dissenting.
It is undisputed that claimant suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder, that the condition is disabling, and that it is work-related. All three psychiatrists (Granacher, Ludwig and Ruth) as well as the psychologist, Allen, were in agreement on all points.
Moreover, the Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) determined that the condition was due to working gruesome crime scenes. In his opinion, however, it was not an “injury” as defined by KRS 342.0011(1) and therefore not compensable. See Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government v. West, 52 S.W.3d 564 (Ky.2001).
Having determined the evidence did not compel a finding that the condition resulted from a “physically traumatic event,” as explained in West, the Workers’ Compensation Board (Board), the Court of Appeals and this Court, have affirmed. For reasons set out, I respectfully dissent.
Claimant began working as a police officer for the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government in October, 1986. His claim alleged that as of January 19, 2001, he suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder, panic attacks, and other psychological or psychiatric conditions that were attributable to a gradual, or cumulative, injury resulting from the violent nature of his job.
After completing the police academy, he began working on patrol. His duties included responding to accidents, taking burglary reports, and attempting to deter crime. He stated that he was involved in a number of fights over the years. On two occasions while he was a patrolman, he experienced life-threatening events, and these occasions included physical fights involving the claimant and the suspects being arrested. One occasion involved a domestic disturbance where the husband was physically beating his wife and when claimant tried to stop him, the angry husband pulled a knife on claimant and threatened to kill him. Claimant persuaded the suspect to put his knife away but they then fought physically and the suspect slammed claimant up against a wall. Claimant suffered scratches, bruises and soreness. On another occasion, claimant made a night traffic stop and asked the driver to produce his license and registration. The driver reached down under the seat and claimant thought he might be reaching for a weapon. Claimant drew his weapon and ordered him out of the car, but as he came out, he grabbed the barrel of claimant’s weapon. Claimant ordered him to let go and he did. Claimant put his gun in his holster but then the two fought and rolled *461around on the street. Later several other occupants of the car started getting out to assist the driver. Claimant drew his weapon again and threatened to shoot them if they did not get back in the car. A back-up officer soon arrived and helped claimant regain control. Again, claimant suffered minor injuries, including scratches and bruises.
On May 28, 1990, the claimant transferred to the Crime Scene Investigation Unit (CSI), where he was responsible for attending crime scenes, collecting, documenting, and preserving evidence therefrom. The work involved daily exposure to the details of extreme and graphic violence. As acknowledged by the Board, the claimant, “on almost a daily basis, would be called upon to observe scenes of incredible violence.”
In the early to mid-1990s, the claimant began to experience headaches and stomach discomfort. His symptoms worsened appreciably after working a scene where two of his fellow officers were shot. On occasion, he experienced chest pains severe enough that he went to the hospital, thinking he was having a heart attack. At the time, he attributed his symptoms to “burn out” from the long hours and irregular sleep patterns that resulted. Once while seeing Dr. Bailey, the doctor discussed the possibility that the origin of the symptoms might be psychological, but claimant asked that nothing be put in his records that would jeopardize his employment.
At some point, he began to have nightmares and thoughts he called “hauntings,” (flashbacks) in which he relived some of the life-threatening arrests he’d been involved in, as well as the crime scenes he’d worked. He also realized that he had over-reacted to certain situations, explaining how ... on one traffic stop, he’d drawn his pistol on an elderly lady when she began to reach under her seat — he was so afraid. Convinced he needed a job with regular hours, he requested another transfer. On August 5, 1996, he was transferred to the Auto Theft Unit. Yet, the flashbacks and nightmares became more intense and more frequent. He began to withdraw from contact with other people.
In July, 2000 he was transferred to the Robbery Unit. This involved everything from purse snatchings to bank robberies, but still exposure to violent crime scenes. He informed his superiors at the time that he was experiencing stress but was not specific about the cause or symptoms. Then, in October, 2000, he responded to the scene of a robbery where a body was found. As he approached the home — he saw the medical team — he went into a panic and broke down. Shortly thereafter, he told the Chief that his job was too stressful and was endangering his health.
On October 30, 2000, claimant transferred to Community Service, a light-duty assignment. He explained that thirty days of light duty were required before requesting disability retirement. During this period, he contemplated suicide and recognized that he needed professional help. He sought treatment with Dr. Allen, who diagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder and informed him of the diagnosis on December 11, 2000.
He was placed on medical leave on January 19, 2001, and has not worked since. He applied for disability retirement shortly thereafter. It was approved following evaluations by Drs. Ruth and Ludwig, both of whom provided evidence in this claim.
Initially he testified, as he understood it, that he suffered no “physical” injuries as a police officer. Later he acknowledged he had been involved in dangerous scuffles on at least two occasions. He did sustain “bruises and abrasions” in the incidents, but sought no medical treatment.
*462Dr. Ludwig, a psychiatrist, diagnosed major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. He attributed the conditions entirely to the claimant’s exposure to scenes of violence and death in his work. In his opinion, they were permanently and totally disabling with regard to the claimant’s ability to work as a police officer.
Dr. Ruth, a psychiatrist, examined the claimant and concluded that he could not return to work as a police officer. In his opinion, the claimant’s post-traumatic stress disorder was caused by repeated exposure to signs of violence while investigating crime scenes. He assigned a 15% AMA impairment under the last edition that provided percentage ratings.
Dr. Allen, the treating clinical psychologist, took a history consistent with that to which the claimant testified. He diagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder due to the cumulative stress of the claimant’s work. He thought that, with treatment, the claimant would be able to perform work other than as a police officer.
In a supplemental report, Dr. Allen stated the claimant reported several occasions in which he was injured while in the line of duty and that some of those altercations reappeared consistently in his nightmares. In one particular event, he found it necessary to pull his gun on a knife-wielding assailant following a fight in which he was injured. In Dr. Allen’s opinion, repeated physical harm or threat of physical harm had increased the claimant’s general level of arousal and anxiety. He concluded, therefore, that the physical nature of the claimant’s work and “consequent or potential injuries” were “an important part of the core experiences which led to his Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.”
When deposed by the employer, Dr. Allen was questioned about whether any physical events in which the claimant was involved had evoked the intense fear, helplessness, or horror that the DSM-IV required for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. He stated that during physical altercations, such as being confronted by a knife-wielding husband during a domestic disturbance, the thought that one might be injured significantly is going to occur and did occur to the claimant. He stated that such events happened “within the context of a much larger picture of very traumatic, horrific events and situations that he has dealt with.” He characterized any attempt to attribute the claimant’s condition to any particular event as splitting hairs.
When questioned further about any physical injuries claimant may have reported, Dr. Allen noted that it was not his experience for an individual to report a medical problem such as a cut that required stitches as being a significant injury unless it required ongoing medical treatment. Dr. Allen explained that two classes of situations were involved, (1) situations in which the claimant perceived the potential of personal harm and (2) those in which he witnessed extraordinarily horrific crime scenes. He attributed the claimant’s condition to the cumulative effects of all of his experiences as a police officer, particularly to the CSI investigations. He viewed claimant’s investigation of the 1996 shooting of two of his fellow officers as being significant in precipitating his symptoms.
Dr. Granacher examined claimant and performed psychological testing. He reported that claimant sustained a 20% whole-body psychiatric impairment due to post-traumatic stress disorder. He attributed the condition to the cumulative emotional stress of claimant’s work, noting that the condition is common in police and fire personnel. He thought that claimant could be productive and successful in a different type of work. In Dr. Granacher’s opinion, claimant’s post-traumatic *463stress disorder was due to “psychological events” and was in no way a direct result of a “physical injury,” as he interpreted it.
More illuminating to this discussion, Dr. Granacher also testified that people suffering from PTSD will have nightmares and flashbacks of the events that caused the disorder. This is entirely consistent with claimant’s nightmares and flashbacks (hauntings), where he relives the gruesome crime scenes he’s worked, as well as the life-threatening events he personally experienced as an officer.
After summarizing the evidence, the ALJ noted that the case turned on whether claimant’s psychological, psychiatric, or stress-related condition was a direct result of a physical injury (to the claimant). KRS 342.0011(1). Dr. Allen, in his view, related the condition to a physically traumatic event. Relying instead on testimony from Drs. Ruth, Ludwig, and Granacher, the ALJ determined that claimant’s post-traumatic stress disorder and resulting impairment were not a direct result of a “physical injury.”
For the purposes of Chapter 342, the word “injury” is a term of art. Before December 12, 1996, KRS 342.0011(1) defined “injury” as being a harmful change in the human organism. Since December 12, 1996, KRS 342.0011(1) has defined an “injury” as being a “work-related traumatic” event, or series of such events, that cause a harmful change in the human organism. In the same view, the statute requires that a psychological, psychiatric, or stress-related change in the human organism must be “a direct result of a physical injury.”
Noting that KRS 342.0011(1) now defines an “injury” as being a traumatic event, or series of events, rather than a harmful change, this court determined in Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government v. West, 52 S.W.3d 564 (Ky.2001), that a psychological, psychiatric, or stress-related change in the human organism must directly result from a “physically traumatic event” or series of events in order to be viewed as being an injury. However, it was unnecessary for every traumatic event in a series causing psychological or psychiatric harm to involve physical rather than emotional trauma. Id. at 567.
In West, this court addressed the facts that were present and to be considered on remand, stating that if the first in a series of traumatic events involves physical trauma and if the event is a direct and proximate cause of the worker’s psychological harm, the worker has sustained an “injury” under KRS 342.0011(1). Id. Like Officer West, claimant sustained both physical and emotional trauma, but in his case the emotional trauma was due to a frequent exposure to scenes of graphic physical violence. He supported his claim with evidence conducive to a belief that his PTSD was caused by a mixture of “physically traumatic events” to himself and others.
In this case, the medical evidence is unanimous; the claimant suffers from PTSD. With this in mind, it is important to point out that one of the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD is a requirement that the person experienced or witnessed or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others.1 It is notable that included among those who are particularly susceptible to PTSD, due to the frequency of their exposure to such events, are “first responders,” such as soldiers, police officers (as in the case at bar and West), firefighters and rescuers. One *464need only recall the numerous veterans with PTSD that have returned physically unscathed from war, yet mentally or emotionally damaged by the shock, or gruesomeness, of what physically happened to others.
A thorough understanding of the circumstances which led the legislature to revise the definition of injury in KRS 342.0011(1) in 1994 and to impose even more sweeping amendments to the Kentucky Workers’ Compensation Act in 1996 includes the knowledge that it was largely in response to what many considered a lack of “objectivity” in who was truly injured and deserving of compensation benefits by reason of disability produced by work. Thus, the legislature enacted more precise guides and criteria as a requisite for compensability. This included the mandatory use of the AMA’s Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment pursuant to KRS 342.730 and revision of certain definitions in KRS 342.0011. KRS 342.0011(1), (11), and (33)-(36). However, none of the amendments signaled an intention on the part of the General Assembly to retreat from the well-established concept that workers’ compensation statutes are to be interpreted in a manner consistent with their munificent and beneficent purpose. Jewish Hospital v. Ray, 131 S.W.3d 760 (Ky.App.2004); Dick v. International Harvester Co., 310 S.W.2d 514, 515 (Ky.1958); see also KRS 446.080.
The operative language of KRS 342.0011(1) which was seen as an impediment to compensability by the Administrative Law Judge in the case at bar is that which states that ... “injury” ... shall not include a psychological, psychiatric, or stress-related change in the human organism, unless it is a direct result of a physical injury. Certainly, if the “physical injury” referred to must be an injury to the disabled worker seeking compensation, then it was within the ALJ’s authority to rely on Drs. Ruth, Ludwig, and Granacher, rather than Dr. Allen. However, given the DSM-IV criteria referred to above, which includes threats and injuries to others, the definition of injury should be construed as meaning that the “physical injury” or “physically traumatic event,” or events, which must constitute a nexus between the psychological injury and physical injury, may include events involving physical trauma to others. Such an interpretation promotes the munificent and beneficent purpose of the Act while maintaining objectivity. It is consistent with West and medical science, and more importantly, emphasizes the significance of the “physically traumatic event,” or events, which we held in West as the meaning of “physical injury” under KRS 342.0011(1) post December 12,1996.
LAMBERT, C.J., and GRAVES, J., join this dissent.
. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition.