dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. In this case, we are asked to decide an issue that this court has never specifically addressed. The issue is whether the language of section 440 of the Workers’ Compensation Act (Act)1 puts all employers on notice that claimants in whose favor a matter has been decided are entitled to an award of attorney fees in addition to the award for compensation unless the employer establishes a reasonable basis for the contest. (Supplemental Brief of Appellant at 8.) The majority does not discuss this issue.
My view is that the clear and unambiguous language of section 440 of the Act puts all employers on notice that claimants who prevail in contested cases in whole or in part are entitled to an award of attorney fees in addition to the award for compensation and that employers must defend against such an award in every workers’ compensation proceeding by establishing a reasonable basis for the contest. This means that claimants need not specifically request attorney fees under section 440 of the Act and that a workers’ compensation judge (WCJ) may award attorney fees sua sponte under section 440 of the Act. Indeed, when an issue has been resolved in favor of a claimant, the WCJ must award attorney fees unless the employer has established a reasonable basis for the contest. Thus, in this case, unlike the majority, I would reverse that portion of the order of the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (WCAB) reversing the WCJ’s award of attorney fees to Carol Ramich (Claimant).
In support of my position, I offer the following history of this court’s case law on whether, or when, claimants must request an award of attorney fees for an unreasonable contest under section 440 of the Act. Initially, claimants did not have to specifically request an award of attorney fees under section 440 of the Act.2 Then, in *461981, nine years after the enactment of section 440 of the Act, this court imposed the requirement that claimants request attorney fees.3 However, in the 1981 case, this court did not cite any applicable legal authority for the request requirement.4 It was not until 1986, when a claimant asked this court to reconsider the requirement, that this court invented a rationale for the requirement, stating that the request was necessary to put the employer on notice to defend against an award of attorney fees.5 Since 1986, this court consistently has held that the timing of a claimant’s request for attorney fees in a claim proceeding is unimportant. As long as the claimant makes a request for attorney fees at some point, the employer is deemed to have sufficient notice.6 Because there was no request requirement for nine years, because there was no legal authority for the request requirement when it was created in 1981, because there was no rationale for it until 1986 and because this court has ignored the stated rationale since then, I would eliminate the request requirement altogether.
I. Statutory Language
Section 440 of the Act provides in relevant part:
In any contested case where the insurer has contested liability in whole or in part,..., [the claimant] in whose favor the matter at issue has been finally determined in whole or in part shall be awarded, in addition to the award for compensation, a reasonable sum for costs incurred for attorney’s fee ...: Provided, That cost for attorney fees may be excluded when a reasonable basis for the contest has been established by the employer or the insurer.
77 P.S. § 996 (emphasis added). This language is clear and unambiguous.7 The WCJ shall award attorney fees to a claimant who has prevailed in whole or in part in the litigation.8 The WCJ may exclude *47an award of attorney fees only if the employer has established a reasonable basis for the contest.
Here, the majority holds that claimants must request attorney fees for an unreasonable contest before the close of the record to give employers an opportunity to present a defense. However, section 440 of the Act does not require that a claimant request an award of attorney fees before the close of the record to give the employer sufficient notice to defend against such an award. In fact, section 440 of the Act does not require that a claimant request an award of attorney fees at all.9 Moreover, the majority’s holding fails to consider that employers are always on notice to present a defense by virtue of the plain language of section 440 of the Act.
II. The Request Requirement
A. Section 442
In Cooper-Jarrett, Inc. v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board, 61 Pa. Cmwlth. 12, 482 A.2d 1128 (1981), this court first held that a claimant must request an award of attorney fees under section 440 of the Act. The referee in Cooper-Jarrett awarded attorney fees sua sponte against the employer pursuant to section 440 of the Act, and the employer challenged the award on appeal. This court’s entire analysis of the issue was as follows:
The referee awarded attorney’s fees against the employer without a request for that sanction being presented by the claimant. Because the claimant, who was represented by counsel, never asked for attorney’s fees, it was an error for the referee to award them sua sponte. See C.P. Wright Construction Co. v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board, 46 Pa.Cmwlth. 531, 406 A.2d 1202 (1979); cf. Landis v. Zimmerman Motors, Inc., 27 Pa.Cmwlth. 99, 365 A.2d 190 (1976) (interpreting Sections 501 and 442 of the Act).
Cooper-Jarrett, 432 A.2d at 1130 (footnotes omitted). Thus, in disposing of the matter, this court simply stated the issue and the holding and cited C.P. Wright and Landis as authority for the holding. However, neither C.P. Wright nor Landis supports the proposition that a claimant must make a specific request for an award of attorney fees under section 440 of the Act.10
In C.P. Wright, the claimants sought attorney fees for the first time on appeal to this court. We denied the request for attorney fees because the claimants failed to present an attorney fee agreement for approval by the referee or WCAB as required by section 442 of the Act.11 Indeed, in support of its decision, this court cited section 442 of the Act and Landis, a section 442 case. While basing its decision solely upon section 442 of the Act, this court nevertheless noted that the claimants were not entitled to attorney fees under section 440 of the Act because the employer’s contest was reasonable. This court never addressed whether claimants must make a specific request for attorney *48fees under section 440 of the Act. Thus, C.P. Wright and Landis do not support the holding in Cooper-Jarrett.12
B. Opportunity to Defend
Five years after Cooper-Jarrett, in 1986, this court decided the case of Daugherty v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.), 97 Pa. Cmwlth. 142, 510 A.2d 147 (1986). Relying on Cooper-Jarrett, this court once again held that a referee may not award attorney fees sua sponte under section 440 of the Act.13 However, this time, we offered a rationale for our holding, stating: “Where the issue of counsel fees is not raised before the referee, the Employer or its insured has no opportunity to present a defense by way of legal argument or countervailing evidence.” Daugherty, 510 A.2d at 148. However, this rationale is flawed. An employer always has ah opportunity to defend against an award of attorney fees under section 440 of the Act by creating “the record” before the WCJ. That “record” is the employer’s defense to an award of attorney fees for an unreasonable contest. Therefore, notice to the employer to defend against an award of attorney fees for an unreasonable contest never becomes an issue under section 440 of the Act.
C. Section 442 Revisited
Despite this court’s reliance on section 442 of the Act in prior section 440 cases, the court in Daugherty did not address whether a claimant’s request for approval of an attorney fee agreement under section 442 of the Act puts the employer on notice to defend against a possible award of attorney fees for an unreasonable contest under section 440 of the Act. However, two weeks after Daugherty was filed, this issue was addressed in the case of Penczkowski v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (Foster Wheeler Energy Corp.), 97 Pa.Cmwlth. 419, 509 A.2d 964 (1986).
In Penczkowski, the claimant sought an award of attorney fees under section 440 of the Act and argued that he made the request for the award when he testified at one of the hearings regarding his attorney fee agreement. This court held that a claimant’s request for approval of an attorney fee agreement under section 442 of the Act did not satisfy the requirement that a claimant request an award of attorney fees for an unreasonable contest under section 440 of the Act. In support of that holding, this court cited Cooper-Jarrett, C.P. Wright, and Landis. However, as indicated above, Landis is a section 442 case that has nothing to do with section 440 of the Act, and C.P. Wright and Cooper-Jarrett never addressed the issue. Thus, the holding in Penczkowski does not rest on any applicable legal authority.
After Penczkowski, section 442 of the Act disappeared from this court’s legal *49analysis of the section 440 request requirement. Instead, as illustrated by the following cases, this court addressed only whether specific claimant requests gave employers sufficient notice to defend against an award of attorney fees.14
D. Timing of Section 440 Request in Claim Petition Cases
1. Time of Request Unknown
In the case of Eugenie v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (Sheltered Employment Service), 140 Pa.Cmwlth. 51, 592 A.2d 358 (1991), the claimant filed a claim petition, but the employer did not file an answer. Several hearings were held, and the employer requested, and was granted, three continuances. The claimant submitted a medical deposition, but the employer offered no evidence. When the claimant subsequently requested attorney fees for an unreasonable contest, it was unclear whether he made the request before or after the close of the evidentiary record.15 This court did not know when the request was made, and, likewise, this court did not know when the employer received notice to present a defense. Nevertheless, this court held that the request for attorney fees provided employer with sufficient notice that the claimant was seeking an award of attorney fees under section 440 to defend against such an award. Thus, the holding of this court in Eugenie clearly indicates that the timing of a claimant s request does not matter,16 making Eugenie a case that, to some extent, ignored the rationale for the request requirement.
2. Request After Close of Record
In Edwards v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (R.C. Kadyk Corp.), 149 Pa.Cmwlth. 597, 613 A.2d 667 (1992), the claimant requested an award of attorney fees in a brief submitted to the referee after the close of the record. The referee, affirmed by the WCAB, denied the claimant’s request because the issue was not raised until the hearings were concluded. This court reversed the denial of attorney fees and held that the claimant’s request was “sufficient to put the employer on notice to argue 117] the issue.” Edwards, 613 A.2d at 669 (emphasis added). As in Eugenie, Edwards tended to ignore, and thus continued to undercut, the rationale for the request requirement.
This court addressed another “late” attorney fee request in Blunt Ltd. v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (Riley), 654 A.2d 253 (Pa.Cmwlth.1995). In Blunt, the referee held three claim petition hearings, and the claimant requested an award of attorney fees for an unreasonable contest in the proposed findings of fact, conclusions of law and order. The referee ruled against the employer and awarded attorney fees. Relying on Eugenie and Edwards, this court held that the claim*50ant’s request for attorney fees, although made after the close of the record, sufficiently placed the employer on notice that the claimant would be seeking an award of attorney fees under section 440 of the Act.18 Once again, as in Eugenie and Edwards, the timing of the claimant’s request in a claim proceeding meant nothing. As long as the claimant made the request, the employer was deemed to have sufficient notice. After Eugenie, Edwards and Blunt, there is little left to justify retention of the request requirement.19
The majority attempts to distinguish Eugenie, Edwards and Blunt and rests its holding on Mediq, Inc. v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (Steskal), 159 Pa.Cmwlth. 1, 633 A.2d 651 (1993). However, because Mediq is not a claim petition case, it does not apply here. Me-diq was decided prior to the 1993 amendments to the Act, when section 440 of the Act consisted of two unnumbered paragraphs. The first paragraph governed attorney fee awards in claim proceedings, and the second paragraph pertained to attorney fee awards in proceedings to “terminate, reinstate, increase, reduce or otherwise modify compensation awards.” 77 P.S. § 996. Because the employer in Mediq filed a petition to terminate, suspend or modify benefits, Mediq was decided pursuant to the second paragraph of section 440 of the Act. In contrast, Eugenie, Edwards and Blunt were claim petition cases decided pursuant to the claim proceeding paragraph of section 440 of the Act. Although this is a claim petition case, the majority chooses to follow Mediq ;20 I would not do so.
III. Employers Presumed to Know the Law
Again, my position is that the clear and unambiguous language of section 440 of the Act puts all employers on notice to defend against an award of attorney fees for an unreasonable contest. This court has held in numerous cases that parties are presumed to know the law. Indeed, this court has held that: (1) a claimant in an unemployment compensation case is presumed to know section 408 of the Unemployment Compensation Law;21 (2) those who deal with the Department of Transportation have a duty to be aware of The Administrative Code of 1929;22 (3) a school district is presumed to know sections 2574 and 2575.1 of the Public School *51Code of 1949;23 (4) all Pennsylvania citizens are presumed to know section 1403 of The Fiscal Code;24 and (5) parties are presumed to know section 908(9) of the Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning Code.25 Certainly, this court must presume that employers know section 440 of the Act.26
IV. Attorney Fees Awards
Finally, it is apparent to me that in perpetuating the requirement that a claimant must request an award of attorney fees under section 440 of the Act, the majority is actually relying upon attorney fee law that does not apply here.
The common law rule is that, in general, a litigant cannot recover attorney fees from an adverse party unless there is express statutory authority, a clear agreement of the parties or an established exception to the rule. 25A Standard Pennsylvania Practice 2d § 127:43 (1994). Section 2503(7) of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 2503(7), provides express statutory authority for the recovery of attorney fees for the dilatory, obdurate or vexatious conduct of a party. Moreover, the “obdurate behavior” exception is one of the established exceptions to the rule in common law. 25A Standard Pennsylvania Practice 2d § 127:45. Section 2503(7) of the Judicial Code and the “obdurate behavior” exception are applicable where a party has presented an unreasonable contest. See 25A Standard Pennsylvania Practice 2d §§ 127:55-58.
Case law holds that a party must raise a claim for attorney fees for dilatory, obdurate or vexatious behavior; otherwise, the matter is waived. 25A Standard Pennsylvania Practice 2d § 127:49; In re Pitone’s Estate, 297 Pa.Super. 161, 443 A.2d 349 (1982). Moreover, when a party has properly raised the question of attorney fees as a sanction for “obdurate behavior,” the burden of proof is on the person seeking an award of attorney fees. 25A Standard Pennsylvania Practice 2d § 127:51.
It seems to me that this court has required claimants to raise the issue of attorney fees under section 440 of the Act because that is the rule of law under the Judicial Code and the common law. However, section 440 of the Act obviously differs from the Judicial Code and the common law. Certainly, when the legislature enacted section 440 of the Act, the legislature was aware of the law governing an award of attorney fees. Nevertheless, under section 440 of the Act, the legislature did not place the burden of proof on claimants to prove entitlement to attorney fees. Rather, the legislature required employers to establish a reasonable basis for the contest. Likewise, the legislature did not state that a claimant must raise the issue of attorney fees. Rather, the legislature indicated that attorney fees shall be awarded unless the employer establishes a reasonable contest. Thus, I believe that the majority’s view is, without doubt, con*52trary to the intention of the legislature in enacting section 440 of the Act.
Y. Conclusion
Because the language of section 440 of the Act is clear and unambiguous, because that clear language puts all employers on notice that they must defend against an award of attorney fees for an unreasonable contest in every case, and because there is no legal authority for requiring a claimant to request an award of attorney fees for an unreasonable-contest, I would reverse the decision of the WCAB to reverse the WCJ’s award of attorney fees.
. Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, as amended, added by section 3 of the Act of February 8, 1972, P.L. 25, 77 P.S. § 996.
. This court first explained the language of section 440 of the Act in Weidner v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board, 16 Pa. Cmwlth. 561, 332 A.2d 885, 887 (1975) (emphasis added), stating:
[A]ttorney’s fees shall be awarded unless a reasonable basis for the employer’s contest has been established; or otherwise expressed, the award of attorney's fees is the rule and their exclusion is the exception to be applied in cases where the record establishes *46that the employer’s or carrier’s contest is reasonably based.
I point out that, in this summation of section 440 of the Act, an award of attorney fees is the rule unless "the record” establishes that the employer’s contest is reasonably based. In this case, Claimant’s counsel explained at oral argument that Claimant requested attorney fees for an unreasonable contest after the close of the record because, until then, Claimant could not determine whether the record established that Employer’s contest was unreasonable. Although I do not believe that Claimant needed to make the request at all, Claimant's approach seems perfectly logical. Indeed, the time for asserting a claim for attorney fees for an unreasonable contest under section 2503 of the Judicial Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 2503, is "at the conclusion of the underlying action, using the record and history of the action to support the claim.” 25A Standard Pennsylvania Practice 2d § 127:49 (1994).
. The request requirement first appeared in Cooper-Jarrett, Inc. v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board, 61 Pa.Cmwlth. 12, 432 A.2d 1128 (1981).
. In Cooper-Jarrett, this court cited C.P. Wright Construction Co. v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board, 46 Pa.Cmwlth. 531, 406 A.2d 1202 (1979), and Landis v. Zimmerman Motors, Inc., 27 Pa.Cmwlth. 99, 365 A.2d 190 (1976), as legal authority for requiring a request for attorney fees under section 440 of the Act. However, the holdings in C.P. Wright and Landis have nothing to do with section 440 of the Act.
. See Daugherty v. Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board (Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.), 97 Pa.Cmwlth. 142, 510 A.2d 147 (1986).
. See Eugenie v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (Sheltered Employment Service), 140 Pa.Cmwlth. 51, 592 A.2d 358 (1991); Edwards v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (R.C. Kadyk Corp.), 149 Pa.Cmwlth. 597, 613 A.2d 667 (1992); and Blunt Ltd. v. Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board (Riley), 654 A.2d 253 (Pa.Cmwlth.1995).
. "When the words of a statute are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit.” Section 1921(b) of the Statutory Construction Act of 1972, 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(b).
. The word "shall” is to be construed as mandatory unless the statutory language is ambiguous. Oberneder v. Link Computer Corp., 548 Pa. 201, 696 A.2d 148 (1997); Coretsky v. Board of Commissioners of Butler Township, 520 Pa. 513, 555 A.2d 72 (1989).
. Commentators have noticed that requiring claimants to request attorney fees under section 440 of the Act is in conflict with the language of the statute. See, e.g., Pennsylvania Workers’ Compensation Practice and Procedure, para. 1.765 (1998).
. The signal “See” means that the cited authority directly states or clearly supports the proposition. The Bluebook, § 1.2(a) (16 th ed.1996). The signal “Cf." means that the cited authority supports a proposition that is different from the main proposition but that is sufficiently analogous to that proposition to lend support. Id.
. Section 442 of the Act, 77 P.S. § 998, provides in pertinent part: "All counsel fees, agreed upon by claimant and his attorneys, for services performed in matters before any [WCJ] or the board, whether or not allowed as part of a judgment, shall be approved by the [WCJ] or the board as the case may be .... ” Judge McGinley points out in his dissent that, in this case, Claimant presented her attorney fee agreement to the WCJ for approval at the first hearing. (Judge McGinley Dissent at 3; R.R. at 30a.)
. To some extent, Cooper-Jarrett relied upon section 442 of the Act to deny attorney fees under section 440 of the Act. However, one year after Cooper-Jarrett, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court explained that sections 440 and 442 of the Act should not be construed together because they "serve different purposes.” Weidner v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board, 497 Pa. 516, 521, 442 A.2d 242, 244 (1982). The purpose of section 442 of the Act is to protect claimants against unreasonable attorney fee agreements, and the purpose of section 440 of the Act is to protect claimants against unreasonable employer contests. Id. Thus, Cooper-Jarrett’s reliance upon section 442 of the Act was misplaced.
More recently, in Phillips v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (Century Steel), 554 Pa. 504, 721 A.2d 1091 (1999), the supreme court reiterated that the purpose of section 440 of the Act is to protect claimants from unreasonable employer contests. I note that, because of the majority’s holding in this case, the purpose of section 440 of the Act will not be fulfilled in every workers’ compensation proceeding.
. The referee awarded attorney fees sua sponte, and the employer appealed to the WCAB. The WCAB ruled that the referee erred and remanded the case "for further findings as to the amount Claimant should pay his attorney.” Daugherty, 510 A.2d at 147 (emphasis in original). On remand, the referee ordered the claimant to pay "a figure agreed upon by Claimant and his attorney.” Id.
. I have limited my review of such cases to those that involve claim proceedings because, in this case, Claimant has filed a claim petition.
. The referee sent a letter to the parties dated October 25, 1988, stating that the record was now closed to evidence and that the claimant had already submitted a proposed order. In Edwards v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (R.C. Kadyk Corp.), 149 Pa.Cmwlth. 597, 613 A.2d 667 (1992), this court stated that the claimant’s request for attorney fees was "apparently included in the claimant's proposed order.” Edwards, 613 A.2d at 669. Obviously, if the claimant’s request was in the proposed order, the request came before the close of the record. In Blunting v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (Riley), 654 A.2d 253 (Pa.Cmwlth.1995), this court assumed the opposite, stating that the claimant apparently requested attorney fees after the close of the record.
. If it mattered, this court would have remanded the case so that the referee could have made a necessary finding of fact.
. In this holding, Edwards changed the rationale for the request requirement. Before Edwards, claimants were required to give employers enough notice to present legal argument or countervailing evidence. After Edwards, claimants were required to give only enough notice to allow employers an opportunity to present legal argument.
. In holding that the timing of the claimant’s request for attorney fees essentially does not matter, this court revived the principle that an award of attorney fees is the rule and is to be excluded only where the record establishes that the employer’s contest is reasonably based. For that proposition, this court cited Ball v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board, 19 Pa.Cmwlth. 157, 340 A.2d 610 (1975), one of this court's earliest cases interpreting section 440 of the Act.
. Of course, the majority has decided to retain the request requirement. I note that, in this case, Claimant requested attorney fees after the close of the record. Certainly, under Blunt, Claimant is entitled to an award of attorney fees.
. The majority tries to distinguish Blunt and Mediq based on a footnote in Blunt relating to the facts in Eugenie. (Majority op. at 43.) The majority states, based on the footnote, that there is no indication in Blunt as to whether the claimant’s request was made before or after the close of the evidentiary record. (Majority op. at 43.) However, although that was the case in Eugenie, it was not true in Blunt. The claimant’s request in Blunt was made in proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law, and the regulation at 34 Pa.Code § 131.101 states that proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law are submitted after the close of the record. Thus, there is no question that the claimant’s request for attorney fees in Blunt came after the close of the record.
. Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex.Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S. § 808. See Zeller v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 111 Pa.Cmwlth. 20, 532 A.2d 1284 (1987).
. Act of April 9, 1929, P.L. 177, as amended, 71 P.S. 512(c) and (d). See County of Lehigh v. Lerner, 82 Pa.Cmwlth. 632, 475 A.2d 1357 (1984).
. Act of March 10, 1949, P.L. 30, as amended, 24 P.S. §§ 25-2575 and 25-2575.1. See School District of Pittsburgh v. Department of Education, 63 Pa.Cmwlth. 39, 437 A.2d 530 (1981), aff'd, 499 Pa. 56, 451 A.2d 442 (1982).
. Act of April 9, 1929, P.L. 343, as amended, 72 P.S. § 1403. See Department of Revenue, Bureau of Corporation Taxes v. Marros, 60 Pa.Cmwlth. 263, 431 A.2d 392 (1981).
. Act of July 31, 1968, P.L. 805, as amended, 53 P.S. § 10908(9). See Foltz v. Zoning Hearing Board, 13 Pa.Cmwlth. 309, 318 A.2d 410 (1974).
.In criminal law, a statute puts the public on notice regarding the consequences of certain conduct. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Yarris, 519 Pa. 571, 549 A.2d 513 (1988) (holding that a defendant on trial for first degree murder is “statutorily on notice" that the death penalty may be imposed); Commonwealth v. Gautieri, 431 Pa.Super. 412, 636 A.2d 1153, 1157 (1994) (holding that the statute gives “ample notice” of the types of crimes proscribed); and Commonwealth v. Macek, 218 Pa.Super. 124, 279 A.2d 772, 776 (1971) (holding that the statute "put the public on notice” regarding the risks of committing the crime).