The Board of Education of Gibraltar School District appeals a decision of the Teachers’ Tenure Commission reinstating George Shiffer as a tenured teacher and directing that he be paid "all lost wages”.
The principal question is whether in determining the amount of "salary [Shiffer] lost as a result of such suspension”, there should be deducted amounts he earned or could have earned from other employment.
Justice Williams states that the statutory language, "all salary lost”, is "plain and unambiguous in its terms” and that the legislative purpose in enacting the Teachers’ Tenure Act was to "preserve the integrity of the teacher’s tenure”. He reasons from these premises that to "introduce the *194common law breach of contract theory of mitigation of damages”, a "commercial doctrine”, into the Teachers’ Tenure Act would be "alien to [and would] certainly do nothing for legislation dedicated to taking teachers out from under the thumb of arbitrary action by school boards”.
This case, like many which raise issues of statutory construction, can be decided either way. What is "plain and unambiguous” often depends on one’s frame of reference.
If one assumes that whenever a teacher prevails on appeal to the Tenure Commission and the courts the school board’s action in suspending or discharging him was "arbitrary”, then it may appear "plain” that the Legislature intended to impose a financial penalty on the school board for failing to justify its disciplinary action.
If, on the other hand, one, while recognizing that some school boards sometimes act arbitrarily, does not regard a teacher’s success before the Tenure Commission and the courts as determinative of whether the school board acted in good faith in disciplining or discharging him, then what the Legislature intended — if it had any intention in this regard at all — may not appear so "plain and unambiguous”.
It has been said that "[i]n many instances, expressions of the plain meaning rule may be a kind of verbal table thumping to express or reinforce confidence in an interpretation arrived at on other grounds instead of a reason for it”.1 Similarly, Professor Corbin wrote that statements about "plain and clear” meaning of a writing "assume a uniformity and certainty in the meaning of language that do not in fact exist”.2
*195In the context of an effort to determine the amount of a back-pay award, the words "all salary lost as a result of such suspension” are not free of ambiguity.
We agree with our colleagues that it is possible to regard the words as meaning all salary wrongfully denied the teacher by the school board during the period of his suspension. The plausibility of this one reading does not, however, negate all other possible constructions and free the words of any or all ambiguity.
Equally maintainable is a construction which regards "all salary lost” as a "net loss” concept. Under this view, wages a teacher actually earns or could have earned during his period of suspension are deducted from the suspended teacher’s "salary” in arriving at the net or actual amount of "salary lost”.
Courts in other jurisdictions which have enacted similar legislation have considered whether the mitigation doctrine is applicable in determining the amount of a back-pay award to a wrongfully discharged teacher.
The language of these statutes is similar to Michigan’s. A New Hampshire statute provides for back pay "to the extent of the full salary for the period for which such teacher was engaged”. A California provision requires that a wrongfully discharged teacher be paid his "full salary for the period of his suspension”. Similarly, the Pennsylvania Teachers’ Tenure Act provides that in the event of reinstatement and a back-pay award "there shall be no abatement of salary or compensation”. (See Part IV for statutory references.) If one is inclined to view the similar Michigan language ("all salary lost as a result of such suspension”) as "plain and unambiguous in its terms”, *196then one would expect a uniform rejection of the mitigation doctrine by the courts of these states.
However, none of these courts have construed their statutes in the manner which our colleagues regard as the only possible construction. Each has construed its statute as meaning the teacher’s "net loss” and applied general mitigation principles in determining back-pay awards. (See Part IV for citations of decisions.)
Our reference to opinions of other state courts construing similar statutory language is not, as our colleagues suggest, to imply that these opinions "accurately reflect the intention of the Michigan Legislature”. These cases are cited to illustrate the fallacy of attaching the label "plain meaning” to the words "all salary lost”.
It is frequently instructive to examine the reasoning and attempt to understand the practice in other jurisdictions. "Countless avenues and forms of communication and interaction among the jurisdictions lead to so much parallelism among the laws of different states as the result of emulation, adaptation, and outright copying that common patterns and standard modes of dealing with common problems become evident. Where that is the case, the phraseology and language of similar legislation in other jurisdictions is deserving of special consideration not only in the interests of uniformity, but also for the purpose of determining the general policy and objectives of a particular course of legislation.”3
On its face and in its operation, Michigan’s Teachers’ Tenure Act closely resembles other remedial legislation such as the National Labor Relations Act, the Michigan Employment Rela*197tions Act and civil rights statutes designed to protect workers from certain discriminatory practices in hiring, promotions, and firing. The usual statutory remedy for wrongful suspension or discharge is reinstatement with back pay and, in determining the amount of the back-pay award, general principles of mitigation are uniformly applied.4
The mitigation doctrine has been applied by the United States Supreme Court in construing the words "back pay”,5 by other Federal courts in administering like remedial legislation, and by state courts construing teacher tenure legislation.
The principle of mitigation is a thread permeating the entire jurisprudence. It is not solely a "breach of contract” or "commercial” doctrine; it is part of the much broader principle of "avoidable consequences”.
Professor McCormick’s statement of the general principle of avoidable consequences is unqualified in its application: "Where one person has committed a tort, breach of contract, or other legal wrong against another, it is incumbent upon the latter to use such means as are reasonable under the circumstances to avoid or minimize the damages. The person wronged cannot recover for any item of damage which could thus have been avoided.” (Emphasis added.)6
*198The rights protected by the mitigation doctrine are not just those of contracting parties, commercial litigants, tort victims or tortfeasors but, rather, the rights of all society: "Legal rules and doctrines are designed not only to prevent and repair individual loss and injustice, but to protect and conserve the economic welfare and prosperity of the whole community.”7
Mitigation of damages is, thus, the "machinery by which the law seeks to encourage the avoidance of loss”.8
Our colleagues’ exclusion of the mitigation doctrine from the administration of the Teachers’ Tenure Act represents an unprecedented anomaly.
The doctrine of avoidable consequences/mitigation of damages takes into account the unique problem facing teachers in obtaining substitute employment. The common law does not "burden” them "with the task of scrounging around for other employment while challenging an unjust suspension”. The common law recognizes that besides the difficulty of obtaining midyear employment, for many teachers their former employer is the only employer in town. The common law recognizes these problems and imposes no duty on teachers to accept employment outside of the teaching profession, or to accept a teaching position in another community, or at a lower status. See Edgecomb v Traverse City School Dist, 341 Mich 106; 67 NW2d 87 (1954).
Practically speaking, the minimal duty imposed by the common law on teachers to seek substitute employment combined with today’s depressed market for teachers -means that few, if any, discharged *199teachers will be required to take undesired employment.
In most instances economic necessity will force a discharged teacher to seek alternative employment. The backlog of cases pending before the Tenure Commission and the unfortunately slow appellate process means that it will often be years before teachers who ultimately prevail are reinstated. Shiffer, for example, was reinstated four years after his suspension. The teacher in Rumph v Wayne Community School Dist, 31 Mich App 555; 188 NW2d 71 (1971) (held in abeyance pending decision in this case) was suspended eight years ago.
Applying the mitigation doctrine in teacher tenure controversies will not require teachers to scrounge around; rather, it will conform the economic damages awarded to the economic damages suffered.
The amounts involved are not inconsiderable. In Shiffer’s case, the amount potentially involved is four years’ salary; in Rumph’s, eight years’.
Having in mind the pattern of like remedial legislation and the uniform construction placed on such legislation by other courts, we cannot ascribe to the Legislature a purpose of awarding such large amounts without regard to actual economic loss to teachers who, while they ultimately prevail, may not be wholly blameless in the controversy.
The wrongfully discharged teacher should be reinstated and he should be compensated for the excess of the amount of his salary over whatever he actually earned or could have earned; thát is sufficient triumph and sufficient vindication of a teacher’s tenure rights. It is not necessary to go further and award large sums unrelated to actual loss to teachers who become involved in prolonged *200controversy with school districts; doing so will not, in our opinion, advance "the future of our children, the efficacy and dignity of the teaching profession and the welfare of our state”.
I
Shiffer and other teachers engaged in a strike against the School District when efforts to negotiate a contract failed in the fall of 1968. On December 26, the striking teachers, including Shiffer, returned to work but without a contract.
The strikers had previously received from the School District a letter dated November 27, stating, "you have terminated your employment by discontinuing your services with the school district and have also forfeited your rights to continuing tenure”. This letter was predicated on Art V, § 1 of the teachers’ tenure act:9
"No teacher on continuing tenure shall discontinue his services with any controlling board except by mutual consent, without giving a written notice to said controlling board at least 60 days before September first of the ensuing school year. Any teacher discontinuing his services in any other manner than as provided in this section shall forfeit his rights to continuing tenure previously acquired under this act.”
No reference was made to the November 27 letter when the strikers returned to work in December.
Subsequently, on March 12, 1969, Shiffer was suspended for alleged acts of misconduct and insubordination and, on April 7, discharged. On March 21 and April 11, Shiffer’s attorney requested in writing a public hearing.
*201The school district’s attorney claimed that he telephoned Shiffer’s attorney on April 13 to set a hearing date. A school board resolution of May 12 extended to Shiffer a hearing, upon request, "public or private at his discretion”. Shiffer’s attorney responded with a letter of May 21 referring to his April 11 letter and requesting notification of the date of the public hearing. The school district’s attorney claimed that in June he again telephoned Shiffer’s attorney to set a date.
No hearing was held. In November, Shiffer filed an appeal with the Tenure Commission asserting that the board had failed to pay him during the period of suspension or to provide him with written charges and a hearing.
The board defended that Shiffer was not entitled to the statutory protections of a tenured teacher because, by striking, he had "discontinued his services”. It also challenged the jurisdiction of the Tenure Commission because Shiffer had failed to appeal the board’s decision within 30 days.10
II
We consider first the school district’s contention that a public school teacher who strikes thereby "discontinues” his services under Art V, § 1 and may be disciplined or discharged without regard to the procedural safeguards of the teachers’ tenure act.
Prior to Shiffer’s disciplinary discharge in March-April, 1969, Shiffer and the other striking teachers had appealed to the Tenure Commission from the School District’s notice of November 27, 1968 which asserted that by striking the teachers had forfeited their rights to continuing tenure. *202The Tenure Commission ruled for the teachers, holding that the Legislature had indicated, by legislation adopted subsequent to the teachers’ tenure act, a "legislative intent to not deny previous acquired tenure rights to striking employees”. It "ordered that the decision of the Gibraltar School District to take back the striking teachers in any other status than they held, be reversed: and that the tenure status of the teachers once reemployed would be comparable to their status had there been continued employment with the school district in the absence of a strike”. Chester Skubik, et al v Gibraltar School Dist, State Tenure Commission, Docket No. 68-22, February 12, 1970.
The circuit court affirmed the Commission’s decision. No further appeal was taken.
The school district’s argument that a teacher who strikes thereby discontinues his services under Art V, § 1 and is not entitled to the protection of the teachers’ tenure act can be addressed in a number of different ways:
(a) Factually, the school district rehired Shiffer and the other striking teachers thereby, arguably, waiving any right it may have had to treat the strike as a discontinuance of service;
(b) The decision in Skubik is res judicata;
(c) Art V, § 1 does not apply to discontinuance of service as a result of a strike, at least where there is no contract;11
*203(d) Even if Art V, § 1 applies to discontinuance of service as a result of a strike, there is no automatic forfeiture of tenure or of rights under the act, and none results unless a formal written charge is filed against the teacher which, in the event of appeal, is sustained by the Tenure Commission.
Because the Attorney General is not before us representing the Tenure Commission in an appeal from a decision of that commission, we defer to another time deciding whether Art V, § 1 applies to discontinuance of service as a result of a strike.
We hold that the decision in Skubik is res judicata and that the school district is precluded in this case from relitigating the question whether Shiffer lost his tenure rights by striking.12
Ill
The school district also challenges the jurisdiction of the Tenure Commission because Shiffer failed to appeal the school board’s decision within 30 days.13
The Tenure Commission found that the school board had offered to hold a hearing and that Shiffer had demanded one. The Tenure Commission concluded that it has jurisdiction "if it makes a finding that any delay in the appeal resulted *204from the conduct of the Gibraltar school board rather than the want of due diligence by [Shiffer]”. It found that the conduct of the school district, indicating an intention to provide Shiffer a hearing, but then failing to follow through on it, "made it impossible” for Shiffer to "determine precisely when” the school district made the "final decision to discharge him permanently without a hearing”.
The burden of providing a hearing rests on the School District. Shiffer demanded a hearing. Only the School District could provide one.
The Tenure Commission, on the facts of this case, did not exceed its statutory jurisdiction by accepting Shiffer’s appeal even though he was suspended almost eight months before he filed his appeal.
IV
The Tenure Commission’s decision ordered Shiffer "reinstated and paid all lost wages”. The circuit court, in affirming the Tenure Commission’s order reinstating Shiffer, held that under the tenure act "there is no duty to mitigate damages”. The Court of Appeals affirmed.14
The School District did not reinstate Shiffer until March 12, 1973, subsequent to the Court of Appeals’ decision.
Shiffer did not testify before the Tenure Commission. He did, however, in responding to a question addressed to his attorney, state that he had been employed during the period of suspension. Shiffer’s attorney elaborated: "[Shiffer] has been employed. Not as a teacher. He has been employed in private industry.”
*205Article IV, § 3 of the teachers’ tenure act (MCLA 38.103; MSA 15.2003) provides:
"On the filing of charges in accordance with this section, the controlling board may suspend the accused teacher from active performance of duty until a decision is rendered by the controlling board, but the teacher’s salary shall continue during such suspension: Provided, That if the decision of the controlling board is appealed and the tenure commission reverses the decision of the controlling board, the teacher shall be entitled to all salary lost as a result of such suspension.”
The School District contends that the common-law rule of mitigation of damages, applicable in instances of contract breach (Edgecomb v Traverse City School Dist, 341 Mich 106; 67 NW2d 87 [1954]), should be applied in determining the amount of "salary lost”.
Shiffer responds that an action before the Tenure Commission is not governed by the common-law rules.
The words "all salary lost” are ambiguous. Isolating the word "salary”, it is arguable that the Legislature did not intend that mitigation, actual or possible, be considered in awarding back pay. However, if the modifying word "lost” is also considered, the alternative view that it was intended that mitigation evidence be considered appears — on the face of the statute — to be equally maintainable.
The school district cites cases in which other state courts, construing similar statutory language, have applied the principle of mitigation of damages and reduced back-pay awards accordingly.
A New Hampshire statute provided that the school district was liable to a wrongfully dis*206charged teacher "to the extent of the full salary for the period for which such teacher was engaged”. The New Hampshire Supreme Court held that "the words 'to the extent of were intended to fix the 'full salary’ as the outside limit of recovery, rather than to require that it measure the damages without regard to aggravation or mitigation thereof.” Spencer v Laconia School Dist, 107 NH 125, 129; 218 A2d 437, 440 (1966).
The California Supreme Court has similarly ruled that earnings from other employment may properly be deducted in determining a back-pay award under a statute requiring that a wrongfully discharged teacher be paid his " full salary for the period of his suspension.’ ” Mass v The Board of Education of the San Francisco United School Dist, 61 Cal 2d 612, 623; 39 Cal Rptr 739, 746; 394 P2d 579, 586 (1964).
Although the Pennsylvania Teachers’ Tenure Act provided that "there shall be no abatement of salary or compensation”, a Pennsylvania appellate court held that earnings from other employment should be deducted from a back-pay award:
" 'Damages are the loss suffered by one person by reason of the breach of contract on the part of another and if the school teacher receives the same compensation for his work during the period of improper dismissal as he would have received if he had continued in the position from which he was improperly dismissed, he has suffered no damages except such as may arise from matters involving other elements than loss of salary.’ ” Coble v Metal Twp School Dist, 178 Pa Super 301, 305; 116 A2d 113, 115-116 (1955).
V
Shiffer contends that these statutory constructions are not pertinent because the Michigan act, *207in contrast with the statutes of these other states, was intended to be "an abrogation of the common law”. He argues that the Legislature, by establishing an administrative tribunal, intended to free teacher tenure controversies from the delays associated with civil litigation and that allowing the Tenure Commission to consider mitigation evidence would frustrate the statutory purpose of expeditious administrative action.
The principle of mitigation is applied in back-pay awards by the administrative tribunals charged with the administration of the National Labor Relations Act15 and the Michigan labor mediation act.16 By reason of the procedures these agencies have adopted for determining back-pay awards, consideration of mitigation evidence has not been a cause of delay. These agencies defer *208determination of the amount of a back-pay award until conclusion (including appeal) of the liability phase of the controversy. Their experience is that once the liability phase is completed, the amount of back pay is resolved readily by the parties — only rarely is it necessary for the tribunal itself to take testimony and adjudicate the question.
We see no reason to treat the improper discharge of a teacher differently than improper discharge or discriminatory failure to hire17 is treated in determining back-pay awards under other protective legislation.
The objective of an expeditious administrative resolution of tenure controversies can be accomplished by having the Tenure Commission similarly defer determination of back pay until after completion of the liability phase. There is no need to jettison the sound principles of mitigation of loss generally applied by courts and administrative tribunals throughout the land.
Deferring determination of the amount of a back-pay award will facilitate resolution of the liability phase by freeing the commission from consideration of interlocutory evidence on the back-pay issue. An effort by the Tenure Commission to determine back-pay before a definitive ruling on liability will often be premature. If the *209school district appeals from the Tenure Commission’s decision and does not reinstate the discharged teacher during the pendency of the appeal, the teacher’s employment status and opportunities will often change during the lengthy appeal process.
Deferral of the back-pay question will, avoiding piecemeal litigation, allow that question to be expeditiously resolved at one time with all the necessary evidence, hopefully informally and without further adjudication but, in all events, with the least expenditure of the Commission’s resources.
We remand to the Tenure Commission for determination of the amount of the back-pay award in this case with instructions (i) to deduct from the "salary” Shiffer would have earned all wages he actually earned that he would not have earned if he were employed as a teacher, and (ii) to consider any evidence the school district offers that Shiffer, through exertion of proper efforts, could have earned more.
The burden on the mitigation issue is on the school district, not the teacher.18
Reversed and remanded to the Tenure Commission.
T. G. Kavanagh, M. S. Coleman, and J. W. Fitzgerald, JJ., concurred with Levin, J.2A Sutherland, Statutory Construction (4th ed), § 46.01, p 49.
3 Corbin on Contracts, § 542, pp 109-110.
2A Sutherland, Statutory Construction (4th ed), § 52.03, pp 337-338.
Our colleagues refer to the teachers’ tenure act as the teacher’s Magna Charta. The National Labor Relations Act has been known for over 40 years as labor’s Magna Charta. Someone must have labeled Michigan’s Employment Relations Act as Michigan employees’ Magna Charta. Yet under those acts the mitigation principle is uniformly applied in determining the amount of "back pay”.
NLRA § 10(c); 29 USCA 160(c).
McCormick, Damages, § 33, p 127.
That the principle of avoidable consequences applies where the injury is to persons or property or other legal wrong, as well as breach of contract, see: 22 Am Jur 2d, Damages, § 30 et seq.; 25 CJS, Damages, § 32 et seq.
McCormick, supra.
McCormick, supra.
1937 (Ex Sess) PA 4; MCLA 38.111; MSA 15.2011.
MCLA 38.121; MSA 15.2021.
The Attorney General has ruled that "a teacher on continuing tenure and not under contract who withholds his services because of a labor dispute has not thereby discontinued his services as provided in Article V, Sec. 1 of the tenure of teachers act,” reasoning that if striking school teachers were employees for the purpose of the public employment relations act (see School Dist for the City of Holland v Holland Education Association, 380 Mich 314; 157 NW2d 206 [1968], where a "majority of the court held that the teachers temporarily withholding their services because of a labor dispute were, nevertheless, employees of the district even though not under contract with the school district”), then "there is no valid basis to conclude that *203they are not also employees of the school district for the purposes of the tenure of teachers act, supra. It must follow that such teachers have not discontinued their services contrary to Article V, Section 1 of the tenure of teachers act”. OAG 1969-1970, No. 4,704, p 150, 151-152 (June 24,1970).
See United States v Utah Construction & Mining Co, 384 US 394; 421-422; 86 S Ct 1545; 16 L Ed 2d 642 (1966); Roman Cleanser Co v Murphy, 386 Mich 698, 704; 194 NW2d 704 (1972); 2 Davis, Administrative Law Treatise, § 18.02; Davis, Administrative Law Treatise, 1970 Supp, § 18.02; 73 CJS, Public Administrative Bodies and Procedures, § 147, p 481; 2 Am Jur 2d, Administrative Law, § 497.
See fn 10.
Shiffer v Board of Education of Gibraltar School Dist, 45 Mich App 190; 206 NW2d 250 (1973).
Under the National Labor Relations Act, the Board typically issues a general order for reinstatement and back pay, National Labor Relations Board v Corning Glass Works, 293 F2d 784 (CA 1, 1961). Actual calculation of back pay is deferred until the general order is affirmed or ordered enforced by a United States Court of Appeals.
Ordinarily the back-pay award is resolved by negotiation between the parties, the Board overseeing this effort. In the rare cases such efforts do not resolve the matter, the Board takes proofs, finds facts and determines the amount of the award. National Labor Relations Board v Bird Machine Co, 174 F2d 404 (CA 1, 1949).
From the salary which the illegally discharged employee would have received there is deducted on a quarterly basis amounts which were earned or could have been earned from substitute employment. 48 Am Jur 2d, Labor and Labor Relations, § 1070 et seq.; Republic Steel Corp v National Labor Relations Board, 311 US 7; 61 S Ct 77; 85 L Ed 6 (1940); Phelps Dodge Corp v National Labor Relations Board, 313 US 177, 197; 61 S Ct 845; 85 L Ed 1271; 133 ALR 1217 (1941); National Labor Relations Board v Seven-Up Bottling Co of Miami, Inc, 344 US 344; 73 S Ct 287; 97 L Ed 377 (1953); Heinrich Motors, Inc v National Labor Relations Board, 403 F2d 145 (CA 2, 1968).
In most MERC cases, once liability has been finally determined, the amount of back pay is settled by the parties without Commission assistance. Only rarely is it necessary tó hold a separate compliance hearing to receive proofs and determine the amount.
MERC applies the principle of mitigation in determining back-pay awards.
The duty to mitigate is explicit in the Civil Rights Act of 1964:
"The court may * * * order * * * reinstatement or hiring of employees, with or without back pay ****** Interim earnings or amounts earnable with reasonable diligence by the person or persons discriminated against shall operate to reduce the back pay otherwise allowable.” 86 Stat 107 (1972), 42 USC 2000e-5(g).
A Circuit Court of Appeals has described the basis for mitigation in civil rights cases:
"[B]ack pay is not a penalty imposed as a sanction for moral turpitude; it is compensation for the tangible economic loss resulting from an unlawful employment practice.” Robinson v Lorillard Corp, 444 F2d 791, 804 (CA 4, 1971), cert dis 404 US 1006, 1007; 92 S Ct 573; 30 L Ed 2d 655 (1971).
See Edgecomb v Traverse City School Dist, 341 Mich 106; 67 NW2d 87 (1954).
A teacher appealing a suspension or discharge may properly refuse employment (e.g., a permanent employment offer) which would conflict with his effort to obtain reinstatement. See, generally, Anno: Elements and Measure of Damages in Action by Schoolteacher for Wrongful Discharge, 22 ALR3d 1047, 1057-1068.