(separate opinion). I concur with Justice Riley’s opinion, but write separately to state the following.
INTERPRETATION OF CONST 1963, ART 9, § 24
Michigan has long held that when interpreting the constitution it is the duty of the Court to determine the dominant purpose of the people when they approved the provision in question.
"A Constitution is made for the people and by the people. The interpretation that should be given it is that which reasonable minds, the great mass of the people themselves, would give it. 'For as the Constitution does not derive its force from the convention which framed [it], but from the people who ratified it, the intent to be arrived at is that of the people, and it is not to be supposed that they have looked for any dark or abstruse meaning in the words employed, but rather that they have accepted them in the sense most obvious to the common understanding ....’” [Michigan Farm Bureau v Secretary of State, 379 Mich 387, 391; 151 NW2d 797 (1967), quoting Cooley, Constitutional Limitations (6th ed), p 81, quoting May v Topping, 65 W Va 656, 660; 64 SE 848 (1909).]
The Court may also examine the historical circumstances surrounding the adoption of a constitutional provision in order to ascertain its common understanding. People v Harding, 53 Mich 481, 485; 19 NW 155 (1884); Traverse City School Dist v Attorney General, 384 Mich 390, 405; 185 NW2d 9 (1971). The intent of the framers as contained in the record of the Constitutional Convention is a helpful aid in clarifying any ambiguous provisions. People v Blodgett, 13 Mich 127, 165 (1865); Re*579gents of the Univ of Michigan v Michigan, 395 Mich 52, 60; 235 NW2d 1 (1975).
The constitutional provision at issue reads as follows:
The accrued financial benefits of each pension plan and retirement system of the state and its political subdivisions shall be a contractual obligation thereof which shall not be diminished or impaired thereby.
Financial benefits arising on account of service rendered in each fiscal year shall be funded during that year and such funding shall not be used for financing unfunded accrued liabilities. [Const 1963, art 9, § 24.]
The first paragraph of § 24 defines the scope of its applicability. The financial benefits subject to the prefunding requirement of the second paragraph include only "accrued financial benefits of each pension plan and retirement system.” (Emphasis added.) The pension and retirement systems in place at the time of the 1961 Constitutional Convention consisted solely of monies paid in the form of a monthly stipend to a retired employee based on years of service. To the electorate, the juxtaposition could not have been more clear: financial benefits of each pension plan and retirement system would be prefunded. However, it would not have been anticipated that these systems included health benefits because health benefits simply did not exist, nor were they expressly included within the scope of accrued financial benefits.
The legislative history surrounding enactment of §24 makes clear exactly which "benefits” the Legislature contemplated prefunding: "Now, it is the belief of the committee that the heneñts of pension plans are in a sense deferred compensation for work performed.” 1 Official Record, Consti*580tutional Convention 1961, p 771 (emphasis added). Later in the same discussion, committee member Van Dusen stated:
[T]he words "accrued financial benefits” were used designedly, so that the contractual right of the employee would be limited to the deferred compensation embodied in any pension plan, and that we hope to avoid thereby a proliferation of litigation by individual participants in retirement systems talking about the general benefits structure, or something other than his specific right to receive benefits. [Id. at 773-774 (emphasis added).]
The case before the Court today is exactly the type of litigation that the convention delegates sought to prevent. Health benefits are not a form of "deferred compensation,” but rather have become a part of the general benefits structure. I believe health benefits are not a form of deferred compensation because they are not provided as a form of remuneration for work performed, but rather are more akin to a fringe benefit. MCL 38.1304; MSA 15.893(114) of the Public School Employees Retirement Act defines "compensation” as "remuneration earned by a member for service performed,” but specifically excludes "hospitalization insurance and life insurance premiums, [and] other fringe benefits paid by and from the funds of employers of public school employees . . . .”
I believe that when art 9, § 24 was drafted health care benefits were not included within the scope of prefunded benefits. It was not until 1974, thirteen years after the Constitutional Convention, that health benefits were made available. Because of the growing cost of health care, 1974 PA 244, § 27e provided for a monetary supplement of up to $25 a month for health insurance premiums for retired school personnel. House Legislative Analy*581sis, HB 5888, May 15, 1974. In 1983, the Legislature amended the statute to provide for one hundred percent of employee’s health insurance. 1983 PA 143. The 1983 amendment reiterated the Legislature’s position that "[t]he state has been paying the cost of health insurance premiums for retirants since 1975. The funds for these payments are a line-item in annual appropriations bills.” House Legislative Analysis, HB 4611, June 16, 1983 (emphasis added). If health insurance was constitutionally mandated for prefunding in 1963, why the need for these two pieces of legislation, and why the line-item status?
I believe that the confusion that we face today regarding the status of health care benefits can be traced to 1985 PA 91 (HB 4192). HB 4192 was introduced in response to this Court’s ruling in Kosa v State Treasurer, 408 Mich 356; 292 NW2d 452 (1980). The bill attempted to alter the actuarial basis for determining funding appropriations, but, additionally, it altered the funding status of health care benefits. In the House Legislative Analysis (the publication used to educate the Legislature regarding the purpose for a proposed bill) the following statement is made:
Currently, retirement allowance beneñts are "prefunded” based on a level percentage of payroll determined by actuarial assumptions. Health coverage for retirees is ñnanced by an annual appropriation of the legislature. Under the bill, health coverage would also be "prefundedlanguage specifying an annual appropriation for this purpose would be stricken. [First Analysis, April 24, 1985, p 2 (emphasis added).]
Here the analysis clearly acknowledges that "retirement benefits” are a different class of benefits from "health coverage.” The chronology exposes *582the fact that the Legislature did not believe that § 24 of the constitution mandated that health benefits be prefunded.
Thus, the error of plaintiffs’ position is their assumption that the Legislature can retroactively amend the constitution, e.g., expand the scope of the prefunding requirement, without a public referendum.
CONCLUSION
I believe health care benefits were not contemplated by the drafters of the 1963 Constitution. Furthermore, the Legislature’s decisions first to offer health care benefits to retirees and later to prefund those benefits cannot legitimately be construed as creating a constitutional mandate for prefunding. The Legislature cannot amend the constitution simply by adopting a piece of legislation that incorporates language from a constitutionally mandated provision.
Because I concur with Justice Riley’s analysis of the Governor’s budget-cutting powers and because I believe that health care benefits are not included within the "accrued financial benefits” of art 9, § 24,1 would deny plaintiffs’ request for relief.1
Boyle, J.(separate opinion). After thorough review of the arguments raised by defendants on reconsideration and careful reflection of our position, we would reaffirm all portions of this Court’s April 25, 1995, majority opinion. Musselman v Governor, 448 Mich 503; 533 NW2d 237 (1995).
*583To avoid misinterpretation of the scope and meaning of this Court’s previous opinion, however, we make the following brief observations.
First, the previous opinion in this case addressed only the issue of prefunding requirements for the Michigan Public School Employees Retirement System (mpsers).1 We were not presented with, and did not decide, the question of funding obligations of other systems such as the State Employees Retirement System,2 the Judges Retirement System,3 and the Legislative Retirement System,4— systems in which payment for health care benefits appears to be contingent upon annual appropriations of the Legislature.5 The focus of the prefunding inquiry was the year 1985 and subsequent years when the Legislature deleted the appropriation requirement for mpsers and required the board to pay the entire monthly premium and prefund "health benefits.” Musselman, supra at 505; see 1985 PA 91.
Second, Musselman decided that only health care benefits for the years in question must be prefunded. We did not decide when health care benefits "arise” or "accrue” or what type of prefunding method is necessary to assure the actuarial integrity of the mpsers. As we noted in Shelby Twp Police & Fire Retirement Bd v Shelby Twp, 438 Mich 247, 264; 475 NW2d 249 (1991), there are multiple correct methods of prefunding, and the method most appropriate in a specific situation is a matter of policy. Having found a constitutional obligation to prefund mpsers health care benefits, *584we did not intimate that a particular form of prefunding is required.
Finally, to maintain the status quo during the pendency of this appeal, we granted a temporary injunction and stated:
Pending further order of this Court, defendants State Treasurer and Michigan Public School Employees Retirement Board are to isolate within the reserve for health benefits, MCL 38.1334; MSA 15.893(144), all assets of the fund derived from contributions for prefunding (which the parties have consistently identified as being in the amount of $139.5 million) and refrain from transferring such assets from the reserve. [Musselman v Governor, 449 Mich 1205 (1995).]
This injunction was necessary to prevent the impending transfer of $139.5 million from mpsers to local school districts, monies that pursuant to statute had been set aside for the prefunding of health care benefits. Having affirmed our opinion, we would now extend the temporary injunction until further order of the Court, pending determination after further input from the parties regarding the effect of Proposal A.6
As a result of Proposal a, the full cost of retirement for public school employees has been shifted from the state to local school districts, with the local districts now responsible for all mpsers retirement contributions, including health benefits. In an effort to help the local districts defray some of the cost of funding health benefits, the Legislature provided a one-time payment to local districts of $139.5 million from the mpsers health benefits *585reserve account.7 Absent the injunction entered by this Court on June 19, 1995, the $139.5 million in the mpsers reserve account would have been transferred to local districts on June 20, 1995.
It follows from our conclusion that the constitution requires prefunding of pension benefits unconditionally promised, that this Court has the authority to enjoin dispersal of the $139.5 million in the mpsers health reserve account to pay for unfunded health care obligations. Unlike plaintiff’s request that we "require the Legislature to appropriate funds for retirement health care benefits,” which we would reaffirm we cannot grant, we have the authority to prohibit the transfer of funds "held in reserve for pension payments to pay for unfunded accrued liabilities.” Musselman, supra at 523. In Kosa v State Treasurer, 408 Mich 356, 383; 292 NW2d 452 (1980), this Court stated that "the courts can and will issue mandamus to enforce rights conferred by the 1963 Constitution.” Following this reasoning in Musselman, we reinforced this Court’s earlier statement:
Although lacking power in the instant case to order the state to appropriate money, it is at least clear that a court can prevent the appropriate state officer with a clear legal duty to retain funds from violating that duty "applying] funded reserves to meet unfunded retirement obligations.” *586[Musselman, supra at 523-524, citing Kosa, supra at 382.]
Preventing disbursal of the fund, however, does not necessarily mean that the fund or portions thereof could not be transferred to the local districts, which are now responsible for pension and health benefits, to pay for health care obligations that "arose” during the period those monies were set aside. Although the issue has not been presented or addressed by the parties or the lower courts, we are not aware of any limitation that would prevent the distribution of the account to the local districts, provided the restriction8 on the monies usage transfers as well (i.e., the funds may be used only to fulfill health care obligations that arose during the period in which the monies were set aside). Hypothetically, such a course of action would seem to be consistent with the Court’s intent to protect the obligation without mandating the particular method of protection. Shelby Twp, supra.
Were we in the majority on this issue, we would invite briefing and argument regarding the lawfulness and practical consequences of such a transfer, including, if necessary, referral to a master for findings and recommendations. If it were decided that the promise made to the employees could be realized by transferring the fund with the restrictions intact, the injunction could be modified or dissolved as appropriate and the transfer allowed to take place.
CONCLUSION
We would reaffirm the previous decision of the *587majority and continue the injunction, unless and until modified by further order of the Court.
Cavanagh and Mallett, JJ., concurred with Boyle, J.Because we have addressed the substantive issue we need not address the issue of mandamus. Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy and is appropriate only "when there is, in practical terms, no other remedy, legal or equitable, which might achieve the same result.” Delly v Bureau of State Lottery, 183 Mich App 258, 260; 454 NW2d 141 (1990).
MCL 38.1301 et seq.; MSA 15.893(111) et seq.
MCL 38.1 et seq.; MSA 3.981(1) et seq.
MCL 38.2101 et seq.; MSA 27.125(101) et seq.
MCL 38.1001 et seq.; MSA 2.169(1) et seq.
See MCL 38.38; MSA 3.981(38), MCL 38.2302; MSA 27.125(302), MCL 38.1020; MSA 2.169(20).
Proposal a, a combination of constitutional amendments addressing school finance and tax reform, was approved by the voters in a statewide special election on March 15, 1994. Proposal a amended Const 1963, art 9, §§ 3, 5, 8, 10, 11 and 36.
MCL 388.1747(4); MSA 15.1919(1047), in relevant part, states:
However, for the 1994-95 fiscal year, any payments for health benefits made on behalf of a district or intermediate district that are supported by payments from the balance in the health benefits reserve, not to exceed an aggregate of $139,500,000.00, shall be credited toward the required payment of each district or intermediate district and shall reduce the amount otherwise due from that district or intermediate district.
The restriction being that the monies "shall not be used for financing unfunded accrued liabilities.” Const 1963, art 9, § 24.