dissenting.
The majority confuses the standard for analysis of the sufficiency of the evidence with the standard for determining whether a jury instruction on a lesser included offense is warranted. Because the majority holds that Appellant is not entitled to a jury charge on murder despite the evidence that the theft was an afterthought and despite the evidence that the complainant owed Appellant $300 worth of the property, including the twenty dollars Appellant took from the body and $280 worth of the remaining items, I must respectfully dissent from the majority’s holding that Appellant was not entitled to a jury instruction on the lesser included offense of murder.
When there is evidence from any source that negates or refutes the element establishing the greater offense, if it could lead a rational juror to acquit the defendant of the greater offense while convicting him of the lesser included offense, we must take it as true in determining whether Appellant was entitled to the requested jury instruc*89tions.2 The majority sets out the correct standard of review but, unfortunately, does not employ it in its analysis. The issue in this case is whether there is any evidence which, if believed, could lead a rational juror to conclude that (1) the intent to steal was formulated after the murder, (2) consequently, there was no robbery,3 (3) consequently, there was no murder in the course of committing robbery, the type of capital murder at issue,4 and (4) therefore Appellant is guilty, if at all, only of murder.5 If there is such evidence from any source, no matter how credible or weak, then Appellant was entitled to an instruction on murder.6
A person commits capital murder if he intentionally causes the death of another person in the course of committing or attempting to commit robbery.7 The elements of robbery are that, in the course of appropriating property without the own: er’s effective consent and with intent to deprive the owner of that property (that is, in the course of committing theft), a person “(1) intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another; or (2) intentionally or knowingly threatens or places another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death.”8 “ ‘[Ojwner’ means a person ... who has title to the property, possession of the property, whether lawful or not, or a greater right to possession of the property than the actor.”9 In criminal law the issue of ownership, an element of the offense, is a question of fact for the jury to determine.10
Robbery requires assault in the course of committing theft.11 “In the course of committing theft” means during an attempt to commit, during the commission, or in immediate flight after the attempt or commission of theft.12 The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has recently reaffirmed the principle that “[f]or a murder involving a theft to constitute a capital murder committed in the course of a robbery, the intent to rob must be formulated before or at the time of the murder.”13 The elements at issue here are who owned the property taken and when did Appellant form the intent to take the complainant’s property?
The record reflects that Appellant made at least three statements to police officers. One statement was written, one was an oral, recorded statement, and the other was oral but not recorded. There is testi*90mony in the record relating the substance of the unrecorded statement.
Once inside the complainant’s house, Appellant argued with the complainant about the complainant’s refusal to pay Appellant the approximately $300 he owed him. Appellant demanded his money, and the complainant said that he was not going to give him the money. The two men were yelling and angry, and Appellant punched the complainant with his fist. The complainant retaliated, and the men wrestled until Appellant overcame the complainant. Appellant said,
[A]t this point if I ... went this far ... came to his house beat him up ... as far as money I was gonna get the money ... you know ... so ... start what I finish ... so I went to his kitchen pulled out the knife and uh ... I mean I wasn’t gonna do nothing with it ... I was just gonna tell him you know ... I’m serious man you need to give me my money ... you know ... had that knife in my hand ... I mean the best thing for you to do is just give me the money ... that’s what I ... basically I was telling him I wasn’t gonna do nothing with it I promise....
Appellant reiterated that he was not going to use the knife and described the complainant’s actions:
[A]nd then he composed himself and got up near me ... no one can come in here (unintelligible) pull out a knife on me ... I try to be an opponent to violence now days ... now we have to get in to all this ... I didn’t wanna ... I came over here just to get my money and be on my way ... and uh ... so he swung ... and uh ... you know ... then he kept lunging at me you know swinging ... I just reacted ... so I stuck him with the knife.-... And it was a steady struggle....
After Appellant stabbed the complainant to death, he took twenty dollars from the complainant’s pocket. Because the twenty dollars fell far short of the nearly $300 that Appellant contended that the complainant owed him, Appellant took additional property to make up the difference. He took the complainant’s television set, a DVD player, some movies, a cell phone, and some marihuana. When he left, Appellant drove off in the complainant’s Cadillac.
There is no direct evidence of the value of the property Appellant took from the complainant. A jury, however, could reasonably conclude that the combined value of all the items exceeded $300, the amount that Appellant claimed the complainant owed him. Because the jury could reasonably conclude that the value of the property taken exceeded the value of the claimed debt, it could also reasonably conclude that the excess property was stolen. Again, Appellant admitted to taking the property.
Appellant claimed ownership of the property he first took, that is, the twenty dollars he took from the complainant’s body. His statement, taken as true, made clear that the complainant was refusing to return the money belonging to Appellant. If the complainant was not the owner, then there could be no theft and, consequently, no robbery.
Our sister court in Houston addressed the issue of whether debt collection constitutes theft in the context of a shooting in the course of collecting a debt in Collins v. State.14 The Collins court stated that, where the defendant claimed the complainant owed him thirty dollars that he had spent repairing her car, demanding payment with a shotgun was not the legal *91method of exercising a lien.15 In the first place, the Houston court announced, the hen should be exercised against the car, not against the debtor.16 In the second place, the court claimed, force may not be used to collect a debt.17 The Collins court opined,
To hold that a creditor’s assault upon a debtor for the purpose of cohecting a debt does not constitute a robbery would be establishing a dangerous precedent, since it would authorize the accused not only to decide his own injury or damage but to enforce the collection thereof by force and violence. This is contrary to the policy of our form of government. Crawford v. State, 509 S.W.2d 582 (Tex.Crim.App.1974); Henderson v. State, 149 Tex.Crim. 167, 192 S.W.2d 446 (Tex.Crim.App.1946).18
The Collins opinion turns, in part, on the fact that the debt was based on unliq-uidated damages. Unfortunately, the Collins court does not cite us to authority to explain why the taking of an agreed sum of money owed is theft. That is, the Collins court does not explain how it reaches the theft element of aggravated robbery to create a robbery instead of aggravated assault. Additionally, the Collins court does not explain whether demanding return of readily identifiable property, such as an automobile owned by the defendant or a handgun registered to the defendant, would be analyzed in the way the court analyzed the exercise of a hen.
In Crawford v. State,19 Presiding Judge Onion was faced with a situation similar to the situation this court now considers and discussed the question of whether a creditor’s assault upon a debtor constitutes robbery:
Appellant contends that although some later opinions, without mention of Barton [v. State, 88 Tex.Crim. 368, 227 S.W. 317 (Tex.Crim.App.1921)], have reverted to the Fanin holding, Barton has not been overruled and is still viable20 and is here controlling.
Even if Barton is alive and well, as appellant contends, and even if the fact situation in the instant case can be stretched to cover a creditor-debtor situation, the appellant cannot prevail.
In Bass v. State, [206 S.W.2d 599 (Tex.Crim.App.1947)] it was written:
We think that the principle involved in the Barton case does not avail one who takes not only property which he claims but other property at the same time. The appellant says he claims only $3.85, but admits taking $20.
In the instant case the appellant paid the complainant’s bill of $14.40 without request. If a creditor-debtor relationship was established, the money actually taken at the time of the alleged offense was far in excess of $14.40.
*92Still further, to eliminate any confusion in the prior holding of this court, we overrule Barton v. State.21
Unfortunately, the Crawford court did not completely answer the question of whether a creditor’s assault upon a debtor for the purpose of collecting a debt is robbery. We do not know whether taking by force the amount owed or less than the amount owed is robbery. The case now before this court differs from Crawford in a significant circumstance. The complainant in Crawford was in fear of death or bodily injury during the entire transaction, including both the time the defendant took what he claimed he was owed and the time he took more than he was owed. Crawford turns on the fact that by taking more than he was owed, the defendant committed theft and therefore robbery.22
Consequently, Appellant’s statement raises the issue of whether the complainant owned up to $300 of the property taken. It also raises the issue of when Appellant decided to take more than he was rightfully owed.
According to his statement, Appellant stabbed and killed the complainant while he and the complainant were fighting because the complainant refused to repay money he had borrowed from Appellant. Appellant’s statement makes clear that the fight was not a struggle over the money and did not involve an attempt by Appellant to wrest the funds from the complainant or to physically force the complainant to hand over the money. Appellant had gone to the complainant’s apartment because he was trying to collect the money the complainant owed him. After Appellant saw that the complainant was dead, he looked in the complainant’s pockets for the money that the complainant owed him.
A reasonable juror could conclude from Appellant’s statement that only after Appellant discovered that the complainant had only twenty dollars in cash did he decide to take the complainant’s other property and formulate the intent to steal. That is, a reasonable juror could conclude that the intent to steal was formulated after the murder and was, therefore, an afterthought.
As I understand the statutes and case-law, although Appellant committed murder under this scenario raised by his statement admitted into evidence, he did not commit the murder in the course of committing theft because the taking of the property of another did not occur until he took property exceeding the value of the debt. Consequently, I believe that Appellant’s statement raised the issues of ownership of the $300, whether the murder was committed in the heat of battle rather than in the course of committing theft, and whether the intent to steal arose well after the murder. If Appellant’s statement is taken as true, which we must do in determining whether a lesser included offense instruction is warranted,23 there could be no robbery and no capital murder based on robbery.
The majority may be correct in concluding that the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s verdict. But Appellant’s point on appeal does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence. The majority does not explain how Appellant’s statement does not raise the issue of the ownership element of theft. The majority also does not explain how Appellant’s statement does not raise the issue of whether *93the intent to commit theft arose after the murder was completed. While we may be in sympathy with the policy arguments advanced by the Collins court, we are restrained by the clear language of the robbery statute.24 Robbery requires theft.25 Capital murder as validly charged in this case requires intentional murder in the course of committing robbery, not as an incident to robbery.26 Although we might feel that the statute should be rewritten, it is not within our province to do so.27 That authority rests solely with the legislature.28
Although the jury was free to believe or disbelieve the relevant portion of Appellant’s confession, the statement constitutes some evidence that the murder was not committed in the course of committing robbery. The issues before us are whether Appellant was entitled to a lesser included offense instruction on murder and whether the trial court’s failure to give him that instruction entitles him to a new trial in this case. I would hold that the answer to both of those questions is yes and reverse the ease for a new trial on the merits. Because the majority affirms the trial court’s judgment, I dissent.
. See Schweinle v. State, 915 S.W.2d 17, 19 (Tex.Crim.App.1996); Saunders v. State, 840 S.W.2d 390, 391-92 (Tex.Crim.App.1992).
. See Tex Penal Code Ann. § 29.02(a) (Vernon 2003).
. Id. § 19.03(a)(2) (Vernon Supp.2004-05). Although. Appellant was indicted for and the jury was charged on capital murder in the course of burglary and capital murder in the course of robbery, the majority apparently concedes that there is evidence in the record that Appellant entered the complainant’s home with his effective consent and no evidence to the contrary.
. See Schweinle, 915 S.W.2d at 19; Saunders, 840 S.W.2d at 391-92.
. See Moore v. State, 969 S.W.2d 4, 8 (Tex.Crim.App.1998); Schweinle, 915 S.W.2d at 19; Saunders, 840 S.W.2d at 391-92.
. Tex Penal Code Ann. § 19.03(a)(2).
. Id. § 29.02(a).
. Id. § 1.07(a)(35)(A) (Vernon Supp.2004-05).
. Freeman v. State, 707 S.W.2d 597, 604—605 (Tex.Crim.App.1986).
. Tex Penal Code Ann. § 29.02.
. Id. § 29.01(1).
. Herrin v. State, 125 S.W.3d 436, 441 (Tex.Crim.App.2002) (citing Conner v. State, 67 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex.Crim.App.2001)).
. 800 S.W.2d 267, 269 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, no pet.).
. Id.
. Id.
. Id.
. Id.
. 509 S.W.2d 582, 584-86 (Tex.Crim.App.1974).
. In Wharton’s Criminal Law, Vol. 2 Sec. 550, p. 250, it is said:
Except in a few jurisdictions, a creditor’s taking of money from his debtor to satisfy or secure the obligation, either by force or intimidation, is not regarded as robbery, the generally accepted doctrine being that the requisite animus furandi cannot exist when the property is taken under a bona fide claim of right. The rule is different however, in some jurisdictions, as to the forcible taking of property for the purpose of collecting uncertain, unliquidated damages, and such a taking will support a prosecution for robbery.
. Crawford, 509 S.W.2d at 584-86 (selected footnotes and citations omitted; footnotes in original).
. See id. at 586.
. See Schweinle, 915 S.W.2d at 19; Saunders, 840 S.W.2d at 391-92.
. See Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex.Crim.App.1991).
. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 29.02(a).
. See id. § 19.03(a)(2).
. See Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at 785.
. See id.