dissenting.
I am compelled to vigorously dissent.
This case involves the question of when an insurance company which has reinsured another insurance company may be liable for the reinsured’s bad faith in failing to accept an offer of settlement on behalf of an individual policyholder for the face amount of the policy. On July 24, 1972 Durant Reid, appellant herein, was injured in an automobile accident when his car was struck at a right angle intersection by the car driven by Carrington Ruffin. Ruffin was insured by Granite Mutual Insurance Company (Granite) under a liability policy in the amount of $10,000. Granite, in turn, had reinsured the last $2,500 of this coverage with Security Mutual Insurance Company (Security). Ruffin reported the accident to Granite, which, in turn, reported it to Security. Both insurance companies knew at the outset that Reid had sustained serious and probably permanent injuries to his right hand and arm, and that two witnesses would probably give testimony adverse to the insured driver, Ruffin. Reid initiated a personal injury *466action against Ruffin, but prior to trial Reid, through his attorney, offered to settle the case for the policy amount, $10,000, the offer to expire after thirty days. Granite received the offer but did not respond or inform Security. When no response was forthcoming, Reid’s attorney petitioned to remove the case from Arbitration and to Major Case Listing. Thereafter, Granite offered a settlement of $9,000, which was refused. Granite informed Security of the $9,000 offer of settlement and the refusal, of the removal of the case to Major Case Listing, and advised Security to carry a $2,000 reserve (indicating that Granite planned to make a second offer of $9,500 — Granite’s $7,500 plus Security’s $2,000), See Granite’s June 13, 1973 letter to Security, infra.
Granite did make a second settlement offer of $9,500 and it too was refused. Almost three months later, at trial, Granite offered to settle for the policy limit of $10,000. This offer also was rejected, and the case proceeded to trial, where a jury awarded plaintiff a verdict of $80,000, which the trial court molded to $96,687.75. Next, in a garnishment proceeding against Ruffin’s insurers, Granite and Security, Reid charged both insurers with bad faith refusal to settle, and a jury awarded judgment against both insurance companies. A motion for a new trial was granted; however, Granite had become insolvent, and a second jury trial was conducted with Security as the only defendant. Again, a jury verdict was entered against Security for the whole amount of the judgment against Ruffin. Security appealed to a panel of Superior Court, which reversed, Judge Johnson dissenting. This Court granted the petition for allowance of appeal from the judgment of Superior Court.
It would be well, at the outset, to review the salient features of insurance law which are necessary for disposition of this case. As to the obligation which an insurance company has to its insured in a case where the company asserts in its policy a right to handle all claims against the *467insured, including the right to make a binding settlement, this Court has stated:
... [B]y asserting in the policy the right to handle all claims against the insured, including the right to make a binding settlement, the insurer assumes a fiduciary position towards the insured and becomes obligated to act in good faith and with due care in representing the interests of the insured. If the insurer is derelict in this duty, as where it negligently investigates the claim or unreasonably refuses an offer of settlement, it may be liable regardless of the limits of the policy for the entire amount of the judgment secured against the insured.
Gray v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co., 422 Pa. 500, 504, 223 A.2d 8, 9-10 (1966), citing Gedeon v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, 410 Pa. 55, 59, 188 A.2d 320, 322 (1963). In the present case, Ruffin’s policy with Granite reserved the sole authority to make settlement of any claim under the policy to Granite, and thus under Pennsylvania law, the company was subject to a good faith requirement in conducting settlement negotiations.
Granite’s agreement with Security was a contract for reinsurance, the nature of which has been described as follows:
The reinsurance situation arises in this manner. The primitive insurer, or the ceding company, finds that it has more risks than it cares to safely keep in its own portfolio. It has incurred expenses in connection with agency commissions, ordinary overhead, and the like, in addition to the reserve for payment of the claim. Consequently, it agrees to turn over to another insurer, usually one handling nothing but such reinsurances, half of such risk, or all of such risk in excess of a certain sum, in which latter event it is termed excess insurance. The premium which it pays to the reinsurer for the hazard which it assumes is not as large in proportion as that which the ceding company retains, since the reinsurer does not have a like agency expense or similar overhead. The original insured *468is not notified of the reinsurance, has no contact with the reinsuring company, and is generally not a party to the contract and has no legal interest therein. Thus, a diversification or spread of risk is achieved with' greater security, though less profit, to the ceding company.
13A Appleman, Insurance Law and Practice § 7681 (1976).
In Granite’s reinsurance contract with Security, Article 8 contains the following provision:
Settlement of claims involving this reinsurance shall not be made without the consent of the Reinsurer, except in those instances where an immediate decision is necessary and it is impracticable to obtain the consent of the Reinsurer. In such instances, the Company shall exercise the necessary powers in the common interest of itself and the Reinsurer, and the Reinsurer agrees to rely upon the judgment of the Company, it being understood that the Company will forthwith advise the Reinsurer of the action taken.
Thus, according to the terms of this agreement, Security must approve any settlements involving its reinsurance, except in cases where it would be impracticable to get Security’s approval, and in those cases, Granite is authorized to make what amounts to a good faith settlement. A major question in the case is whether this provision of the Granite-Security agreement establishes an agency relationship between the two companies.
This Court has defined agency as “the relationship which results from (1) the manifestation of consent of one person to another that (2) the other shall act on his behalf and subject to his control, and (3) consent by the other so to act.” Smalich v. Westfall, 440 Pa. 409, 414, 269 A.2d 476, 480 (1970); Restatement (Second) Agency § 1(1). Applying these principles of agency law to the settlement provision of Article 8, an agency would arise where Granite effected a settlement with Security’s consent, or, because of exigent *469circumstances, effected a settlement without Security’s pri- or approval.1
Moreover, Security, by virtue of its contractual identity as Granite’s principal in settlement matters involving reinsurance coverage, assumes Granite’s duty of good faith. Were this not so, Granite, who as the primary insurer has a duty of good faith to the policyholder, could be frustrated in its exercise of that duty by Security’s withholding of its contractually required consent in settlement matters for reasons which may be commercially sound but which do not meet the good faith standard required of the primary insurer. Such a result would be anomalous.
Concerning the settlement activity that occurred in this case, Granite, without notifying Security of the plaintiff’s settlement offer for the face amount of the policy, refused the offer by inaction. Almost two months after the offer of settlement was made, on June 13, 1973, Granite wrote to Security as follows:
Enclosed please find copy of Arbitration Program submitted by the plaintiff’s attorney which is self-explanatory.
Please note that the attorney has withdrawn the Certificate of Readiness and has filed a Petition to make this a Major Case. The attorney has made a demand of $10,000.00 and we made him an offer of $9,000.00, but he is not willing to budge from his demand of $10,000.00. Suggest you carry a reserve of $2,000.00 and will keep you advised of any further developments.
(Emphasis in original). At the time of their receipt of this letter, Security knew: (1) damages already had been sustained in excess of $5,500 exclusive of pain and suffering *470and loss of future earnings; (2) Granite’s own doctor verified that plaintiff would not fully regain the use of his hand and arm because of nerve damage; (3) plaintiff’s attorney had furnished Granite with the names of two witnesses whom Granite was unable to locate, but who would put responsibility for the accident on the insured; (4) Granite had said only that it had “some defense” to plaintiff’s action.
In summary, on June 13, 1973, approximately three months before trial, Security’s situation was that while it had not been informed of plaintiff’s earlier settlement offer, it knew of Granite’s $9,000 offer and of Granite’s impending $9,500 offer. It also knew of the seriousness of plaintiff’s injuries and of the two witnesses who would put responsibility for the accident on the insured. Finally-, it knew that plaintiff’s attorney was “not willing to budge from his demand of $10,000.”
As stated earlier, an insurance company which has reserved the right to make a binding settlement has a fiduciary duty towards the insured to accept reasonable offers of settlement. A fair statement of the elements of that duty is as follows:
(1) The interests of insured and the insurer are balanced by requiring the insurer to treat the claim as if he alone were liable for the entire amount.
(2) When there is little possibility of a verdict or settlement within the policy limits, the decision to expose the insured to personal pecuniary loss must be based on a bona fide belief by the insurer, predicated on all of the' circumstances of the case, that it has a good possibility of winning the suit.
(3) The insurer cannot hazard the well-being of the insured.
(4) Good faith requires that the chance of a finding of nonliability be real and substantial and that the decision to litigate be made honestly.
Gedeon v. State Farm Mutual, 410 Pa. 55, 61, 188 A.2d 320, 323 (1963) (Concurring Opinion of Mr. Justice Eagen) *471summarizing Cowden v. Aetna Casualty, 389 Pa. 459, 134 A.2d 223 (1957). There is ample evidence in the present case to find, as a jury did, that Granite breached its fiduciary duty to accept a settlement offer for the amount of the policy. The likelihood of losing the case in an amount far in excess of the policy coverage was very great. The remaining question is whether Security was liable for Granite’s bad faith under the circumstances of this case, where Granite did not seek Security’s approval of settlement offers which it had made and was about to make.
It is evident that once Granite made settlement offers in excess of $7,500, it was involving Security in its settlement endeavors, for Security’s $2,500 reinsurance coverage came into play to the extent that Granite’s liability exceeded $7,500. Thus, where Granite informed Security of its past and impending settlement attempts ($9,000 and $9,500), and of the plaintiff’s demand for $10,000, and where Security knew of the likelihood that Granite would not prevail in a lawsuit, but made no response to the communication of Granite’s past and impending offers, allowing Granite to proceed with its settlement activity, it became liable as Granite’s principal, for it implicitly endorsed Granite’s handling of its money, and it failed to exert any control over Granite’s activities.2 A principal who is contractually bound to consent to proposed settlement activity may not, by remaining silent, escape liability for its agent’s conduct when the conduct has been communicated to the principal. We have earlier stated that Security’s settlement activity, like Granite’s, is subject to a good faith requirement, and since Granite’s settlement activity was found to be in bad faith, Security’s acquiescence in that activity subjects it to identical liability.
For these reasons, I would reverse the court below and reinstate judgment for the appellant.
ROBERTS, C.J., and HUTCHINSON, J., join this dissenting opinion.. The majority asserts that because Security "has no authority to require [Granite] to perform an act on [its] behalf” there can be no agency relationship. "Security is given no control,” according to the majority, “over decisions by Granite not to settle a claim.” At 1033. This view, on the facts of this case, is too narrow. Security’s control consists in its ability to advise Granite to settle a particular claim involving Security’s money, and, in the last resort, paying over to the policy holder the amount of its reinsurance coverage. And in any event, this case involves settlement activity, not the absence of settlement activity, of which Security must approve under Article 8.
. See note 1, supra.