(dissenting). The trial court found that “the statement in the advertisement did not enter pnto the transaction as a motivating cause and inducement of this sale.” The record sustains such a *7finding and this finding was supported by the- plaintiff’s own testimony, as well as many other facts, in addition to what happened at the time of the transaction in attorney McNamara’s office that culminated in the written agreement.
Plaintiff Gerald D. Callihan had for 2 years attended the school of business administration at Central Michigan at Mount Pleasant and Michigan State University, and was a man of business experience having managed 2 different golf courses as well as owning the Beaverton Hotel, at Beaverton, Michigan, and operating same as a licensee.
Plaintiffs did not purchase the property here involved on the spur of the moment. At least 5 different conferences were held between .plaintiffs and defendant from the time plaintiffs first inspected defendant’s property to the signing of the purchase agreement.
Plaintiff Gerald Callihan testified on direct examination that he first learned defendant’s property was for sale when he read an advertisement for same in the Detroit News. However, on cross-examination when plaintiff was confronted with a letter he had written stating that he first knew of defendant’s property through the State Wide Beal Estate, of Gaines, Michigan, and when asked how he reconciled that statement with the testimony he had given on direct examination, plaintiff first answered, “I surmise that probably Mr. Talkowski called me, because of what Mr. Voorhies (of State Wide Beal Estate) had told him about the place.” Later, while still being cross-examined about the discrepancy as disclosed by his letter, he stated that when he wrote the letter, “I didn’t mean exactly what I said.”
For impeachment purposes, defendant called Mr.. Yoorhies to the stand. He testified that, plaintiff contacted him and he drove to plaintiff’s home in Port Huron; that when plaintiff advised him of his *8financial status and stated that he wanted to trade his Port Huron home for northern Michigan property, he informed plaintiff he had nothing to offer and, therefore, there was no reason for him to go through plaintiff’s home, hut that he (Voorhies) was informed defendant had property for sale and might trade; that inasmuch as defendant had not listed his property with him, plaintiff was at liberty, if interested, to contact defendant; that plaintiff did not mention that he had heard of defendant’s property, and Voorhies testified: “I don’t believe he knew of it.”
Plaintiffs did not even attempt to explain or refute Voorhies’ testimony.
Added to plaintiff Herald Callihan’s unsatisfactory testimony as to how he learned defendant’s property was for sale, was the equally unsatisfactory testimony in regard to plaintiffs’- efforts to ascertain certain facts in regard to the defendant’s property that they finally purchased.
Defendant and his wife testified that from the start of negotiations they informed plaintiffs they had not owned the property for a year and that the .$29,000 gross sales figure was not their figure. This is evidenced by the following answers:
“Well, we told them — we talked over a lot of things, and we told them the gross, the $29,000 gross had been given to us by the previous owners and that we were not going to have that gross because the business was down.”
“Tes. We discussed the fact that I just bought it the previous late summer, and that I had operated up to that point, and I was getting into the real-estate business and I wanted to sell for the reason of my real-estate business and my wife’s ill health.”
Plaintiff Gerald Callihan not only denied that he had been so informed by defendant, but claimed that *9lie did not ascertain during all Ms conferences with defendant how long defendant had owned and operated the business. This is indicated by the following questions and answers on plaintiff’s cross-examination:
“Q. How long had he (defendant) owned it?
“A. That I don’t know. He never told me how long he owned it.
“Q. You never knew how long he had it.
“A. No; I don’t know how long he owned it.
“Q. Did you know why he was selling out?
“A. He told me it was because of his wife’s health, the reason he was selling it. In fact, I think he advertised it to that extent, due to sickness, he was going to sell, even with the new bridge being put in.
“Q. Did you know whether or not he had operated it for a year?
“A. No; I didn’t. * * *
“Q. Did you ask about the business for previous years, other than this $29,000 gross?
“A. No; I don’t think so.
“Q. Didn’t it occur to you that it might be wise to find out how he did the year before that?
“A. I thought possibly he was taking an average for the time he had been there.
“Q. Did he say he was taking an average?
“A. I didn’t say that.”
While plaintiff claimed he endeavored to examine defendant’s books, his evidence in that regard is not only not convincing but, in many respects, is not plausible, as evidenced by the following questions and answers:
“Q. And, you stated, Mr. Callihan, that you asked several times to see the books.
“A. I did that.
. “Q. But were never successful.
“A. No. His bookkeeper always had them. We only could come on a weekend. .
*10e(Q. Were you informed where the bookkeeper’s ■ ’office was ? ■
;• “A. No.-’ He told me the bookkeeper lived in St. Ignace. That is all he told me. I don’t even know his name.
“Q. Then if you w;ere so, concerned about this, don’t you.' think :it would have been important to '■actually find out before—
“A. It would have been, if I had had the opportunity to. come over here during the week, but I didn’t have at that time.
. “Q. Well, if you had gone ahead and asked once and was told that they were in St. Ignace, or some place else, and he didn’t have them, then accepted it, as you say, it might have been different, but wasn’t it quite strange that you would ask several times and then acquiesced in it by going ahead and signing up for the deal?
“A. I believe, Mr. Brown, I asked twice, and he did promise to get them for me. He said, T will have them for you the next time you come up.’
, “Q., Were you suspicious when you didn’t get them then?•
,, “A. Not particularly. He seemed like an honest person. I had his advertising; I had his word for the gross sales.
“Q. Didn’t you say you asked several times to see the books?
‘A. No; I think maybe 2 or 3 times. * * *
“Q. Now, when you went back up to Cut River
■ after this Port Huron meeting, you asked again to ■see the sales tax return, did you not?
‘A. I think that is possibly the first time I asked to see them. I don’t know as I asked to see them the 'first time I was up there.
“Q. Oh. How many times were you up there?
“A. I think about 4 times.
“Q. You didn’t ask the first time; you did the second;' • How about the third time ? ■
‘A. I think I asked the third time.
*11i.i.AQ,. .The fourth time?j . ......’ v,
“A. The fourth time is when he was- supposed.t;o .have them/for me. He said, ‘I. vdll.get them for you and. have fliem for. -you the next time, you come up,’
. .“Q. You-were’quite concerned,-if ¡.you asked 3 different times. ' ' . . ¡ c
í i “A.- Yes-; I .was concerned. . .
./ ‘‘Q\ What all of a sudden made you decide: that lie was-.honest, and trustworthy and. didn’t have’to have them? . . : ' <: N .
I. “A. Well, he was a licensed, real-estate 'salesman.
“Q: Didn’t you know that the’first time? '
“A. I didn’t know it the first time; no. : ;.c-
“Q.. When did you find out he was a licensed real-estate salesman? 1 ■ 1/ 1;
“A. When I first came up here he-'toldmé hé was 'a'lice-nsed real-estate salesman out of Dailies,-working under Voorhies. , - 1
“Q. Then you did know it the first time: * 1
•' -- •“■A. -Not before I came up I didn’t. I knéw.-it after I got up here; yes, because he told me that. • ■ ■
“Q. Well, 'if you were ready to. trust his figures because he was a licensed real-éstate' salesman, why did'-you" Continually ask for them after'that?',. -..
“A, Well, I didn’t entirely trust him on that basis; ■I-told'him-1 did trust-him-, but I would like:some ' other, means of knowing • that that was the right figure. ’. . -.
“Q. Then the amount of trust that you had in him did'change, because you did’go ‘ ahead with- the deal without seeing the figures. ■
“A. Yes. He assured me . that he .wouldn’t lie about it. He says that is straight facts: * - * *
“Q- Now, when you .had these sever'd! conferences -with Mr. • Talkowski, -you went into details; 6h; taxes and expenses, gas and electricity and other things, did you not?--- .. . . . ,
“A. Yes, sir, ’ , -
“Q. I would' still like to know what changed your mind from insisting upon seeing the books;,, and,then *12not having seen them, you went ahead and entered into the deal.
“A. I didn’t insist on them. I asked if he was agreeable on letting me see them, and he said, ‘Why, certainly.’ And he said, ‘But, my bookkeeper has them in St. Ignace,’ and he promised to get them.
“Q. He didn’t tell you where you could go and see them? You didn’t ask who the bookkeeper was? Did he ever say that you couldn’t go and see them?
“A. No; he didn’t.
“Q. Wouldn’t that have been quite easy to do?
“A. Hardly very easy, when I was up there just on a weekend.
“Q. Well, were all these deals on weekends, the closing deal too?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Wouldn’t it have been worth it to go and see the books?
“A. It possibly would, if I hadn’t trusted-him» I say I trusted and relied on the information he gave me and on his advertising.
“Q. But you didn’t rely on it at first.
“A. Not entirely, Mr. Brown.
“The Court: I think we have covered that question.”
Edward G. McNamara, Jr., St. Ignace attorney, represented both plaintiffs and defendant. He testified that in the several conferences leading up to the signing of the contract there was no conversation as to the $29,000 gross sales figure.
• The trial court in its opinion called attention to the fact that in cases of this type the proof must be “clear and satisfactory,” and “clear and convincing,” and, deciding plaintiffs had failed to meet this test, the court stated:
“There was no reliance by the Callihans upon the item of $29,000. The whole, effort of plaintiffs’ counsel in this case has been to draw the $29,000 statement into the deal as a representation that was *13the foundation and inducement of the transaction. Whatever the gross profits were prior to the sale^, did not concern the parties at the McNamara conference when the agreements were made. The1 agreements themselves show the parties had openly agreed on a fixed price and that price was broken down into 3 categories and the parties fully understood that this deal hinged on a fixed price and definite inventory and personal property.” ¡
In Merrill v. Shumway, 367 Mich 14, 16, 17, we said: !
Í
“It is not the function of this Court, in an appeal from a trial court’s.decision.on the facts in a non-jury law action, to hear the matter de novo and substitute our judgment for that of the trial court as to what the facts are as established by the proofs. Our determination in that regard is limited solely to whether the trial court’s finding of facts is against the clear preponderance of the evidence. Noyce v. Ross, 360 Mich 668; Lynes v. J. R. Heineman & Sons, Inc., 363 Mich 276; Houghton v. Roberts, 357 Mich 223; Gocha v. Fetterolf, 363 Mich 344.”
We have repeatedly stated that this Court recognizes the advantage of seeing and hearing the witnesses and that we rely upon the trial court’s judgment on questions of fact.
Eather than to accept plaintiffs’ claim that they blindly relied upon an advertisement in the newspaper, and did not even try to ascertain whether the seller had owned and occupied the property for 1 year, 2 years, or 5 years, it is more plausible to conclude that plaintiffs were relying on an increased future business due to the completion of the bridge across the straits and the end of a steel strike and that plaintiffs were very desirous of being able to consummate the deal, getting a $7,100 credit for a $2,900 equity, plus the opportunity to purchase the property with a cash down payment of. only $150.
*14- The trial .court’s .findings of fact were'not agáinst dhe clear preponderance of the evidence, and I dis.-agree-with Justice Kavanagh that the trial court •chme to-his -conclusion by applying “an erroneous principle of law.”" I, therefore, vote to affirm. Costs-.to appellee. ’ ’ - • ' " ' ■ ■
"Carr/'C. J., and Dbthmers, J., concurred with' Kelly, J.