenths per cent (3.2%) of alcohol by weight may be manufactured, sold, bartered, given away or otherwise furnished, or transported, or received in said county. The proposition will be stated on the ballot as:

Shall the County Option Law be adopted (or “abandoned and no longer in effect”) in-County ?

This-day-, 195 — . Board of County Commissioners, Chairman

Attest: County Clerk

Section 3. Such petition shall be substantially in the following form:

Petition

To The Board Of County Commissioners Of -- — • County, State Of Oklahoma:

I have personally signed this petition; I am a legal voter of the State of Oklahoma and of - County and am a legal voter and registered in the county written after my name; my residence and post office are correctly written after my name. The question we herewith submit to our fellow voters is: Shall ’ the manufacture, sale, barter, giving away, furnishing, rev ceiving. and transportation of- beverages *150beverages containing more than one-half of one per cent (½ of 1%) of alcohol by volume and not more than three and two-tenths per cent (3.2%) of alcohol by weight be prohibited (or permitted, if at that time prohibited) in- County.

Name -

County -

Residence -

Post Office-

(If in city, street and number)

(Here follow 20 numbered lines for signatures)

Section 4. Each petition shall be duplicated for the securing of signatures and each sheet for signatures shall be attached to a copy of the petition. Any person signing such petition with any name other than his own or signing his name more than once to the same petition or duplicate thereof, or signing such petition when he is not a legal voter, shall be guilty of a felony.

Section 5. Each sheet of any such petition containing signatures shall be verified on the back thereof in substantially the following form, by the person who circulated said sheet or petition by his or her affidavit thereon and as a part thereof:

State of Oklahoma, ] _ . ss. County of-. I

I, -, being first duly sworn, say: (here shall be legibly written or typewritten the names of the signers of the sheet), signed this sheet of the foregoing petition, and each of them signed his name thereto in my presence; I believe that each has stated his name, county, post office address and residence correctly and that each signer is a legal voter of the State of Oklahoma and County of-.

(Signature and post office of affiant) Subscribed and sworn to before me this •-day of-, A.D. 19 — .

(Signature and title of the officer before whom the oath is made, and his post office address)

Section 6. Each petition when filed with the county clerk shall be stamped with the date of filing and shall not be used as containing more than one-half of one per cent (½ of 1%) of alcohol by volume and not more than three and two-tenths per cent (3.2%) of alcohol by weight be prohibited (or permitted, if at that time prohibited) in - County.

Name -

County -

Residence -

Post Office-

(If in city, street and number)

(Here follow 20 numbered lines for signatures)

State of Oklahoma, County of-.

(Signature and post office of affiant) Subscribed and sworn to before me this - day of-, A.D. 19 — .

(Signature and title of the officer before whom the oath is made, and his post office address)

Section 6. Each petition when filed with the county clerk shall be stamped with the date of filing and shall not be used as *151a basis for the calling of any election after the first election called pursuant thereto. No person signing a petition shall be permitted to withdraw his name or have it taken from such petition after same shall have been filed as aforesaid. Provided, that any name proven not to be the signature of the person purporting to sign the same and any name proven not to be that of a legal voter of said county shall not be counted as a petitioner.

Section 7. The election shall not be held on the same day that a primary or general election is held in said county nor within thirty (30) days next preceding or following such primary or general election. No election shall be held pursuant to this Act in the same county oftener than once in every two (2) years.

Section 8. When an order has been made by the Board of County Commissioners for the holding of an election, it shall be the duty of the county clerk to cause a copy of said order to be published once a week for three (3) consecutive weeks in some weekly or daily newspaper published and of general circulation in said county, the first of said publications being not less than twenty (20) days prior to the date of such election. If there be no such newspaper published in the county, or the proprietor of such newspaper refuses to publish said advertisement, notice shall be given by posting a copy of such order in not less than five (5) conspicuous places in each precinct of the county at least twenty (20) days prior to the date of said election. Proof of said publication or posting shall be filed with the county clerk.

Section 9. The proposition to be voted upon shall be stated on the ballot without emblems and two spaces left upon the right side of same, one for votes favoring the proposition to be designated by the word, “yes,” and one for votes opposing it to be designated by the word, “no.” The elector shall designate his vote by a cross mark placed opposite the said yes or no. Whenever at the time of the election beverages are being legally sold in the county, a basis for the calling of any election after the first election called pursuant thereto. No person signing a petition shall be permitted to withdraw his name or have it taken from such petition after same shall have been filed as aforesaid. Provided, that any name proven not to be the signature of the person purporting to sign the same and any name proven not to be that of a legal voter of said county shall not be counted as a petitioner.

Shall the County Option Law be adopted in-County ?

Name

( ) Yes

( ) No.

Whenever at the time of the election the County Option Law is in effect in the county, the form of the proposition shall be thus stated:

Shall the County Option Law be abandoned and no longer in effect in - County? Name

( ) Yes

( ) No.

Section 10. The election, including the canvass and counting of the. ballots, shall be held in accordance with the provisions of the general election laws of the State, and the duties of all officers pertaining thereto shall devolve upon and shall be performed by each of them in relation to said election the same as in general elections, except as same may be modified by or inconsistent with the terms of this Act.

The cost of the election shall be borne by the county and allowed and paid in the same manner as costs and expenses of general elections.

Shall the County Option Law be adopted in-County ?

Name

( ) Yes

( ) No.

Whenever at the time of the election the County Option Law is in effect in the county, the form of the proposition shall be thus stated:

Shall the County Option Law be abandoned and no longer in effect in-County?, Name

( ) Yes

( ) No.

Section 10. The election, including the canvass and counting of the ballots, shall be held in accordance with the provisions of the general election laws of the State, and the duties of all officers pertaining thereto shall devolve upon and shall be performed by each of them in relation to said election the same as in general elections, except as same may be modified by or inconsistent with the terms of this Act.

The cost of the election shall be borne by the county and allowed and paid in the same manner as costs and expenses of general elections.

Section 11. Any act or deed denounced as an offense by the general laws of the State concerning general elections shall also be an offense in elections held under the provisions of this Act and shall be punished in the same manner as is provided for punishment of similar offenses by the general laws. Not more than sixty (60) and not less than thirty (30) days prior to an election any group of citizens or committee, which in good faith adyocates or opposes the proposition to be submitted, may file with the secretary of the county election board a petition asking that such petitioners be recognized as the committee entitled to appoint challengers and watchers to act as such as the various polling places throughout the county. If more than one group or committee claim the right to such recognition as representing the respec-*153Senting the respective opponents by filing such petition, the county election hoard shall promptly decide and publicly announce which committee is entitled to nominate such challengers and watchers. Such decision, however, shall not he final, but any aggrieved party may institute proceedings in the county court, and upon hearing the ■county judge shall determine which of such committees shall he recognized.

Section 12. The respective committees advocating or opposing the proposition may name and appoint a person to act as challenger and a person to act as watcher at said election at each or any of the precincts in said county; said challengers and watchers to be commissioned in writing by such committees, and to perform the duties and exercise the powers and be governed by the laws relating to challengers and watchers at general elections.

Section 13. The respective groups or committees mentioned in the preceding sections may, within the time and in the manner provided by statute with reference to candidates for county office in general elections contest the announced results of said election. Such contest shall he heard and determined in the manner provided by statute with reference to such contests for county office.

Section 14. Upon each day that an election is held under the provisions of this Act, it shall be unlawful to sell, barter, give away, or otherwise furnish such beverages within the county in which such •election is held. ■

Section IS. Whenever a majority of the votes cast at an election shall be in favor ■of the adoption of the County Option Law in said county, said law shall be in full force and effect from an after the expiration of thirty (30) days from the date •of said election.

Section 16. Whenever a majority of the votes cast at an election in favor of the discontinuance of the County Option Law in such county, said law having been previously in effect therein, said law shall cease to operate in said county at the ex-tivé opponents by filing such petition, the county election board shall promptly decide and publicly announce which committee is entitled to nominate such challengers and watchers. Such decision, however, shall not be final, but any aggrieved party may institute proceedings in the county court, and upon hearing the county judge shall determine which of such committees shall be recognized.

Section 12. The respective committees advocating or opposing the proposition may name and appoint a person to act as challenger and a person to act as watcher at said election at each or any of the precincts in said county; said challengers and watchers to be commissioned in writing by such committees, and to perform the. duties and exercise the powers and be governed by the laws relating to challengers and watchers at general elections. ■

Section 13. The respective groups or committees mentioned in the preceding sections may, within the time and in the manner provided by statute with reference to candidates for county office in general elections, contest the announced results of said election. Such contest shall be heard and determined in the manner provided by statute with reference to such contests for county office.

Section IS. Whenever a majority of the votes cast at an election shall be in favor of the adoption of the County Option Law in said county, said law shall be in full force and effect from and after the expiration of thirty (30) days from the date of said election.

Section 16. Whenever a majority of the •votes cast at an election in favor of the discontinuance of the County Option Law in such county, said law having been previously in effect therein, ’ said law shall cease to operate in said county at the ex*154piration of thirty (30) days from the date of said election.

Section 17. Whenever the provisions of this Act have become effective in any county through adoption by a majority vote of the legal and duly registered voters such county, it shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture, sell, barter, give away, procure for, or otherwise furnish to another, or to keep for sale barter, distribution or otherwise furnishing, directly or indirectly, in such county, any of the beverages in this Act described. It shall further be unlawful for any person to transport any of such beverages in said county, except in course of continuous transportation from a point beyond the limits of said county, where the manufacture and sale of said beverages may be legal, to a point beyond the limits of said county where such sale may also be lawful. No license for the manufacture or sale of such beverages in such county shall be issued.

Section 18. It shall further be unlawful for any person representing either the buyer or seller to distribute, solicit or receive contracts, proposals or orders for the purchase, sale or delivery in such county of any of such beverages.

Section 19. It shall be unlawful for any person in such county to receive or accept any such beverage from a common carrier, or from any other person who has transported such beverage into such county.

Section 17. Whenever the provisions of this Act have become effective in any county through adoption by a majority vote of the legal and duly registered voters of such county, it shall be unlawful for any person to manufacture, sell, barter, give away, procure for, or otherwise furnish to another, or to keep for sale, barter, distribution or otherwise furnishing, directly or indirectly, in such county, any of the beverages in this Act described. It shall further be unlawful for any person to transport any of such beverages in said county, except in course of continuous transportation from a point beyond the limits of said county, where the manufacture and sale of said beverages may be legal, to a point beyond the limits of said county where such sale may also be lawful. No license for the manufacture or sale of such beverages in such county shall be issued.

Section 18. It shall further be unlawful’ for any person representing either the buyer or seller to distribute, solicit or receive contracts, proposals or orders for the purchase, sale or delivery in such county of any of such beverages.

Section 20. Any person knowingly or intentionally, renting, hiring, letting, lending, leasing or permitting the use of or using any automobile or other motor vehicle, used in hauling the same, for the purpose of unlawfully manufacturing, selling, transporting or possessing beverages in violation of this Act, shall be guilty of maintaining a public nuisance and of a violation of this Act. Any property so used shall become forfeited to the State of Oklahoma, and an action to declare such forfeiture may be instituted in the name of the State-of Oklahoma on relation of the county attorney or the Attorney General. Upon a *155Upon a judgment of forfeiture, the court shall direct the sheriff to sell the property. Said sale shall he had in the same manner as sales under execution. The sheriff shall pay first out of the proceeds of said sale, after deducting costs of sale, any valid bona fide recorded lien on the property so sold. The Court shall have power, in its discretion, to order a sale subject to said lien or liens. No lien on any property so sold shall be paid unless recorded prior to the committing of said nuisance, except upon proof by the lienor that he had no knowledge of such illegal use of such property.

Section 21. Whenever the prohibitory provisions of this Act have been adopted in any county, the provisions of the prohibitory liquor laws of the State of Oklahoma and penalties therein provided ■shall, in the absence of a specific provision of this Act, be equally applicable in said county to the manufacture, sale, barter, ■distribution, or other furnishing or transporting of the beverages in this Act described.

Section 22. If any section, paragraph, sentence or phrase of this Act shall be declared unconstitutional or void for any reason by any court of final jurisdiction, ■such Act shall not in any way affect the remaining sections, paragraphs, sentences, ■or phrases of this Act, but the same shall continue in full force and effect.

Section 23. All Acts and parts of Acts in conflict herewith are hereby repealed. judgment of forfeiture, the court shall direct the sheriff to sell the property. Said sale shall be had in the same manner as sales under execution. The sheriff shall pay first out of the proceeds of said sale, after deducting costs of sale, any valid bona fide recorded lien on the property so sold. The Court shall have power, in its discretion, to order a sale subject to said lien or liens. No lien on any property so sold shall he paid unless recorded prior to the committing of said nuisance, except upon proof by the lienor that he had no knowledge of such illegal use of such property.

Section 21. Whenever the prohibitory provisions of this Act have been adopted in any county, the provisions of the prohibitory liquor laws of the State of Oklahoma and penalties therein provided shall, in the absence of a specific provision of this Act, be equally applicable in said county to the manufacture, sale, barter, distribution, or other furnishing or transporting of the beverages in this Act described.

Section 22. If any section, paragraph, sentence or phrase of this Act shall be declared unconstitutional or void for any reason by any court of final jurisdiction, such Act shall not in any way affect the remaining sections, paragraphs, sentences, or phrases of this Act, but the same shall continue in full force and effect.

Section 23. All Acts and parts of Acts in conflict herewith are hereby repealed.

Section 25. It being immediately necessary for the preservation of the public peace, health and safety, an emergency is hereby declared to exist, by reason whereof this Act shall take effect and be in full force from and after its passage and approval.

This demonstrates to me that the original sponsor did in fact merely copy the Legislative “Bill” as a “Proposal” to be submitted to a popular vote.

So it develops that the real question for our determination is: May a person prepare or copy a writing which in all it? verbiage and substance is in truth and in *156fact a bill, or an act, or a legislative enactment and have it voted upon for adoption as a constitutional amendment? The majority answers that question in the affirmative, but I would answer it in the negative.

To me it is clearly apparent that this so-called “Proposal” contains matter which the sponsor or sponsors had no right to seek to have incorporated into the Constitution, though of course this identical matter could have been proposed for adoption as an item of legislation.

The proponents of the Initiative Petition argue that the people may submit anything they like, either as an amendment to the Constitution, or to be adopted as a provision of the statute.

Generally, we agree with that contention, but I am convinced that it has no application here because I am satisfied that a sponsor of an initiative measure has no right to prepare that which in all material substance is in truth and in fact an amendment to the Constitution and have it initiated and voted upon as a purported statutory provision. On the other hand, I am convinced that such a sponsor of an Initiative Petition has no right to prepare matter which in all material substance is in truth and in fact a pure legislative enactment, and by his merely naming it a constitutional amendment, have such statutory matter voted upon and perhaps adopted generally into or as a part of the Constitution of the State.

It is shown that the first line of the proposal here involved refers to the proposal as “An Act” and that the proposal refers to itself as an act in many instances throughout the many sections of the proposal, and the act or the so-called proposal provides in Section 22:

“If any section, paragraph, sentence or phrase of this Act shall be declared unconstitutional or void for any reason by any court of final jurisdiction, such Act shall not in any way affect the remaining sections, paragraphs, sentences, or phrases of this Act, but - the same shall continue in full force and effect.”

And we observe that the Act or so-called Proposal provides in Section 23 as follows :

“All Acts and parts of Acts in conflict herewith are hereby repealed.”

These expressions in the proposal are wholly foreign to anything that could be-properly set out in a constitutional amendment, and they directly contradict any contention that this proposal could be submitted as a constitutional amendment.

Thus it is quite apparent that this writing or matter prepared and named a “Proposal” by the sponsors was purely a legislative Act and in its form and in its-substance was not proper to be proposed’ as a constitutional amendment.

The majority opinion states that, “having concluded that sections numbered 22' and 23 are surplusage, and neither add to' nor subtract from the meaning and effect of the proposed amendment, said sections-numbered 22 and 23 should be, and the-same are, hereby stricken from the petition.”

If that conclusion is correct then it would follow that the order striking these sections would neither help nor hurt the proposal.

However, I think these two sections, constituted an integral part of the proposal when it was drawn and remained so-when the petitions were signed and when the overall petition was approved by the-Secretary of State, and when the cause-was presented in this court, and that said sections further demonstrate the serious impropriety, and I think the illegality, of the proposal as and for a constitutional1 amendment.

This court is reluctant to deny the people of this State the right to vote on any proposal submitted for their vote, but no-authority is shown which would give us. the power to change an Initiative Petition- and submit to the vote of the people a proposal to be voted on as a statute when the-Initiative Petition seeks to have it voted *157upon as a constitutional amendment. The converse would also be true. As I see it, nothing whatever can be done unless or except that sponsors of Initiative Petitions draw their proposal so that each one will be in truth and in fact either an amendment to the Constitution, or a proposed adoption of statutory law, so that the clear separation of the two may be preserved, and so that the people may freely adopt items of statutory law by their vote, or may adopt amendments to the Constitution by their vote, but may not be either required or permitted to confuse and commingle the two to the great detriment or damage, or perhaps destruction, of the Constitution.

In 11 A'm.Jur. Sec. 3, page 603, it is stated:

“3. Generally; Distinctions from Statutes.—

“A Constitution differs from a statute in that a statute must provide, at least to a certain degree, the details of the subject to which it treats, whereas a Constitution usually states general principles and builds the substantial foundation and general framework of the law and government, Statutes are enactments and rules for the government of civil conduct, promulgated by the legislative authority of a state. It is an important characteristic of such laws that they are tentative, occasional, and in the nature of temporary expedients. Constitutions, on the other hand, are expressions of the sovereign will in relation to the structure of the government, the extent and distribution of its powers, the modes and principles of its operation, and the apparatus of checks and balances proper to insure its integrity and continued existence. Constitutions are primary, being the commands of the sovereign establishing the governmental machine and the most general rules for its operations. Statutes are secondary, being commands of the sovereign having reference to the exigencies of time and place resulting from the ordinary working of the machine.”

“Sec. 4. Permanency and Generality. — Two of the outstanding characteristics of any American Constitution are permanency and generality.

A Constitution is intended not merely to meet existing conditions, but tO' govern the future. It has been said that the term ‘constitution’ implies an instrument of a permanent nature.

“Since it is recognized that the framers of a Constitution cannot anticipate conditions which may arise thereafter in the progress .of the nation or establish all the law which from time to time may be necessary to conform to the changing conditions of a community, as a rule a Constitution does not deal in details, but enunciates the general principles and general directions which are intended to apply to all new facts that may come into being and which may be brought within these general principles or directions * * *.”

If this proposal which is so completely an Act or a legislative bill in all of its form and substances could be set bodily into the Constitution as a so-called constitutional amendment, then so could any one or all of .our many enactments of the Legislature, or the many “Bills” introduced therein, but not passed.

Of course many of the provisions of our statutes, in substance, could be voted into our Constitution if the substance thereof be drafted to be and constitute an actual amendment to some section or article of the Constitution or so as to constitute a new section or article thereof, but certainly that is not to say that any legislative bill, in its original from and substance as such “Bill” may be voted into the Constitution.

Our duty tó “ * * * support, obey, and defend * * * the Constitution of the State of Oklahoma * * *” set out in the oath of office (Art. IS, Sec. 1, Oklahoma Constitution) requires that we protect that Constitution from even the chance of such a proposal as this, lest un*158der the guise of “amendments”' we impair the necessary efficiency and usefulness of this fundamental law of our State.

The rule is and must be that our Constitution may be amended at will by the voters of the State, but it'must be done only by proposals which can and do amend the Constitution, and never by mere legislative bills erroneously named and proposed as constitutional amendments.

Further, in 28 Am.Jur. Sec. 14, p. 160, it is stated:

“Any action taken under initiative provisions, contained as they are in constitutions and statutes, must, of course, comply with such Constitutions and Statutes. For instance, a Constitution cannot be amended by an initiative act which is legislative in its character. * * * ” (Emphasis supplied.)

In State ex rel. Halliburton v. Roach, 230 Mo. 408, 130 S.W. 689, 139 Am.St.Rep. 639, it was held:

“Constitutional Amendments and Legislative Act Distinguished. — The line of demarcation between a constitutional amendment and a purely legislative act is well defined. Constitutional provisions and amendments relate to the fundamental law and certain fixed first principles upon which government is founded; they are permanent, uniform and universal, and can be amended and revised only according to the provisions contained therein.” 139 Am. St.Rep. 640.

“Initiative And Referendum. — The Distinction between Constitutional provisions and legislative acts is clearly and distinctly recognized by the initiative and referendum amendment to the constitution, by express separate provisions for the adoption of each.” 139 Am.St.Rep. 640'.

Our Constitution, like the Missouri Constitution, makes separate provision for the initiating of constitutional amendments and for legislative acts or statutory amendments.

In the Roach case, supra, the Missouri Court used this pertinent language:

“This brings us to the consideration of the petitions as presented for acceptance and filing to the Secretary of State. While these petitions are named and called a ‘proposed amendment to the Constitution of Missouri,’ yet we take it that the allegations of the petitions cmd what is shown upon the face of them must finally determine their nature and character; that is, whether or not it is in fact an amendment to the Constitution or is purely a legislative act. * * * ” 230 Mo. 429, 130 S.W. 693, 139 Am.St.Rep. p. 647. (Emphasis supplied.)

“That this proposed constitutional amendment is but a purely legislative enactment, in our opinion, is too plain for argument, and will only require a moment’s consideration to convince the most credulous upon that subject. * * * ” 230 Mo. 430, 130 S.W. 693, 139 Am.St.Rep. 648.

“The line of demarcation between a constitutional amendment and a purely legislative act is well defined. [Citing authorities]” 230 Mo. at page 432, 130 S.W. at page 694, 139 Am.St.Rep. at page 649.

“ * * * The petitions themselves as presented to the respondent clearly indicate that the so-called constitutional amendment is nothing more nor less than a temporary legislative act. * * ” (Emphasis supplied.)

“We therefore, repeat that the petitions in this case do not propose, within the purview of the Constitution and laws of this state, an amendment to the Constitution.” 230 Mo. 435, 130 S.W. 695, 139 Am.St.Rep. at page 651.

“Obviously in determining the nature and character of the measure proposed in the petitions presented to the respondent, we must look to the subject matter with which they deal. The mere calling it an amendment to the Constitution, unless the subject-matter veri*159fies the correctness of that name, is not binding either upon the respondent or upon this court.” (Emphasis supplied.)

Words and phrases, Vol. 2, p. 9 et seq., cites numerous decisions from this and other states, dealing with the definition of the word “Act.” We quote therefrom as follows:

“The word ‘act’ is equivalent to ‘statute.’ United States v. Smith, 27 Fed. Cas. [pp.] 1167, 1170 [No. 16,338] * * *

“In the Constitution of New York the words ‘bill,’ ‘law,’ and ‘act’ are used somewhat indefinitely, but it seems that there is little difference between the terms. People v. Lawrence, 36 Barb., N.Y., 177, 187.”

See, also, Norris v. Cross, 25 Okl. 287, 105 P. 1000, and Board of Trustees of Firemen’s Relief and Pension Fund of City of Muskogee v. Templeton, 184 Okl. 281, 86 P.2d 1000.

Here it is interesting to note the many times the word “act” is used in the “proposal” here considered. This would emphasize the fact that this “proposal” does not meet the requirements to be voted on as a constitutional amendment. It is in truth an “act” and it boldly and repeatedly asserts in its many sections that it is just that: An “Act.”

16 C.J.S. Constitutional Law § 7, c, pp. 38, 43, states:

“In a proceeding to compel or restrain the placing of an initiated proposal for a constitutional amendment on the ballot, the court may ascertain whether or not the form of the petition complies with the requirements as well as the sufficiency of the signatures.” (Emphasis supplied.)

In 11 Am.Jur. Sec. 23, p. 628, it is stated:

“Scope of Alterations. — * * * In spite of the general acceptance of the rule as to the unlimited power of the people in making changes in the fundamental law, a distinction between legislative acts and constiHUional provisions has been drawn in certain jurisdictions where changes in the Constitution and in the statutory law may be made by initiative and referendum; and the rule has been annoimced that matters properly belonging to the statutory law cannot properly be inserted in the state Constitution.” (Emphasis supplied.)

In State ex rel. Halliburton v. Roach, supra (230 Mo. at page 421, 130 S.W. at page 690, 139 Am.St.Rep. at page 641), it is further held and stated as follows:

“Initiative and Referendum — Constitutional Amendment. — The term ‘law’ and ‘amendments to the constitution’ are used in the initiative and referendum amendment to the constitution in their plain and ordinary sense, and there cannot be put into the constitution, by way of amendment, mere legislative acts providing for the exercise of certain powers. * * * ”

And in the body of that opinion we find this language:

“The rules and principles applicable to the submission of constitutional amendments to the voters of this state are applicable alike to amendments proposed to the constitution under the initiative and referendum amendment or amendments to the constitution proposed by the General Assembly of this state. Whichever course is pursued in submitting the amendment, it must, in fact, be an amendment to the Constitution. If submitted through the initiative, manifestly that provision contained in the initiative and referendum amendment that ‘the petition shall include the full text of the measure so proposed’ must be complied with. In other words, if it is truly an amendment to the constihition, the full text of the amendment and what provision of the Constitution it undertakes to amend must be embraced in the petition. * * [Emphasis supplied.]

“The initiative and referendum amendment to the Constitution speaks of laws and amendments to the Con-*160stitiition. Manifestly, those terms are used in their plain and ordinary sense, and, in our opinion, the petitions have no right to undertake to put in the Constitution, which is regarded as the organic and permanent law of the state, mere legislative acts providing for the exercise of certain powers. * * *

“In other words, the petitions are not legally sufficient, for the reason, * * that the subject dealt with in the petitions are not the proposal of a constitutional amendment. * * * ” (Emphasis supplied.)

Another serious fault of this initiative petition, as drafted and circulated for signatures, lies in the uncertainty of the petition, and the fact that it could very well have been misleading or confusing to the signers thereof. Many voters might be willing to sign a petition to adopt this “proposal” as a law of the State, but not willing to petition its adoption as a constitutional amendment. There is room for confusion here because if a voter who signed the petition read only the request to the Governor, it is clear that such a voter thought he was requesting the submission of a constitutional amendment. On the other hand, it is equally clear that if a voter read the body of the proposed measure, he would conclude from the language contained in the “proposal” that he was signing a request to submit a proposed legislative act.

In oral argument in this case it is conceded that this proposal was not carefully prepared to be submitted as a possible constitutional amendment. I think that is a grave understatement. Originally great care was exercised in the drafting of each section and of each sentence in our Constitution. That has been generally true of each amendment subsequently adopted, and that is the least that should characterize any proposed amendment to our fundamental law as set out and perpetuated in our Constitution. I find that this proposal is not at all proper, that it is critically improper from beginning to end as a proposed constitutional amendment. It is this court’s duty to sustain the protest on that account, in my view.

For the reasons stated I respectfully dissent to the majority holding that this “proposal” above quoted is proper to be submitted for adoption as a constitutional amendment.

I am authorized to say that DAVISON and JOHNSON, JJ., concur herein.

In Re Initiative Petition Number 259, State Question 376

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