dissenting.
I respectfully dissent from the majority’s holding that the Board’s decision is supported by competent and substantial evidence on the record as a whole and is not an abuse of discretion because I believe the Board’s ruling was against the overwhelming weight of the evidence. See White v. St. Louis Teachers Union, 217 S.W.3d 382, 388 (Mo.App. W.D.2007) (“An award that is contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence is, in context, not supported by competent and substantial evidence.” (internal quotations omitted)).
Officer Lagud’s two points on appeal both generally assert that the Board’s decision was not supported by competent and substantial evidence. Accordingly, I set forth the factual and procedural background in detail.
On the night of September 10, 2000, Officer James Carmody and his partner, Officer Crump, came upon James Russell in the parking lot of a Kansas City nightclub. He was sitting behind the steering wheel of his car, apparently unconscious, with his arm and leg hanging out of the open door, the keys in the ignition, and the engine running. The officers woke up Mr. Russell and asked him to exit the vehicle for a field sobriety test, which he was unable to perform, so they arrested him for driving under the influence. While waiting for a transport wagon to arrive, the officers conducted a search and found some drugs on Mr. Russell’s person and numerous drugs in his vehicle.
Mr. Russell was transported to the police station, and the officers obtained the assistance of Officer Lagud and Officer Bewick, both drug recognition and evaluation (“DRE”) officers, to conduct a series of tests. Mr. Russell was a six-foot, 240-pound bodybuilder, so the officers kept his hands handcuffed behind his back as a safety precaution due to his erratic behavior, which alternated between unconsciousness and agitation. A breathalyzer test failed to indicate the presence of alcohol, and Mr. Russell consented to a urine test. Officers Lagud and Carmody then escorted Mr. Russell to a small, partially enclosed toilet in the holding cell. The stall was about three feet across, with about a foot between the toilet and the privacy wall, so there was very little room for *294anyone to stand. Officer Carmody stood behind Mr. Russell and held on to his handcuffed hands to stabilize and prevent him from falling, and Officer Lagud stood to the right of Mr. Russell. Officers Car-mody and Lagud have differing accounts as to what occurred next.
According to Officer Lagud, he was standing to the right of Mr. Russell outside the privacy wall and Officer Carmody was standing behind and to the left of Mr. Russell. Officer Lagud held the specimen cup in his left hand while, using his right hand, he unbuttoned and unzipped Mr. Russell’s pants, grasped the pants at Mr. Russell’s right hip and pulled them partially down, then grasped the underwear at the same place and pulled them down to expose Mr. Russell’s penis. He then switched the specimen cup to his right hand, instructed Mr. Russell to begin urinating, and leaned over the privacy wall to collect the sample. Once the sample had been obtained, Officer Lagud turned and placed the cap on the cup while he waited for Mr. Russell to finish urinating. After Mr. Russell had finished, Officer Lagud grasped the right side of his underwear and pulled them back up. He then pulled up Mr. Russell’s pants and left him with Officer Carmody. Officer Lagud maintained that he never touched Mr. Russell’s penis during this process.
A few days later, Officer Carmody informally discussed the events of that night with his supervisor, Sergeant Abraham, while they were lifting weights at the station. Officer Carmody stated that Officer Lagud had unzipped Mr. Russell’s pants and pulled out Mr. Russell’s penis with his hand, held the penis while Mr. Russell was urinating into the specimen cup, then shook the penis and pushed it back into Mr. Russell’s pants. Sgt. Abraham directed Officer Carmody to complete an internal statement, or “191.” Officer Carmody did so on September 14, 2000, stating as follows:
Upon the request of a urine test Crump stood the subject up and began to remove the handcuffs at which time Lagud told Crump to “leave the cuffs on.” La-gud then escorted the subject into a holding cell and asked me to follow. Once at the toilet in the holding cell I stood behind the subject expecting La-gud to tell me when he was ready for me to remove the handcuffs, however Lagud just unbuttoned and unzipped the subject’s pants then removed his penis from his undeiwear and instructed him to begin urinating into a specimen container being held in Lagud’s free hand. When the subject had filled the container Lagud aimed the subject’s penis into the toilet allowing him to continue urinating before returning the subject’s penis back into his underwear and asking me to re-zip and re-button the subject’s pants while he secures the collected sample.
Based on that statement, Sgt. Abraham forwarded the matter to Sergeant Hannan, who was Officer Lagud’s supervisor, to determine whether such actions were appropriate.
Sgt. Hannan spoke with other DRE officers and determined that it was not normal procedure to touch an arrestee’s penis under such circumstances. She also contacted the Detention Unit, where Officer Lagud had worked prior to being transferred to the DUI section a few months earlier, to determine what their “procedure is when a volatile restrained inmate has to urinate.” She was informed that the procedure is to “take the inmate to the toilet stool and pull their pants down and let the inmate attempt to hit the toilet” but that they do not hold the inmate’s penis at any time. Captain Galvin later noted in his disciplinary recommendation that *295“[t]his same procedure would allow a urine specimen to be obtained without physical contact with an arrest[ee’]s genitalia.”
On September 15, 2000, Sgt. Hannan met with Officer Lagud and advised him of the allegations against him, told him that it was very important that he be honest with her, and told him that such actions were inappropriate for a police officer. She initially believed Officer Carmody’s version of the events, as relayed by Sgt. Abraham. Sgt. Hannan asked Officer Lagud what had happened that night, and “he immediately said, T did not touch that man’s penis, I did not touch him anywhere down there’ ” and proceeded to tell her what occurred as stated above. Officer Lagud then completed a 191, which was consistent ■with them conversation.
Sgt. Hannan conducted a preliminary reenactment of the events based on Officer Lagud’s statement. She examined the toilet in the holding cell at issue and took pictures of officers posed in the positions stated by Officer Lagud. Based on the “extreme differences” in the versions of events presented by the two officers, Sgt. Hannan initially recommended that the officers be given polygraph examinations. She was told that no polygraphs would be given, so she recommended that an internal investigation be initiated.
An internal investigation ensued, and a detective interviewed Officers Carmody and Lagud, as well as Mr. Russell, over the next several months. Officer Lagud answered all questions consistently with his conversation with Sgt. Hannan and with his 191, and he maintained that he never touched Mr. Russell’s penis at any time that night.
Officer Carmody also answered questions consistently with his 191. In pertinent part, he told the investigator that he “ha[d] a full view of Mr. Russell’s groin region as Officer Lagud began opening Mr. Russell’s pants.” When asked to “[djescribe how Officer Lagud pulled down his pants,” he responded, “Well, he actually just unbuttoned and unzipped them. Then he opened the zipper and reached in the waistband of the underwear.” Although Officer Carmody’s answers in full are not in the record, these responses were read into evidence at trial. Sgt. Hannan’s report, see infra, also indicates that Officer Carmody stated that he was standing behind and slightly to the right of Mr. Russell and that Officer Lagud was standing in front of and to the right of Mr. Russell inside the privacy wall.
Mr. Russell did not complain while the urine sample was being collected or at any time afterwards, but he agreed to give a statement in the internal investigation. Mr. Russell’s interview responses are also not in the record, and his testimony at the hearing was stricken. However, the record reflects that, before giving his statement, Mr. Russell was told that he was being interviewed “because there was a complaint that an officer had inappropriately touched his penis during the drug urine screen sample.” Sgt. Hannan’s final report indicates that Mr. Russell told the interviewer that Officer Carmody was standing directly behind or to the right of him and that Officer Lagud was standing to the l'ight of him inside the privacy wall. The report further notes that Mr. Russell said he “believed Officer Lagud handled his penis when taking it out and putting it back in his jeans. He did not recall if Officer Lagud held his penis while he urinated .... [H]e did not believe Officer Lagud shook or manipulated his penis after he completed urinating.” The report notes that Mr. Russell “did remember” being handcuffed and that Officer Lagud wore rubber gloves.
After the internal investigation had been completed, Sgt. Hannan reviewed the file, *296including the statements of both officers and Mr. Russell, and conducted another reenactment of the events. She did so in order to evaluate Officer Carmody’s ability to actually see what occurred, in part because Officer Carmody had stated that the officers were in different positions than Officer Lagud had described. Sgt. Han-nan is trained in accident reconstruction. She was not aware of any other person having conducted a reenactment or gone to the holding cell to evaluate the statements of the officers, and no such evidence appeal’s in the record. ■
In her January 5, 2001 final report, Sgt. Hannan concluded that “[n]o matter which position the officers were in, I was not convinced that Officer Carmody would have had a ‘full view of Mr. Russell’s groin area’ as he stated in his statement.” She had officers assist her in staging positions at the same toilet, and she stood behind in the same positions as reported by both officers. She “determined that in neither position did I have a view of the subject’s groin area. I found that the only way that I would be able to observe the subject’s groin area was if I would lean over from the side.” Sgt. Hannan further explained at the hearing that Officer Carmody would have had to lean over “[f]rom the opposite side that he said he was standing” to be able to observe Mr. Russell’s groin area. Officer Carmody said in his statement that he was standing on the same side as Officer Lagud, and Sgt. Hannan concluded that Officer Lagud would have blocked his view while leaning over the wall to collect the urine sample. She further stated in her report that it was almost impossible to see Mr. Russell’s groin area if Officer La-gud had been inside the privacy wall because he would have been in the way.
Based on her reenactment and the differences in the description of the events by Mr. Russell and the officers, Sgt. Hannan concluded:
Although it appears that Mr. Russell gave some credence to Officer Carmo-dy’s allegation, because of his impairment at the time of arrest as reported by the officers and his impairment as described later on that same day in an Investigative Report ... where he was apparently incoherent, hallucinating and in a drug-induced psychosis, I am still not confident that Officer Lagud was deceptive. Although I do not know Officer Carmody, I believe it is possible that he did not actually see Officer Lagud handle Mr. Russell’s penis and that he assumed that is what Officer Lagud did. I believed this issue could have been resolved by giving both Officer Carmody and Officer Lagud a polygraph examination, but I was advised that a request for polygraphs was denied. Because of my doubt as to Officer Lagud’s guilt in this matter and my request for polygraph examinations being denied, I have no other choice but to recommend no further action.
(Emphasis added.) At the hearing, Sgt. Hannan confirmed that she believed that Officer Lagud did not lie and that he did not touch Mr. Russell’s penis, and she also believed that Officer Carmody “believed that it happened, even though I don’t believe he saw it.”
Based on the internal investigation and Sgt. Hannan’s report, Captain Galvin concluded that Officer Lagud’s statements were deceptive and recommended a seven-day suspension. He stated that he believed the allegation that Officer Lagud “physically mishandled an arrest is confirmed by the witness officer and arrest[ee] providing statements that are basically the same.” Captain Galvin noted that Sgt. Hannan was “concerned that there is the possibility that Officer Carmo-*297dy didn’t actually witness Officer Lagud’s actions.” However, he relied on the facts that “Officer Carmody is emphatic that he observed Officer Lagud’s actions” and Mr. Russell “confirms Officer Carmody’s statements” even though “he made no complaint and had nothing to gain by providing his statement.”
After reviewing the internal investigation file and the recommendations from Sgt. Hannan, Captain Galvin, and others in the chain of command, then-Chief of Police Easley submitted charges to the Board requesting the termination of Officer La-gud. Officer Lagud was charged with misconduct for violating department policy by obtaining a urine sample by grabbing and holding the penis of an arrestee and then denying that he had done so. Chief Eas-ley based the charges on Officer Carmo-dy’s statement that he saw Officer Lagud touch Mr. Russell’s penis and on Mr. Russell’s statement and the fact that “both Mr. Russell and Officer Carmody basically said the same thing.”
Both officers were eventually given polygraph examinations. An examiner with the police department conducted Officer Carmody’s examination on March 27, 2001, and the examiner opined that Officer Car-mody was not deceptive in his responses. The examiner explained that a polygraph tests what someone believes or what he believes he saw, so if Officer Carmody “absolutely believes that he saw Officer Lagud holding or touching Mr. Russell’s penis then he would pass, relatively speaking,” even if his belief was inaccurate. The examiner stated that Officer Carmody told him that he “did not stand there and stare” but “simply looked around” for “a very brief look” when he heard Officer Lagud tell Mr. Russell to start urinating and didn’t understand how that could happen when both hands were still in handcuffs. He did not recall Officer Carmody stating that he saw Officer Lagud take Mr. Russell’s penis out of his underwear, and Officer Carmody did not tell him that he saw Officer Lagud shake or manipulate his penis even though he asked those questions.
Officer Lagud’s polygraph examination was conducted by an independent examiner on March 15, 2001, and the examiner opined that Officer Lagud was truthful and was not deceptive throughout the testing process, including when he stated that he did not touch Mr. Russell’s penis on September 10, 2000. The examiner also reviewed the results from Officer Carmody’s polygraph, and he opined that Officer Car-mody was deceptive as to the questions of whether he “[saw] Officer Lagud hold Mr. Russell’s penis during the collection of that urine sample.” He stated that the polygraph examiner who administered the test to Officer Carmody was “very qualified” but that they had been trained under different methodologies and he simply had a different opinion as to the results of the test.
At the hearing before the Board, Officer Lagud testified consistently with his prior statements as described above. He further testified that, in his opinion, Officer Carmody could not have been able to see over Mr. Russell’s shoulder because the men are about the same height and Officer Carmody would not have been able to see over Mr. Russell’s stomach even if he stood on his tiptoes. Officer Lagud admitted that he was facing down when he was working with the zipper and button, so he could not see whether Officer Carmody was looking around or over Mr. Russell’s shoulder.
Officer Carmody testified at the hearing that he “did not actually see” Officer La-gud unzip Mr. Russell’s pants, reach into his underwear, and remove his penis even though he stated that he had in his 191 *298and to the internal investigator. He stated, “Apparently I assumed that’s how Mr. Russell’s penis was extracted from his underwear.” Officer Carmody testified that he was “somewhat dumbfounded” when Officer Lagud instructed Mr. Russell to start urinating, so he “scooted around to the side” to position himself so he could see while still holding onto his hands in the handcuffs. He insisted that he saw Officer Lagud hold Mr. Russell’s penis in his left hand, hold the cup in his right hand while Mr. Russell urinated into the cup, then shake Mr. Russell’s penis a few times and place it back into his underwear. He stated that Officer Lagud placed the cap on the urine sample after he placed Mr. Russell’s penis back into his underwear.
Officer Carmody agreed that Mr. Russell “had a belly” and “was good sized” but stated that he was able to see Mr. Russell’s groin area despite Mr. Russell’s size and the fact that he was standing behind and to the right of Mr. Russell. He could not recall whether he was looking over Mr. Russell’s shoulder or around his side, but he maintained that he looked around to the right, on the same side as Officer Lagud. He testified that he remained in that position throughout the urinating process but that he could not recall whether it was awkward or uncomfortable. Officer Car-mody further stated that Officer Lagud “bent over ... next to th[e] toilet” but did not crouch to collect the sample. He stated that he could not see Mr. Russell’s “entire penis” but that he could see Officer Lagud’s hand on the penis and the “portion of the penis which was urinating.” Officer Carmody did not notice whether Mr. Russell was circumcised because he “didn’t pay that much attention to it.”
Officer Carmody also testified as to events prior to the collection of the urine sample. He stated that, when he and his partner woke up Mr. Russell and had him exit the vehicle, Mr. Russell “stood up” and exited the vehicle of his own volition. He claimed that he “helped [Mr. Russell] out” by holding on to his arm and that his “knees buckled” but “[h]e never actually hit the ground.” However, he admitted that the DUI sheet, which lists the initial contact with Mr. Russell and was completed on September 10, 2000, shortly after the incident, indicates that Mr. Russell “fell to the ground” as he exited the vehicle. Officer Carmody also stated that he “assum[ed]” Officer Lagud completed the DUI sheet until he was reminded that the sheet was signed by his partner, Officer Crump. Officer Crump later testified that he believed Mr. Russell exited the vehicle by falling out of it, which is what he indicated on the DUI sheet, and that Mr. Russell was unconscious, basically incoherent, and apparently intoxicated at the time.
Officer Carmody also testified as to how Mr. Russell exited the transport vehicle at the police department on that night. He stated that he did not recall the incident but that he “believe[d] he was assisted out of the wagon.” He further stated that he “imagine[d] it would have been the wagon driver, and if he needed help I would have helped him.” However, he admitted that he stated in his deposition that he and his partner assisted Mr. Russell out of the wagon, stating, “My partner and I were on either side of him and just escorted him in the DUI room.” Officer Crump was not questioned about this aspect of the night.
Officer Carmody stated that he told Officer Crump about the collection of the urine sample when they left in their patrol car after paperwork had been completed and Mr. Russell had been transported to the hospital for treatment. Officer Crump testified that Officer Carmody “commented to me the manner in which the urine specimen was collected along the lines that it was odd I guess is the word. We collec*299tively decided that, you know, perhaps that was maybe a process DRE ... officers use that we just weren’t familiar with.” He stated that Officer Carmody told him that “Officer Lagud had held Mr. Russell’s penis while he got the urine sample.”
Officer Bewick, the other DRE officer who assisted with the evaluations prior to the urine sample collection, was asked if he had an opinion as to whether Officer Car-mody would have been able to see around Mr. Russell to observe Officer Lagud allegedly holding his penis. He responded, “I don’t see how in the world anybody could see around [Mr. Russell]. The young man was in here this morning, he’s got a broad set of shoulders, he’s a big boy.”
The Board concluded that Chief Easley had met his burden to show that Officer Lagud had violated department policy and that the appropriate remedy was suspension without pay for nearly eight months, effectively reinstating him.
Officer Lagud filed a petition for judicial review in the circuit court, which overturned the Board’s decision, and the Board appealed. The Supreme Court held that the Board erred in failing to strike Mr. Russell’s testimony “because his invocation of the Fifth-Amendment on cross-examination improperly precluded Officer Lagud from testing his capacity to perceive and recall what occurred during the collection of the sample.” Lagud, 136 S.W.3d at 788. The Court found that the failure to strike was prejudicial because “the Board relied primarily on the testimony of Mr. Russell and Officer Carmody in reaching its decision.” Id. Accordingly, the Court remanded the case to give the Board “the opportunity to consider Officer Carmody’s remarks and the credibility or lack of credibility that they should be given absent the corroborative effect of Mr. Russell’s testimony.” Id. at 796. Because the Board had not had that opportunity, the Court declined to address Officer Lagud’s additional claim that Officer Carmody’s testimony “was so inherently contradictory as to be insufficient to support a finding” against him. Id.
Upon remand, the Board conducted oral arguments, reviewed previous arguments of both parties, and considered the record without Mr. Russell’s testimony. The Board again concluded that Officer Lagud had violated departmental policy and that suspension was the appropriate action. The Board stated that it “considered testimony from police officers Lagud, Carmo-dy, Crump, Bewick, and Stewart [a DRE instructor] in making its findings. The Board also considered testimony from Sergeants Abraham, Hannan, and Chief Eas-ley.... The Board did not rely on any testimony of Russell, any re-enactment or on any polygraph examination in connection with its decision.” The Board found that “Carmody observed Lagud holding Russell’s penis with Lagud’s left hand and the specimen container in his right hand while Russell urinated in the specimen container.... Lagud removed Russell’s penis from his pants, obtained the urine sample, and pulled Russell’s underwear back over Russell’s pants.”
Officer Lagud filed a petition for judicial review, and the circuit court reversed the Board’s decision because it was not based on substantial and competent evidence after a review of the entire record. The court found that the Board had “singularly relied upon” Officer Carmody’s testimony, which was “so riddled with inconsistencies that it lack[ed] substantial probative value.” The court noted that Officer Carmo-dy “changed his version of the events” at the hearing and found that Officer Carmo-dy had “admittedly, either purposely or mistakenly, misled his Sergeant and the Department as to what he actually ob*300served on September 10, 2000.” The court also stated that it found Sgt. Hannan’s conclusions “compelling,” noting that she was trained in accident reconstruction, and that her reenactment further undermined Officer Carmody’s testimony. This appeal follows.
As noted supra, Officer Lagud’s two points of error are closely related; he asserts in both that the Board erred in finding that Chief Easley met his burden of proving the charges because such a finding was not supported by competent and substantial evidence on the record as a whole. In his first point, Officer Lagud contends that the Board erred in relying solely on Officer Carmody’s testimony. He argues at the end of his first point and in his second point that the Board erred in summarily dismissing other evidence that undermined Officer Carmody’s testimony. As in the majority opinion, I will address the two points together.
I believe that a review of the whole record reveals that the Board’s ruling was against the overwhelming weight of the evidence and, therefore, is not supported by competent and substantial evidence. White, 217 S.W.3d at 388. Officer Lagud consistently testified that he never touched Mr. Russell’s penis, his version of how he collected the sample was consistent with how it was normally done in the Detention Unit where he was previously assigned, and Captain Galvin expressly stated that it was possible to collect a sample in that manner without touching the arrestee’s penis. The Board chose to believe Officer Carmody’s testimony that he saw Officer Lagud touch Mr. Russell’s penis even though it directly contradicted the opinions of Sgt. Hannan and Officer Bewick, who had no personal interest in the case, based on the same physical evidence. Indeed, the Board even chose to believe Officer Carmody’s testimony that Officer Lagud removed Mr. Russell’s penis from his pants even though he expressly stated that he did not actually see that happen and only assumed it had occurred.
As noted above, Sgt. Hannan concluded, based on her reenactment of the relative positions as stated by both officers and by Mr. Russell, that Officer Carmody would not have been able to see around Mr. Russell by leaning to the same side as Officer Lagud. Officers Bewick and La-gud both testified that they did not believe Officer Carmody would have been able to see around Mr. Russell because of their relative sizes. Officer Carmody agreed with the dimensions of the partially enclosed toilet area, consistently stated that he looked around Mr. Russell on the same side as Officer Lagud was standing, and agreed that Mr. Russell was a big man and had a sizeable stomach, but he nevertheless claimed that he was able to see around Mr. Russell and saw Officer Lagud touch his penis. Officer Carmody did not dispute any of the physical facts as testified to by Sgt. Hannan, Officer Bewick, or Officer Lagud, and his testimony that he could see around Mr. Russell was clearly opposed to those physical facts. I disagree with the majority’s statement that “the evidence conflicting with Officer Carmo-dy’s testimony was not so overwhelming as to render the Board’s decision as erroneous.” Maj. at 293.
Moreover, as Officer Lagud argues under his second point, the Board did not explain why it gave no weight to Sgt. Hannan’s conclusions, even though there had been no challenges to her qualifications or methodology. “[A]dministrative agencies may not arbitrarily ignore the testimony of an uncontradicted witness, unless the agency makes a specific finding that the evidence is not credible.” Carron v. Ste. Genevieve Sch. Dist., 800 S.W.2d 64, *30168 (Mo.App. E.D.1990)1 (citing Stevinson v. Labor & Indus. Relations Comm’n of Mo., 654 S.W.2d 373, 374-75 (Mo.App.1983)); see also Copeland v. Thurman Stout, Inc., 204 S.W.3d 737, 743 (Mo.App. S.D.2006). The majority asserts that Sgt. Hannan’s testimony was disputed by Officer Carmody, Maj. at 291-92, but, as noted supra, Officer Carmody did not dispute the factual evidence on which her conclusions were based. That evidence was corroborated by testimony from Officers La-gud and Bewick, and Officer Carmody did not offer any contradictory evidence.
The Board’s reliance on Officer Carmo-dy’s testimony and refusal to rely on Sgt. Hannan’s reenactment or the polygraph examinations is especially troubling because Officer Carmody’s memory of other events of the night contrasted with the police records and he also admitted that he “assumed” several other facts concerning the night of the arrest. This is consistent with Sgt. Hannan’s conclusion that she believed Officer Carmody “assumed” that he saw Officer Lagud handle Mr. Russell’s penis but did not actually see it. It is also consistent with the polygraph examiner’s testimony that Officer Carmody would have passed the examination even if he inaccurately believed that something had occurred. Moreover, the polygraph examiner stated that Officer Carmody told him he only looked around Mr. Russell very briefly and that, even though he asked about it, Officer Carmody did not say that he saw Officer Lagud take Mr. Russell’s penis out of his pants or shake it and put it back in the pants.
In conclusion, after a comprehensive, thorough review of the whole record, I can only conclude that the Board’s decision is against the overwhelming weight of the evidence and is, therefore, “not supported by competent and substantial evidence.” White, 217 S.W.3d at 388. Accordingly, I would reverse the Board’s decision and remand the case to the trial court with directions to remand the case to the Board for further proceedings.2
. Overruled on other grounds by Hampton v. Big Boy Steel Erection, 121 S.W.3d 220 (Mo. banc 2003).
. Officer Lagud prays that we restore him to the status quo before the charges were levied, including reinstating him and awarding back pay and benefits, removing all allegations from his file, and awarding attorney fees, among other things. If the case were reversed, Officer Lagud might well be entitled to such relief in toto. But we do not have a sufficient record before us to make those decisions, so I would remand the case for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.