Palenscar v. Michael J. Bobb, Inc.

Dissenting Opinion by

Me. Justice O’Beien :

The majority of this court as well as the court en banc cite the evidence in the record that appellee know*107ingly maintained a faulty and dangerous electrical system in its warehouse. Palenscar, senior, himself told one of Bobb’s principals on the date of the accident and prior to its occurrence “that the whole system was obsolete, dangerous.” Nor was this the first time the dangerous condition of the electrical system had been brought to Bobb’s attention. Palenscar, senior, testified: “I raised it ever since the first day we got there, the condition of that plant.” There is no doubt then that Bobb maintained an electrical system known to be obsolete and dangerous. The court below also upholds the trial court’s finding that appellant was not contributorily negligent.

However, the court en banc and the majority here go on to conclude that appellee breached no duty owed to the appellant because “there is no duty incumbent upon a possessor of land to warn an invitee of a danger which is at least as obvious to the invitee as it is to the possessor” (opinion below, citing Repyneck v. Tarantino, 415 Pa. 92, 95, 202 A. 2d 105 (1964).

The majority and the court below also cite the Restatement of Torts 2d, §343, to support their opinions. Section 343 provides as follows: “A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm caused to Ms invitees by a condition on the land if, but only if, he (a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would discover the condition, and should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of harm to such invitees, and (b) should expect that they will not discover or realize the danger, or will fail to protect themselves against it, and (c) fails to exercise reasonable care to protect them against the danger.”

In considering a motion by defendant for judgment non obstante veredicto, it is hornbook law that the testimony must be viewed in the light most advantageous to the plaintiff and all reasonable inferences from and *108all conflicts in the testimony must be resolved in his favor. With this in mind, it is my opinion that Repyneck does not apply to the instant case, and viewing the facts in the light most favorable to appellant, §343 of the Restatement of Torts 2d requires a conclusion opposite from that reached by the majority on the question of whether appellee owed a duty to the appellant, the breach of which was the proximate cause of the accident.

As a repairman, appellant was an invitee on the premises. Miller v. Hickey, 368 Pa. 317, 81 A. 2d 910 (1951). As an invitee, he was owed a higher duty than a bare licensee.

With regard to dangerous conditions on the premises, the duty of the person in possession of the premises to an invitee depends upon whether the dangerous condition is, in the language of the title to §343 of the Restatement of Torts 2d a “Dangerous Condition Known to or Discoverable by Possessor” or the dangerous condition is, in the language of §343(A), a “Known or Obvious Danger.”

If the defect is known or obvious, then in the words of §343 (A) (1) : “A possessor of land is not liable to his invitees for physical harm caused to them by any activity or condition on the land whose danger is known or obvious to them unless the possessor should anticipate the harm despite such knowledge or obviousness.”

The statement in Repyneck relied upon by the court en banc that there is no duty incumbent on a landowner to warn invitees of a danger which was at least as obvious to them as it was to him deals with situations involving a known or obvious danger. In Repyneck the injury was caused when a large power crane came into contact with overhead high voltage wires. In Ambrose v. Moffat Coal Co., 358 Pa. 465, 58 A. 2d 20 (1948), a case cited by the opinion in Repyneck, *109the injury was caused when the plaintiff tripped over a large stone imbedded in the roadway. In both RepynecJc and Moffat, the dangerous condition was easily observable. The opinion in Moffat cites §840 of the Restatement of Torts, which dealt with “Dangerous Conditions Known to Licensees.” This section has been omitted from the second edition of the Restatement of Torts with the explanation that the matter is now covered by 342, as to licensees, and 343(A) as to invitees.

The law of §343(A), the law quoted in Repyneclc concerning the possessor’s duty with regard to a known or obvious danger, does not apply to the instant case. Here, the danger was caused by the defective wiring inside the switchgear box. While it was obvious that the entire system was obsolete, and needed to be thoroughly examined with a view to replacing worn-out parts, it was not obvious that the wires inside the switchgear box were completely without insulation and would explode on contact. Moreover, the switchgear box was part of the 550-volt system. Appellant had never before worked on that system. He had never before seen what was underneath the cover of that switchgear box. Consequently, he could have no actual knowledge of the condition of the wiring inside that box.

Because the danger was neither known nor obvious, the duty owed by appellee to an invitee like appellant with regard to that danger was the duty outlined in §343 of the Restatement of Torts 2d, as quoted supra. Comment “d” to this section of the Restatement goes on to explain as follows: “d. What invitee entitled to ewpect. An invitee is entitled to expect that the possessor will take reasonable care to ascertain the actual condition of the premises and, having discovered it, either to make it reasonably safe by repair or to give warning of the actual condition and the risk involved *110therein. Therefore, an invitee is not required to be on the alert 'to discover defects which, if he were a mere licensee, entitled to expect nothing but notice of known defects, he might be negligent in not discovering. This is of importance in determining whether the visitor is or is not guilty of contributory negligence in failing to discover a defect, as well as in determining whether the defect is one which the possessor should believe that his visitor would not discover, and as to which, therefore, he must use reasonable care to warn the visitor.”

Reasonable care to protect an invitee from dangerous conditions known to or discoverable by the possessor has been interpreted by this court to require the possessor to keep the premises in reasonably safe condition, and to warn the invitee of defects known or discoverable by the exercise of reasonable care and diligence. Miller v. Hickey, supra, Sorrentino v. Graziano), 341 Pa. 113, 17 A. 2d 373 (1941), Engle v. Reider, 366 Pa. 411, 77 A. 2d 621 (1951), Newingham v. J. C. Blair Co., 232 Pa. 511, 81 Atl. 556 (1911). The fact finder found that appellee knew that its system was obsolete and should be replaced. If appellee had had its entire electrical system inspected, as a reasonable possessor would have done, the defective wiring inside the switchgear box would have been discovered. Rather than pay someone to examine the entire system and replace all badly worn components, or at least identify them, appellee chose to make do with its obsolete system because of the impending condemnation of the building. This was unreasonable and a breach of a duty owed to appellant.

The majority appears to adopt the rule that “An employee cannot recover for injuries received while doing an act to eliminate the cause of the injury,” stated in Kowalsky v. Conreco Company, 264 N.Y. 125, 190 N.E. *111206. I do not believe that such a rule has any applicability to the instant case. The appellant was not on the premises to eliminate all of the dangerous conditions in appellee’s electrical system. As the record shows, rather than have its system thoroughly overhauled, appellee had chosen to make do with patchwork repairs. The appellant was on the premises merely for the purpose of determining the cause of the power failure and making those repairs. As stated in appellee’s brief, “For all that the Bobb personnel knew of the matter, their lights might have been out because a fuse had blown.” There is no indication that the defective wiring in the switchgear box which had caused the explosion and the injury was also the cause of the power failure which compelled appellee’s original call for appellant’s father to come to the premises.

If the appellant had been called by appellee to make a complete examination of its entire obsolete system with a view to replacing or repairing all worn out parts, I would consider the rule of Kowalsky; however, I do not believe we have that situation here.

I would reverse and enter judgment on the verdict of the trial judge.

Mr. Justice Roberts joins in this dissent.