We granted leave to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting testimony by defendant’s younger half-sister that he had abused her before abusing the victim in this case, his minor adopted daughter. The Court of Appeals found that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting such testimony.1 We disagree and find that there was no abuse of discretion. People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52; 508 NW2d 114 (1993). Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals.
i
In March, 1994, the victim in this case, the nine-year-old adopted daughter of defendant, told her *492mother, in response to questions, that defendant had engaged in numerous sexual acts with her in 1992, when she was six. During that time, she lived with defendant at her grandparents’ home. When she told her mother that this abuse had occurred, her parents had been divorced approximately two years, since November, 1992, and were engaged in a dispute regarding visitation.
On the basis of the victim’s admissions to her mother, defendant was charged with two counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct2 and one count of second-degree criminal sexual conduct.3
Before trial, the prosecution moved to admit testimony by defendant’s half-sister that he had subjected her to similar sexual conduct and rape. These alleged acts were uncharged and occurred over a fourteen-year period that began in 1977 when the she was four years old, and ended in 1991 when the she was approximately eighteen, three years before the instant case.4 His half-sister testified that the abuse ended only when she became pregnant and told the defendant she would no longer have intercoruse with him.
The trial judge ruled that the evidence was admissible because, in light of this Court’s decision in People v VanderVliet, supra, under MRE 404(b) the probative value of the testimony was not substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect.
The prosecution offered the victim’s testimony that defendant engaged in sexual conduct with her when she was in the first grade and living with him at her *493grandparents’ home. Specifically, she testified that “a lot of times” defendant rubbed his privates on her privates, licked her privates, and made her lick his privates. She indicated that defendant’s privates were located “[b]elow his waist” and that “kiss[ing]” his private meant that she put his private “on” or “in [her] mouth” and “[m]ov[ed her] head up and down.” She further testified that before and after these acts would occur, defendant would show her “dirty magazines and tapes.”
Defendant’s half-sister was twenty-one at the time of trial and testified that defendant is her half-brother and is approximately eight and one-half years older than she. According to her, defendant began abusing her when she was four years old. The abuse began with defendant touching her vagina, and, over the course of the next thirteen years, escalated to cunnilingus and culminated in intercourse.
At trial, defendant entered a general denial with respect to the charges and flatly denied any sexual involvement with his half-sister at any time. The defendant was the main witness for the defense. He claimed that the charges were fabricated in order to prevent him from being able to visit his children. To rebut this allegation, the victim’s mother testified that she never threatened to prevent defendant from seeing his children and victim.
The jury convicted defendant on all charges on July 12, 1994, and the trial judge sentenced him to consecutive sentences of fifteen to thirty-five years imprisonment for each CSC I conviction, and ten to fifteen years imprisonment for the CSC n conviction.
*494Defendant appealed, and the Court of Appeals reversed5 on the basis that the prejudicial nature of the evidence substantially outweighed its probative value.
We granted leave to consider whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the sister’s testimony.
n
Resolution of the issue before us turns on our application of Michigan Rule of Evidence 404(b), regarding the admissibility of “other crimes, wrongs, or acts,” to the facts of this case. The decision whether evidence is admissible is within the trial court’s discretion and should only be reversed where there is a clear abuse of discretion. People v Bahoda, 448 Mich 261; 531 NW2d 659 (1995).
A
Generally, Michigan’s Rules of Evidence proscribe the use of character evidence to prove action in conformity therewith. MRE 404.6 Character evidence *495includes evidence of other crimes, acts, or wrongs, such as, in this case, the half-sister’s testimony that defendant sexually abused her over a period of years and several years before trial. This Court has previously explained the policy reason for the rule as
the desire to avoid the danger of conviction based upon a defendant’s history of other misconduct rather than upon the evidence of his conduct in the case in issue. [People v Golochowicz, 413 Mich 298, 308; 319 NW2d 518 (1982).]
MRE 404(b)(1) is a means by which “other acts” evidence is properly admissible. This rule provides, in relevant part:
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake ....
*496While MRE 404(b)(1) is one of a few rules with which “other acts” evidence may properly be admitted, it is a rule of inclusion that contains a nonexclusive list of “noncharacter” grounds on which evidence may be admitted. This rule permits the admission of evidence on any ground that does not risk impermissible inferences of character to conduct. People v Engelman, 434 Mich 204, 213; 453 NW2d 656 (1990).
To protect against such impermissible inferences, this Court has established a procedural safeguard in the form of a four-pronged standard that a trial court must insure is satisfied before admission of other acts evidence. 413 Mich 309. This Court recently redefined the four-part standard for admissibility of other acts evidence under Rule 404(b) in People v VanderVliet and rejected a mechanical application of a bright-line test for admissibility under MRE 404(b). The VanderVliet standard requires that the trial court determine:
First, that the evidence be offered for a proper purpose under Rule 404(b); second, that it be relevant under Rule 402 as enforced through Rule 104(b); third, that the probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice; fourth, that the trial court may, upon request, provide a limiting instruction to the jury. [Id. at 55.]
Under the first prong, Rule 404(b) prohibits admission of evidence “[i]f the proponent’s only theory of relevance is that the other act shows defendant’s inclination to wrongdoing in general to prove that the defendant committed the conduct in question . . . .” People v VanderVliet at 63. Rule 404(b), however, permits admissibility of evidence whenever it is relevant *497to a noncharacter theory such as, but not limited to, those reasons specifically listed in the rule.7
Regarding relevance, the “touchstone” of admissibility and the second prong of the standard, Michigan’s evidentiary rules specifically instruct us that
[a]U relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by the Constitution of the United States, the Constitution of the State of Michigan, these rules, or other rules adopted by the Supreme Court. Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible. [MRE 402.]
According to MRE 104(b), “[w]hen the relevancy of evidence depends upon the fulfillment of a condition of fact, the court shall admit it upon, or subject to, the introduction of evidence sufficient to support a finding of the fulfillment of the condition.” Relevant evidence has two characteristics: it is “material” and has “probative force.” MRE 401.8 To be “material,” the evidence must be logically relevant to an issue or fact of consequence at trial. Any tendency to prove such a *498fact in issue constitutes sufficient probative value for purposes of relevancy.
This Court recently clarified that the third prong of this standard requires nothing more than the balancing process described in MRE 403. People v VanderVliet at 72. Rule 403 allows for the exclusion of relevant evidence if “its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”9
Finally, we would note that the fourth and final part of this standard needs no clarification because it merely authorizes “a Umiting instruction” upon request. VanderVliet at 75.
B
In this case, the Court of Appeals held that the trial court abused its discretion with respect to this third *499prong of the VanderVliet standard. According to the Court of Appeals,
these allegations of similar acts were so horrendously prejudicial as to require their suppression as being more prejudicial than probative. This was not a skunk in the jury box. It was a pig farm. No trier of fact could have been unswayed by the depiction of this depravity in assessing discrete claims of the “bad man’s” guilt. We decry permitting the effect of this testimony under any rubric, including an instruction by the court that the prior acts were introduced in accordance with MRE 404(b)(1) for purposes of establishing a scheme or plan, or absence of accident or mistake.
* * *
The effect here was to try the defendant for uncharged criminal acts of monstrous repugnance without the bother of due process. [217 Mich App 646, 647-648; 553 NW2d 25 (1996).][10]
We do not share the above tone of outrage or analysis. First of all, we would note that, when the Court of Appeals decried the uncharged nature of the acts, it must have overlooked the fact that MRE 404(b) specifically addresses the admissibility of uncharged conduct. It also failed to state the proper inquiry, which is not whether the testimony was more prejudicial than probative, but whether the probative value is substantially outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice. Second, while we would agree that the acts described in the proffered testimony are certainly “depraved” and of “monstrous repugnance,” such *500characteristics were inherent in the underlying crime of which defendant stood accused. The danger the rule seeks to avoid is that of unfair prejudice, not prejudice that stems only from the abhorrent nature of the crime itself. See Golochowicz, supra at 326. Third, nowhere in its analysis does the Court of Appeals identify the probative nature of the half-sister’s testimony, which is the necessary prerequisite to evaluation of the evidence’s probative value against the danger of unfair prejudice. For these reasons, we find the Court of Appeals analysis lacking and incorrect. As discussed below, we find the balance tips in favor of admission and requires that this Court uphold the trial court’s finding that the evidence is admissible under MRE 404(b), and that the probative value of the testimony was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
c
Having rejected the Court of Appeals analysis as unpersuasive, we must now determine whether the proffered testimony was properly admitted. We find that the evidence was properly admitted, with a limiting instruction, under the VanderVliet standard.
The first step in reaching this conclusion involves an identification and evaluation of the purposes for which the evidence was offered. In this case, the prosecution offered the testimony for a myriad of reasons, including the following theories: to show defendant’s intent to be sexually gratified through his actions toward the victim; to show the existence of a scheme, plan, or method by which defendant accomplished the sexual abuse; or to show the absence of either a mistake in the victim’s allegations or percep*501tion or of innocent intent or touching by defendant. These were legitimate, material, and contested grounds on which to offer the evidence because, in this case, defendant entered a general denial. Defendant’s general denial placed all elements of his CSC charges at issue. See People v VanderVliet, supra at 78.
Of these theories, only one needs to be a proper, noncharacter reason that compels admission for the testimony to be admissible. We find the half-sister’s testimony to be admissible evidence to rebut defendant’s claim of fabrication of the charges. Indeed, the half-sister’s testimony was the only evidence to explain why the mother specifically questioned the victim about her relationship with her father, and why the victim waited two years before telling her mother about the abuse she suffered at the hands of defendant.
One of the theories presented by the defense was that the victim’s mother fabricated these allegations of sexual abuse to prevent defendant from having any future contact with his adopted daughter.11 To refute this claim that the allegations were fabricated by the victim’s mother, the prosecutor introduced defendant’s half-sister who testified, on cross-examination, that the victim did not reveal the abuse until the victim was directly asked about it by her mother, two years after the abuse occurred. The mother began asking questions about defendant’s behavior with the *502victim in response to a conversation she had with defendant’s half-sister. During this conversation, defendant’s half-sister confided that she had been abused by her brother since age four and over the course of several years. This information prompted the mother to ask the victim pointed questions about her relationship with defendant, at which time the victim admitted that two years prior, the victim was forced to engage in sexual conduct with him on several occasions. Absent the half-sister’s testimony, the prosecutor could not effectively rebut defendant’s claim that the charges were groundless and fabricated by her mother. As in People v VanderVliet, we find that “[without such evidence, the factfinder would be left with a chronological and conceptual void regarding the events . . . .” Id. at 81, citing United States v Ostrowsky, 501 F2d 318, 322 (CA 7, 1974). Thus, we find the proffered evidence to be probative to refute the defendant’s allegations of fabrication of charges.12
Further, we find this evidence survives the third prong of VanderVliet as being substantially more probative than prejudicial. Because the charges were filed two years after the abuse occurred, there was no medical evidence to substantiate the victim’s claims. *503Indeed, in this case the half-sister’s testimony is the only evidence that effectively refutes the claim of fabrication and explains the delay in reporting the crime.13 Moreover, the half-sister’s testimony revealed a striking similarity between the half-sister’s age, living arrangement, and relationship with defendant at the time the abuse of the half-sister began, to that of the victim. This similarity explains why the mother became so concerned with her daughter’s relationship with defendant, and makes more plausible the proposition that the mother’s questions were prompted by concern for her daughter’s safety rather than spite and a desire to prevent defendant from getting custody of the victim. We, therefore, find that the probative force of the evidence, coupled with the trial court’s limiting instruction to the jury, did not stir the jurors to “such passion ... as to [be swept] beyond rational consideration of [the defendant’s] guilt or innocence of the crime on trial.”14
*504Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the half-sister’s testimony of other acts under Rule 404(b) and our decision in People v VanderVliet, supra. We, therefore, reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the trial court’s decision.
Mallett, C.J., and Boyle and Taylor, JJ., concurred with Weaver, J.217 Mich App 646; 553 NW2d 25 (1996).
MCL 750.520b; MSA 28.788(2).
MCL 750.520c; MSA 28.788(3).
There was some unresolved dispute regarding the half-sister’s age when defendant stopped abusing her.
Judge Markey dissented and would have affirmed defendant’s convictions.
MRE 404 provides, in relevant part:
(a) Character evidence generally. Evidence of a person’s character or a trait of character is not admissible for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion, except:
(1) Character of accused. Evidence of a pertinent trait of character offered by an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the same;
(2) Character of victim of a crime other than a sexual conduct crime. Evidence of a pertinent trait of character of the victim of the crime, other than in a prosecution for criminal sexual conduct, offered by an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the same, or evidence of a character trait of peacefulness of the victim offered by the prosecution in a homicide case to rebut evidence that the victim was the first aggressor;
*495(3) Character of victim of sexual conduct crime. In a prosecution for criminal sexual conduct, evidence of the victim’s past sexual conduct with the defendant and evidence of specific instances of sexual activity showing the source or origin of semen, pregnancy, or disease;
(4) Character of witness. Evidence of the character of a witness, as provided in Rules 607, 608, 609.
(b) Other crimes, wrongs, or acts.
(1) Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity or absence of mistake or accident when the same is material, whether such other crimes, wrongs, or acts are contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to the conduct at issue in the case.
As this Court explained in VanderVliet, supra at 64:
The question is not whether the evidence falls within an exception to a supposed rule of exclusion, but rather whether the “evidence [is] in any way relevant to a fact in issue” other than by showing mere propensity, Stone, The rule of exclusion of similar fact evidence: America, 51 Harv L R 988, 1004 (1938). “Put simply the rule is inclusionary rather than exclusionary.” Engelman, supra at 213.
MRE 401 provides:
“Relevant evidence” means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.
One court explained the similar provisions in the Federal Rules of Evidence as follows:
The first sentence of rule 404(b) prohibits the introduction of evidence of a defendant’s crimes, wrongs, or acts only for one particular purpose. The second sentence of the rule offers some examples of permissible purposes for which that evidence might be relevant within the meaning of rule 401. Evidence that fits within rule 404(b)’s second sentence, however, and that is not barred under rule 404(b)’s first sentence, is not by virtue of those reasons automatically admissible: instead, “the determination must be made whether the danger of undue prejudice outweighs the probative value of the evidence in view of the availability of other means of proof and other factors appropriate for making decisions under Rule 403.” Fed R Evid 404 advisory committee’s note; see, e.g., United States v Manner [281 US App DC 89, 92] 887 F2d 317, 321 (1989), cert denied 493 US 1062; 110 S Ct 879; 107 L Ed 2d 962 (1990). [United States v Rogers, 287 US App DC 1, 3-4; 918 F2d 207 (1990).]
The reference to the proffered evidence as “not a skunk in the jury box. It was a pig farm” derives from Dunn v United States, 307 F2d 883, 886 (CA 5, 1962).
In his opening statement, defense counsel claimed that the victim’s mother “planted” the allegations in the victim’s mind solely to retaliate against defendant. In his closing argument, defense counsel argued that “[t]he fact that Jennifer Starr went to [her nine-year-old daughter] and broached the subject with her shows that the mother is the person who did plant this in her head.”
The dissent’s argument against our finding that the testimony was properly admitted because it disputes the claim of fabrication fails to give effect to this Court’s holding in People v Kreiner, 415 Mich 372; 329 NW2d 716 (1982). In Kreiner, this Court essentially held that the Michigan Rules of Evidence constituted a codification of the rules of evidence that superseded the common-law rules. Specifically, this Court held that the tender-years exception to the hearsay rule “did not survive adoption of the Michigan Rules of Evidence.” Id. at 377. Given our holding in Kreiner, the dissent’s discussion of People v Dean, 253 Mich 434; 235 NW 211 (1931), is inapposite. Post at 510, n 7. The rule discussed in Dean was considered exclusionary in nature. Dean, therefore, cannot be used to limit MRE 404(b), which is truly a rule of inclusion. Indeed if we were to adopt the dissent’s reasoning, this rule would be inclusionary in name only.
The dissent asserts that the testimony was not necessary to the case. Post at 507, n 5. This claim begs the question and would, ultimately, seek to replace the jury of peers in this case with the opinion of the dissent, which was formed with the benefit of hindsight. A careful review of the evidence, however, confirms that the testimony was of critical import to the case because it was the only independent evidence that addressed the defense of fabrication other than the testimony of the mother and the victim, both of whose credibility was at issue and under attack.
Furthermore, the testimony regarding the type of abuse suffered by the half-sister was also properly admissible because it explained why the mother immediately became concerned for her daughter, the victim, given the similarity of age, living arrangement, and relationship to the defendant. The sister’s testimony regarding the termination of the abuse also showed that the end was involuntary for the defendant and occurred only one year or so before the victim lived with her father. The sincerity, reasonableness, and degree of concern on the part of the mother could not be shown except by the sister’s more specific testimony of abuse.
McCormick, Evidence (2d ed), § 190, p 454.