Greer v. State

OPINION

GARRARD, Judge.

Michael Greer appeals his revocation of probation, alleging that he received ineffective assistance of counsel and that the denial of credit for time served while on home detention as a condition of his probation violates Article I, Section 28 of the Indiana Constitution and the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution.

FACTS

Greer was convicted of two counts of child molesting as class C felonies and sentenced to concurrent terms of eight years imprisonment on both counts in September of 1991. Greer's convictions were affirmed by a memorandum decision of this court.

On October 4, 1998, the trial court granted Greer's petition for sentence modification, suspending the remainder of his sentence and placing him on home detention as a condition of his probation. On April 29, 1994, the trial court modified Greer's sentence and ordered Greer placed in the custody of the Community Residential Correction Center *754for the remainder of his sentence beginning April 30, 1994.

After a hearing on May 24, 1994, the trial court found that Greer had violated a term of his probation by failing to abstain from the use of alcohol. His probation was revoked and he was ordered to serve the remainder of his sentence in the Indiana Department of Correction. Greer received twenty-five days of Class I credit time for the time he was incarcerated in the Community Residential Correction Center. On October 17, 1994, Greer's sentence was again modified. Greer was placed on probation with the condition of home detention and the remainder of his sentence was suspended.

In January of 1995, a probation violation report was filed, alleging that Greer had violated the terms of his probation by failing to abstain from the use of alcohol. The report further alleged that Greer's father, with whom Greer had been living, no longer wanted him in the home. On January 6, 1995, the court provisionally revoked the probation pending an evidentiary hearing. A hearing was held on March 7, 1995, and the trial court found that Greer had violated the terms of his probation. Greer's probation was again revoked and he was ordered to serve the remainder of his sentence. On March 18, 1995, Greer filed a pro se motion for credit time, requesting credit for the time he spent on home detention from October 5, 1993 through April 29, 1994 and from October 13, 1994 through January 6, 1995. This motion was denied on March 14, 1995.

On June 12, 1995, the trial court granted Greer's petition for permission to file a belated praccipe, which was then filed on this date.

DISCUSSION

We address the following issues raised by the parties:

I. Whether this court has jurisdiction over this appeal due to Greer's failure to timely file a praccipe.
II. Whether Greer received ineffective assistance of counsel at the probation revocation hearing.
III. Whether the failure to give Greer credit for time served on home detention denied Greer the right to equal treatment under Article I, Seetion 28 of the Indiana Constitution.
IV. Whether the failure to give Greer credit for time served on home detention denied Greer the right to equal protection of the law under the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.

ISSUE I

We first address whether Greer's failure to file a timely praccipe requires us to dismiss his appeal for lack of jurisdiction.

An appeal is initiated by the filing of a praecipe in the trial court, and the praecipe must be filed within thirty days of a final appealable order. Ind.Appellate Rule 2(A). The failure to timely file a praccipe is a jurisdictional failure that results in the appeal's dismissal Moran v. Cook, 644 N.E.2d 179 (Ind.Ct.App.1994). Effective January 1, 1994, the supreme court amended Ind.Post-Conviction Rule 2, permitting a court to grant an appellant leave to file a belated praecipe only if the appellant is seeking a direct appeal of the conviction. Howard v. State, 653 N.E.2d 1389 (Ind.1995).

Here, Greer is appealing from his revocation of probation and the denial of his petition for credit time. However, we need not reach the issue of whether the amendment to the post-conviction rules and Howard apply to the situation before us, because the State has waived its right to contest jurisdiction in this appeal. The State failed to object to Greer's belated praecipe at any time prior to filing its brief in this appeal, either at the trial or appellate level. In Byrd v. State, 592 N.E.2d 690 (Ind.1992), the supreme court necessarily determined that the issue was jurisdiction of the particular case and held that the State had - waived its right to challenge a belated praecipe. After noting that the State had numerous opportunities to object to the belated praecipe but failed to do so, the court went on to state:

It is well settled that Indiana's appellate courts look with disfavor upon issues that are raised by a party for the first time on appeal or in original actions without first *755raising the issue at first opportunity in the trial court. When the State is a party to a state court proceeding, it, like all parties, must comply with the rules then governing, and its actions, like those of all parties, are subject to scrutiny under principles of waiver and estoppel.
[The State's] silence persisted until ... the State filed its motion to dismiss in' the appellate court, one day before its brief responding to appellant's brief on the merits was due. At that juncture, the trial court's belated praecipe order remained intact, the record of proceedings had been completed for use on appeal and had been. filed, and appellant's brief had been structured and prepared in final form, and duly filed. Because the State did not avail itself of these several opportunities to challenge the availability and regularity of the belated process, it was in no position to make that challenge in its motion to dismiss.

Id. at 691-91 (citations omitted). Similarly, by waiting until filing its appellate brief to raise any objection to the filing of a belated praecipe, the State has waived the right to make its challenge in this case.

ISSUE II

Greer contends that he was denied effective assistance of counsel at the probation revocation hearing.

Reversal for ineffective assistance of counsel is appropriate only in cases where a defendant shows both that counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that the deficient performance so prejudiced the defendant as to deprive him of a fair trial. King v. State, 642 N.E.2d 1389, 1391-92 (Ind.Ct.App.1994). More specifically, the defendant must show that there is a " 'reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.'" Madden v. State, 656 N.E.2d 524, 527-28 (Ind.Ct.App.1995), trans. denied, quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 695, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2068, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).

The evidence against Greer at the revocation hearing consisted solely of the testimony of his probation officer, Mel Glick. Glick testified that Greer's father had stated that Greer had consumed alcoholic beverages and that he no longer wanted Greer living at his house. Glick further testified that, after the filing of the violation report, he spoke with Greer and Greer admitted consuming alcoholic beverages. Greer's attorney failed to object to CGlick's testimony.

First, we address Glick's testimony regarding Greer's father's statements. Clearly, this testimony constituted hearsay, an out-of-court statement offered into evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Ind.Evidence Rule 801(c), Arndt v. State, 642 N.E.2d 224, 227 (Ind.1994). The State argues that hearsay evidence is admissible in probation revocation hearings pursuant to Evid.R. 101(c)(2), which states that the Indiana: Rules of Evidence do not apply to "[plroceedings relating to ... probation...." However, Evid.R. 101(a) states that, if the rules do not cover a specific evidence issue, common or statutory law shall apply. While it is true that a probation revocation hearing is in the nature of a civil proceeding and that probationers are thus not entitled to the full array of constitutional rights afforded at trial, we must conclude that the intent of the Rules of Evidence is not to completely eliminate all evidentiary rules in a probation revocation proceeding. As noted in Payne v. State, 515 N.E.2d 1141 (Ind.Ct.App.1987), the hearsay rule applies in civil proceedings, and we can see no rationale for treating a probationer with less deference than a civil litigant. Id. at 1144. We conclude that the hearsay rule applies in a probation revocation hearing. The State does not offer, and we are not aware of, any applicable hearsay exceptions. Thus, Greer has demonstrated that, had a proper objection been made, the objection should have been sustained. Garrett v. State, 602 N.E.2d 139, 141 (Ind.1992), reh'g denied. Whether or not Greer suffered any harm from the omission depends upon the admission of his own statement to his probation officer.

Greer argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel when his attorney *756failed to object to the admission of his statement to his probation officer. Greer contends that the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Greer was advised of his Miranda1 rights and that he knowingly and voluntarily waived those rights in giving his statement to his probation officer.

The failure to object to testimony regarding a defendant's statement taken without Miranda warnings waives any error. Banks v. State, 578 N.E.2d 667, 668 (Ind.1991); Whitehead v. State, 511 N.E.2d 284, 292 (Ind.1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1031, 108 S.Ct. 761, 98 L.Ed.2d 773 (1988). In alleging that his counsel was ineffective in failing to object, Greer must show that, had a proper objection been made, it would have been sustained. Garrett, 602 N.E.2d at 141. He has failed to do so.

Initially, we note that a probation officer is not required to give Miranda warnings when the probationer is not in custody, the interrogation is reasonably related to the officer's duty to supervise the probationer, and the questioning is reasonable under all the circumstances. Alspach v. State, 440 N.E.2d 502, 505 (Ind.Ct.App.1982). Here, the probation officer testified that he went to the jail to question Greer, and the court's order of January 6, 1995 reflects that Greer was to be remanded to the custody of the Shelby County Sheriffs Department and, subsequently, the Noble County Sheriff's Department. Thus, Greer has shown that he was in custody at the time of the statement. However, Greer's remaining argument is that "the State, whose burden it was to prove that Greer had been informed of and had knowingly and voluntarily waived his Miranda rights, presented no evidence, whatsoever, to establish that Glick read the Miranda rights to Greer or that Greer had knowingly and voluntarily waived those rights." (Brief of appellant at 34). This miscasts the error Greer is attempting to argue.

Greer's attorney did not object to Glick's testimony. In the absence of an objection, the State did not have the burden to affirmatively establish that Greer was informed of and voluntarily waived his Miranda rights. Banks, 578 N.E.2d at 668; Whitehead, 511 N.E.2d at 292. For all we know, the proper advice was given and, knowing this, counsel saw no value in raising an objection. The burden falls to Greer, in his attempt to prove ineffective assistance of counsel, to demonstrate that an objection would have been sustained. Greer's assertion that the State failed to present evidence that Miranda warnings were given and that Greer knowingly and voluntarily waived those rights and made his statement is insufficient. As Greer has failed to allege or show by affidavit that he in fact did not receive his Miranda warnings or that he did not knowingly and voluntarily waive them, he has failed to show ineffective assistance of counsel. See Marshall v. State, 621 N.E.2d 308, 321-22 (Ind.1993) (appellant's failure to state what offer to prove should have been cannot show ineffective assistance based upon failure to make the offer to prove); Fugate v. State, 608 N.E.2d 1370, 1373 (Ind.1998) (appellant's failure to provide affidavit showing substance of witness's testimony negates ineffective assistance claim based upon counsel's failure to call witness at trial).

ISSUE IH

Greer next argues that the application of Ind.Code § 35-50-6-6(a), which does not allow credit time to accrue for a person on parole or probation, violates Article I, Section 28 of the Indiana Constitution. Greer contends that there is no substantial, nonarbitrary reason to treat persons imprisoned on home detention as a condition of probation differently than other persons who are imprisoned.

A person on probation may be ordered to undergo home detention as a condition of probation. I.C. § § 35-38-2-2.3(a)(15); 35-38-2.5-5(a). Additionally, Indiana provides a system by which those imprisoned earn credit time. A person who is imprisoned for a crime or imprisoned awaiting trial or sentencing is initially assigned to Class I. I.C. § 35-50-64(a). A *757person assigned to Class I earns one day of credit time for each day he is imprisoned for a crime or confined awaiting trial or sentencing. I.C. § 35-50-6-8(a). However, a person does not earn credit time while on parole or probation. 1.0. § 35-50-6-6(a).

Article I, Section 28 of the Indiana Constitution provides:

The General Assembly shall not grant to any citizen, or class of citizens, privileges or immunities which, upon the same terms, shall not equally belong to all citizens.

In Collins v. Day, 644 N.E.2d 72 (Ind.1994), the supreme court held that the privileges and immunities clause of the Indiana Constitution requires an independent interpretation and application separate from federal equal protection analysis:

[Wle hold that Article I, Section 28 of the Indiana Constitution imposes two requirements upon statutes that grant unequal privileges or immunities to differing classes of persons. First, the disparate treatment accorded by the legislation must be reasonably related to inherent characteristics which distinguish the unequally treated classes. Second, the preferential treatment must be uniformly applicable and equally available to all persons similarly situated. Finally, in determining whether a statute complies with or violates Section 28, courts must exercise substantial deference to legislative discretion.

Id. at 80. The court further observed that courts presume a statute to be constitutional and place the burden upon the challenger "to negate every conceivable basis which might have supported the classification." Id. (citation omitted). The court further stated: "Legislative classification becomes a judicial question only where the lines drawn appear arbitrary or manifestly unreasonable. So long as the classification is based upon substantial distinctions with reference to the subject matter, we will not substitute our judgment for that of the legislature...." Id., quoting Chaffin v. Nicosia, 261 Ind. 698, 310 N.E.2d 867, 869 (1974). Id.

The court in Barton v. State, 598 N.E.2d 623 (Ind.Ct.App.1992), addressed the issue of whether the denial of credit for time served by probationer in home detention program violated equal protection, and determined that it did not. In analyzing the question of whether this denial constituted eruel and unusual punishment, the court concluded that home detention, as opposed to confinement in jail, is substantially different and clearly a benefit to defendants; thus, there was no cruel and unusual punishment. In examining the equal protection argument, the court found that, because the defendant was on probation while on home detention, he was not similarly situated with a person placed in a community corrections program under I.C. § 35-88-2.6, who would be entitled to time credit, because under this statute a person would not be on probation at the time of placement in the community corrections program. Id. at 624. Thus, the court found no constitutional violation.

Greer argues that the result in Barton is abrogated by the supreme court's decision in Capes v. State, 634 N.E.2d 1334 (Ind.1994). It is true that the supreme court held that a defendant serving home detention while awaiting trial is "imprisoned awaiting trial" and is therefore qualified for membership in Class I. Id. at 1334-1335; 1.0. § 35-50-6-4(a). However, this does not resolve the question of whether it violates Section 28 to deny credit for time served in home detention as a condition of probation as opposed to granting credit for time served while awaiting trial or sentencing.

Greer asserts that the fact that he is on probation is an irrelevant distinction. In fact, it is a crucial distinction. Probation is a "matter of grace and a conditional liberty that is a favor, not a right." Johnson v. State, 659 N.E.2d 194, 198 (Ind.Ct.App.1995), reh'g denied (citation omitted). Further, conditions of probation, within certain parameters, may impinge upon the probationer's exercise of an otherwise constitutionally protected right. Johnson, 659 N.E.2d at 199 (citing United States v. Turner, 44 F.3d 900, 903 (10th Cir.1995) (prohibition against harassing, intimidating or picketing in front of family planning facility was valid condition of probation)); Patton v. State, 580 N.E.2d 693, 698 (Ind.Ct.App.1991), trans. denied. Probation is designed to both produce a law-abid*758ing citizen and protect the public. Patton, 580 N.E.2d at 698.

Thus, contrary to the view expressed in Judge Sullivan's separate opinion, we find that Capes is not dispositive; that the status of home detention may sufficiently impinge upon an unconvicted person's liberty interest to require good time credit and, yet, not require the same result when applied against the qualified liberty interest of one on probation or parole.

The unique nature of a defendant on probation convinces us that the legislature's decision not to grant credit time to such persons does not violate Section 28. If a person serving pretrial home detention was not given credit for time served, he would serve a longer sentence than a person who posted bond. However, probation is a conditional liberty during which time the defendant is to be concerned with rehabilitation. The legislature's decision to deny a probationer the ability to accrue credit time is rationally related to the goal of deterring criminal behavior while on probation. The unique status of a probationer is a sufficient ly distinguishing characteristic to justify the treatment implemented by the legislature. As the "preferential treatment" of earning credit time is uniformly applicable to all persons similarly situated, ie., all those not on probation, we find no constitutional violation.

Moreover, we note that our supreme court has had opportunities to address the issue before us and has failed to find any constitutional error. First, the court did not overrule or even reference the Barton decision in Capes. Further, in Smith v. State, 610 N.E.2d 265 (Ind.Ct.App.1993), vacated in part on other grounds, aff'd. in part 621 N.E.2d 325 (Ind.1993) we held that the denial of "good time" credit while on home detention did not result in a denial of due process or equal protection of the law. The supreme court affirmed this portion of the opinion pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 11(B)B). Smith v. State, 621 N.E.2d 325, 326 (Ind.1993). In Collins v. State, 639 N.E.2d 653 (Ind.Ct.App.1994), trans. denied, the defendant again objected to the failure to receive credit time for the time served on home detention. While the case does not specifically state what grounds the defendant based his objections upon, the court cited Barton as valid authority and concluded that Capes was distinguishable as it involved pretrial detention. Our supreme court's denial of transfer in this case as well convinees us that Barton is still good law, and our analysis causes us to concur in its decision. Thus, we find that IC. § 35-50-6-6(a) does not violate Section 28.

ISSUE IV

Greer finally argues that the denial of credit time for probationers who are on home detention as a condition of probation violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

We again note our agreement with the resolution of this issue as determined in Barton:

Equal protection of the laws does not mandate similar treatment for those individuals who are not similarly situated. As persons who are placed in community corrections programs under Ind.Code § 85-38-2.6 are not on probation at the time of placement (cf. placement under Ind.Code § 85-88-2-2.3(a)(8)), they are not similarly situated to appellant whose home detention was a condition of probation.

Barton, 598 N.E.2d at 624 (citations omitted). However, Greer argues that a strict scrutiny standard should be applied under federal equal protection analysis because his fundamental right to liberty is burdened by the statute.

The threshold question for federal equal protection analysis concerns the level of serutiny. Indiana Dept. of Environmental Management v. Chemical Waste Management, Inc., 643 N.E.2d 331, 337 (Ind.1994). Those laws which involve a suspect classification, like race or alienage, and those which burden the exercise of fundamental rights, like reproduction or expression, receive the strictest scrutiny. Id. Strict seru-tiny requires the government to show that the law is a necessary means to a compelling governmental purpose and is narrowly tailored to that purpose. Id. "Intermediate" level serutiny requires an important governmental objective to justify certain classifica*759tions, such as gender. Id. Ordinary government activities must only satisfy a rational 'basis test, which requires merely that the law be "rationally related to a legitimate governmental purpose." Id. (citation omitted).

Greer contends that, because L.C. § 35-50-6-6(a) burdens his fundamental right to be at liberty, it must be analyzed under a strict scrutiny standard. In Brown v. State, 262 Ind. 629, 322 N.E.2d 708 (1975), the supreme court held that a statute authorizing credit for presentence confinement affected the fundamental right to be at liberty by denying retroactive application. Greer argues that, as Capes concluded that pretrial home detention is imprisonment for the purpose of credit time, LC. § 85-50-6-6(a) burdens his fundamental right to be at liberty by denying credit time for the period he was on home detention as a condition of his probation.

We again find the fact that Greer was on home detention as a condition of his probation to be determinative. By virtue of two convictions of the crime of child molesting, Greer has forfeited his right to liberty during the eight years to which he was sentenced. The probationary period is a privilege which was conditionally granted to Greer. While on probation, the purpose of home detention is not to operate as imprisonment but, rather, to operate as a condition of probation in order to achieve the probationer's rehabilitation as a productive member of society. Thus, as the purpose of home detention is not imprisonment but rather a condition of probation, the denial of eredit time is not burdening Greer's right to liberty. See Johnson, 659 N.E.2d at 199 (conditions of probation may impinge upon the probationer's exercise of an otherwise constitutionally protected right); Beanblossom v. State, 637 N.E.2d 1345, 1348 (Ind.Ct.App.1994), trans. denied (given a valid conviction, the criminal defendant has been constitutionally deprived of his liberty).

As Greer has failed to show that the statute at issue burdens his fundamental right to liberty, we apply the rational basis test: to survive equal protection analysis, the statute must be rationally related to a legitimate governmental purpose. Indiana Dept. of Environmental Management, 643 N.E.2d at 337. Probation is concerned with both the rehabilitation of the probationer and the protection of society. See Dulin v. State, 169 Ind.App. 211, 346 N.E.2d 746, 750 (1976), quoting United States v. Rushlow, 385 F.Supp. 795, 797 (S.D.Cal.1974), aff'd 541 F.2d 287 (9th Cir.1976). The legislature's decision not to allow a probationer to accrue credit time is rationally related to the goal of deterring criminal behavior while on probation, thus serving both the purposes of rehabilitation and protection of society. We conclude that this statute does not violate the Fourteenth Amendment.

Judgment affirmed.

SULLIVAN, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with separate opinion. HOFFMAN, J., dissents with separate opinion.

. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).