We granted leave to appeal in these cases to decide whether, in a prosecution for kidnapping and first-degree criminal sexual conduct, the trial court erred reversibly in instructing that the asportation element of kidnapping would be satisfied if the jury found the movement of the victim to be incidental to the commission of the underlying coequal1 offense of first-degree criminal sexual conduct. 407 Mich 902 (1979).
We hold that the trial courts erred in instructing the jurors that asportation of the victims that is incidental to the commission of the sexual offense is sufficient to satisfy the asportation element of the kidnapping charge. We adopt the pertinent statement of facts in the Court of Appeals opinions.
*296I. People v Barker
"Defendants were each charged with one count of kidnapping, MCL 750.349; MSA 28.581, and one count of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b(1); MSA 28.788(2)(1). Each crime is punishable by any term of imprisonment up to life. The complainant charged that defendants forced her into their automobile, knocked her unconscious, drove some 15 to 18 miles into the country and there raped her.
"Defendant Barker was convicted by a jury of kidnapping and third-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520d; MSA 28.788(4), and was sentenced to two concurrent prison terms of 18 months. Defendant Slay-ton was convicted of kidnapping, but acquitted of any criminal sexual conduct, and was sentenced to five years of probation, six months of which were to be spent in prison.” People v Barker, 90 Mich App 151; 282 NW2d 266 (1979).
Defendant Slayton appealed as of right. Defendant Barker was granted a delayed appeal. Their appeals were consolidated for review by the Court of Appeals.
On appeal, the Court of Appeals reversed the kidnapping convictions of both defendants, holding that the trial court committed reversible error by instructing the jury that they could satisfy the required asportation element of kidnapping by finding the existence of movement that is merely incidental to the offense of criminal sexual conduct.
The Court opined that the rule set forth in People v Adams, 389 Mich 222, 236; 205 NW2d 415 (1973),2 is not limited solely to the prevention of *297the distortion of lesser offenses into those more serious, but to further prevent one crime from being transformed into two (e.g., kidnapping and rape), and that those decisions holding Adams applicable to coequal offenses represent the better reasoned approach.
II. People v Lynn
"On June 22, 1977, defendant was found guilty of one count of kidnapping, MCL 750.349; MSA 28.581, and one count of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b; MSA 28.788(2). On July 7, 1977, he was sentenced to concurrent terms of life imprisonment. Defendant now appeals as of right.
"At trial, Tammy Trombley, the 10-1/2-year-old complainant, testified that on the night of February 24, 1977, she was home with her 13-year-old brother. At approximately 8:30 p.m., a man, later identified as defendant, came to their apartment and asked to use the phone. After obtaining admittance to the premises he brandished a knife and took some money from the complainant’s brother. The complainant’s preliminary examination testimony, which was read at trial, also established that the defendant had also taken a ring from the apartment.
"The complainant testified that after the robbery defendant carried her to a nearby apartment. At this time he forced her to engage in fellatio and unsuccessfully attempted to engage in sexual intercourse with her.” People v Lynn, 91 Mich App 117; 283 NW2d 664 (1979).
The Court of Appeals reversed defendant’s conviction of kidnapping and remanded for a new trial because the trial court erroneously charged the jury that the asportation needed to establish the kidnapping charge could be incidental to the commission of first-degree criminal sexual conduct.
*298III
We note disagreement among Court of Appeals panels on the issue of whether the asportation element required for kidnapping may be incidental to another offense when the punishment for that offense is equal to that for kidnapping.3
In People v Adams, 389 Mich 222; 205 NW2d 415 (1973), we upheld the constitutionality of the Michigan kidnapping statute, MCL 750.349; MSA 28.581. The problem we confronted was expressed in Judge Levin’s analysis in People v Otis Adams, 34 Mich App 546, 560-561; 192 NW2d 19 (1971):
"It is obvious that virtually any assault, any battery, any rape, or any robbery involves some 'intentional confinement’ of the person of the victim. To read the kidnapping statute literally is to convert a misdemeanor, for example, assault and battery, into a capital offense. A literal reading of the kidnapping statute would permit a prosecutor to aggravate the charges against any assailant, robber, or rapist by charging the literal violation of the kidnapping statute which must inevitably accompany each of those offenses.
"Just as it is obvious that the Legislature did not *299intend the kidnapping statute to expose virtually every other crime against the person to capital sanctions, so too it is obvious that the language of the statute provides no standards for determining who shall be punished for its violation.”
The solution to cure the overbreadth of the statute was to interpolate the requirement of asportation. As to this requirement, we held:
"[T]he movement element must not be merely incidental to the commission of a lesser underlying crime, i.e., it must be incidental to the commission of the kidnapping.” 389 Mich 222, 236.
Our decision in Adams served to prevent the escalation of charges from a lesser offense to a greater capital offense by requiring the jury to find asportation or its equivalent in order to find the accused guilty of the separate crime of kidnapping. A similar concern exists when the underlying crime is coequal as to its punishment.4
Adams established the rule that movement, to *300be sufficient to meet the asportation requirement for kidnapping, must not be "merely incidental” to an underlying lesser offense, "it must be incidental to the commission of the kidnapping”.
When it is necessary to find asportation in order to find guilt of kidnapping, it must be shown to be movement having significance independent of any accompanying offense. A course of movement incidental to both a kidnapping and another offense could be of such quality and character as to supply the asportation element of kidnapping.
In Adams we recognized that finding movement sufficient to satisfy the asportation element is a complex determination. To aid the factfinder in making this determination we set forth factors to be considered.5 In cases where a defendant has chosen to be tried by a jury, the following declaration expressed in Adams applies:
" 'Jurors are the sole judges of the facts and neither the trial court nor this court can interfere with their exercise of that right.’ People v Miller, 301 Mich 93, 100 [3 NW2d 23] (1942). And in People v Putnam, 323 Mich 374, 379 [35 NW2d 279] (1948), Justice Boyles stated, 'It *301is not the province of the Court to usurp the proper functions of the jury in determining issues of fact. It is not for the Court to say that the jury would have so found, if the issue had been submitted to it.’ ” 389 Mich 222, 238-239.
The jury instructions given in these cases allowed the jury to infer the required asportation element for kidnapping from movement which is merely incidental to the underlying crime. Essentially, the instructions directed that if the jury found there was movement either for the purpose of kidnapping of the victim or to commit the crime of criminal sexual conduct, this would be sufficient for the asportation element of kidnapping. This instruction did not inform the jury that asportation for the purpose of kidnapping was essential, and served to usurp from their province the necessity of finding that crucial element.
We hold that it was reversible error for the trial courts in these cases to instruct the jury that the asportation element of kidnapping would be satisfied if the jury found the movement of the victim to be incidental to the commission of the underlying coequal offense of first-degree criminal sexual conduct. In all cases where the charge is kidnapping, except as noted in Adams, in order to find defendant guilty, the factfinder must be satisfied that there was movement sufficient to satisfy the asportation requirement or its equivalent. Where applicable, the asportation element is crucial, regardless of the length of punishment mandated by the Legislature. To hold otherwise would be to assert that the overbreadth problem we confronted in Adams is immaterial in cases where another serious crime is committed.
Our holding does not preclude the possibility of the concurrent commission of first-degree criminal *302sexual conduct and kidnapping. A properly instructed jury could find under the facts of a particular case, for example, that movement of the rape victim was sufficient to satisfy the requisite asportation element for a kidnapping conviction.
We affirm the Court of Appeals in both of these cases.6
Coleman, C.J., and Williams and Blair Moody, Jr., JJ., concurred with Fitzgerald, J.Coequal is in reference to the length of punishment mandated by the Legislature for the offense.
Movement "merely incidental to the commission of’ an underlying lesser offense is insufficient to satisfy the asportation element of kidnapping.
In People v Worden, 71 Mich App 507, 513-514; 248 NW2d 597 (1976), where the charges were kidnapping and armed robbery, coequal offenses, the Court of Appeals held Adams applicable:
"While it is true that the Adams Court was concerned with the conversion of a simple crime into a capital offense, the logic of the opinion goes further and is directed to prohibiting any conversion of a single offense into two offenses. Thus it matters not whether the single offense is a minor misdemeanor such as simple assault or a capital felony such as armed robbery.”
To the contrary is People v Hardesty, 67 Mich App 376; 241 NW2d 214 (1976), which relied on the Court’s quotation from People v Miles, 23 NY2d 527, 540; 245 NE2d 688, 695 (1969), that the Adams rule " 'was designed to prevent gross distortion of lesser crimes into a much more serious crime by excess of prosecutorial zeal’ 389 Mich 232. The panel in Hardesty held that Adams was limited in application to situations where the underlying or other offense constituted a "lesser crime”.
As noted by the Court of Appeals panel in People v Barker, 90 Mich App 151, 156-157; 282 NW2d 266 (1979):
"We are of the opinion that the thrust of Adams is not limited solely to the prevention of the distortion of lesser offenses into those more serious, but to further prevent one crime from being transformed into two (e.g., kidnapping and rape), and that those decisions holding Adams applicable to coequal offenses represent the better reasoned approach.
"It may be argued that a danger perceived by Adams, that of excessive prosecutorial zeal, is not as prevalent where two capital offenses are involved, inasmuch as the result would be two concurrent sentences of up to life instead of one.
"While it is certainly true that multiple sentences in Michigan run concurrently, it is also true that the conversion of a single capital offense into two capital offenses by charging incidental movement of the victim results in not only perhaps an additional concurrent sentence up to life, but also in two chances for conviction instead of only one. It is entirely possible for the jury to acquit on the charge underlying the kidnapping but convict on the latter. For this reason, the danger of 'excessive prosecutorial zeal’ is equally present.”
"2. The movement element is not sufficient if it is 'merely incidental’ to the commission of another underlying lesser crime.
"3. If the underlying crime involves murder, extortion or taking a hostage, movement incidental thereto is generally sufficient to establish a valid statutory kidnapping.
"4. If the movement adds either a greater danger or threat thereof, that is a factor in considering whether the movement adquately constitutes the necessary legal asportation, but there could be asportation without this element of additional danger so long as the movement was incidental to a kidnapping and not a lesser crime.
"5. Where appropriate, secret confinement or some other non-movement factor may supply a necessary alternative to asportation to complete statutory kidnapping.
"6. Whether or not a particular movement constitutes statutory asportation or whether there is an appropriate alternative element must be determined from all the circumstances under the standards set out above and is a question of fact for the jury.” 389 Mich 222, 238.
This holding is limited to pending and future cases where the issue has been preserved.