CONCURRING OPINION
Gilkison, J.I concur with the results reached in the opinion that the judgment rendered must be reversed. However, I think it is incumbent upon us to decide the many important legal questions directly presented in the appeal. Some of these questions I shall discuss and give authorities supporting my position, which I think should have governed the trial court in the trial and must govern this court in this appeal. It is necessary that a more complete statement of the record be made, together with copies of the additional pleadings filed by the State and the defendant since our opinion was filed in the first appeal.
It is conceded by all parties to this appeal that the Jackson Circuit Court had jurisdiction of the subject-matter and of the parties in this case when it was filed in that court on September 22, 1947. The records of this court, which purport truth, conclusively show that appellant entered his plea of not guilty to the charges, that a jury was duly empaneled and sworn to try the cause and he was tried by that jury on November 3, 1947, resulting in a finding of guilty on each count of the affidavit, with imprisonment for ten years on the first count and a fine of ten dollars on the second count. Thereupon the trial court rendered its judgment sentencing defendant to be imprisoned in the Indiana state prison for a term of ten years on the first count and that he be imprisoned for not less than *675two nor more than fourteen years on the second count— sentences to be served concurrently. On this judgment defendant was committed to the Indiana state prison on or about November 4, 1947. Thereafter on December 3, 1947, defendant filed his motion for new trial, assigning among others, the reasons: that the verdict was not supported by sufficient evidence, and was contrary to law; that the court erred in overruling defendant’s motion for a continuance of his trial until he could get an attorney to defend him, and in compelling him to go to trial without appointing an attorney to defend him, as requested. A motion for nunc pro tunc entry showing the two facts last above mentioned was filed before the motion for new trial was ruled upon. Both the motion for nunc pro tunc entry and for new trial were overruled by the trial court. From the judgment of the trial court the cause was then duly appealed to this court by the defendant, where the judgment was affirmed on October 7, 1948, and a rehearing was denied on November 9, 1948. (For confirmation of this statement of the record see Todd v. State (1948), 226 Ind. 496, 81 N. E. 2d 530).
After the judgment of the lower court was affirmed by this court, defendant filed his habeas corpus action in the Federal district court for the northern district of Indiana, asking that he be released from his alleged unlawful imprisonment in the Indiana State Prison. The habeas corpus petition was decided by that court on September 26, 1949, after defendant had been so imprisoned for one year nine months and twenty-two days under the judgment affirmed by this court. The decision was for defendant, that his imprisonment was unlawful and ordering his release on September 28, 1949. No appeal from this judgment was taken. There was no effort on the part of that court to reverse the *676judgment of the trial court theretofore rendered, for, of course, it had no jurisdiction so to do. It was studiously careful to make no statement in its memorandum opinion indicating that the judgment was reversed or otherwise affected. It carefully reviewed all the facts concerning the denial of an attorney to defendant by the trial court and stated: “Under these circumstances, there can be no doubt that the petitioner (defendant) was denied a fundamental right guaranteed him by the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. . . . Where as here additional evidence is available to substantiate the allegations respecting the federal questions, the attempt to obtain relief by habeas corpus appears wholly justified. . . . An order will be entered discharging the petitioner from the custody of the respondent.”
The record before us on this appeal shows that the next step was taken thereafter on October 3, 1949 when the State of Indiana by the prosecuting attorney of Jackson County filed in the Jackson Circuit Court its petition to reinstate the cause etc. in the Jackson Circuit Court, which omitting the caption is as follows:
“Comes now the state of Indiana, by John M. Lewis, Prosecuting Attorney, and respectfully requests the court to reinstate the above entitled cause to the trial docket of said court, to issue proper process for said defendant and to set said cause for trial for the following reason:
“1. The original verdict and judgment has been declared null and void in an action entitled Ralph D. Todd, petitioner, vs. Alfred F. Dowd, Warden, same being Civil Cause No. 979 in the United States District Court Northern District of Indiana, South Bend Division, a copy of which judgment is attached hereto, made a part hereof by reference, and marked ‘Exhibit A.’
John M. Lewis, Prosecuting Attorney.”
*677As before shown, the statement in this petition and in the present opinion of this court that “The original verdict and judgment has been declared null and void ... in the United States District Court Northern District of Indiana” is not supported by the memorandum opinion of that court filed with and made a part of the petition. It is wholly unsupported. Of course, the petition must be and is controlled by the memorandum opinion upon which it is based. Burns’ 1946 Replacement, § 2-1031; Cox v. Baltimore, etc., R. Co. (1913), 180 Ind. 495, 508, 103 N. E. 337, 50 L. R. A. (N. S.) 453; Simons v. Kosciusko Building, etc. Assn. (1913), 180 Ind. 335, 338, 103 N. E. 2, and cases cited; Harrison Building and Deposit Company v. Lackey (1897), 149 Ind. 10, 14, 48 N. E. 254, and cases cited; Reynolds et al. v. Louisville N. A. and C. Ry. Co. et al. (1895), 143 Ind 579, 621, 40 N. E. 410; Avery et al. v. Dougherty (1885), 102 Ind. 443, 445, 2 N. E. 123; State ex rel. Tittle v. Covington etc. Schools (1951), 229 Ind. 208, 214, 96 N. E. 2d 334, and cases cited.
As before stated the United States District Court is without appellate jurisdiction, of either the Jackson Circuit Court or the Supreme Court of Indiana. It has not attempted to exercise any such jurisdiction, and it did not “declare the original verdict and judgment null and void,” all of which is fully shown by the copy of the memorandum opinion filed with and made a part of the motion.
Thereafter, on November 23, 1949, the special judge of the Jackson Circuit Court, who had been appointed and qualified in the matter, made an order as follows: “Comes now Fred S. Matthews, special judge in this cause and defendant is ruled to answer on or before December 24, 1949.” We must presume that defendant was ruled to answer the prosecutor’s motion afore*678noted there being at that time nothing else before the court. On December 24, 1949, defendant filed his verified plea of former jeopardy in discharge of the rule to answer the state’s petition. This plea omitting caption, verification and signature, is as follows:
“1. That all the matters and things alleged in the affidavit filed in this cause were heretofore heard, tried and determined in the Jackson Circuit Court on the 3rd day of November, 1947.
“2. That thereafter said cause was appealed to the Supreme Court of Indiana, said cause being No. 28426 and entitled Ralph D. Todd (defendant below) Appellant vs. The State of Indiana (Plaintiff below) Appellee.
“3. That the Supreme Court of Indiana, by a three to two decision affirmed the judgment of the Jackson Circuit Court; that a rehearing in the Supreme Court of Indiana was denied and that said judgment is final.
“Defendant further says that after his conviction in the Jackson Circuit Court and during and after his appeal to the Supreme Court of Indiana he was imprisoned in the Indiana State Prison at Michigan City, Indiana.
“That after the decision of the Indiana Supreme Court, the defendant herein filed his petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana, South Bend Division, said cause being No. 979 Civil and entitled Ralph D. Todd, Petitioner v. Alfred F. Dowd, Warden, Respondent.
“That thereafter a trial was laid upon the issues thus presented to the Court and Petitioner (Defendant herein) was ordered discharged from the custody of the said Alfred F. Dowd, Warden, Respondent. That a copy of said decision is attached hereto, made a part hereof and for certainty marked ‘Exhibit A.’ ”
“Defendant says that no appeal was taken from said decision of said U. S. District Court to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the *679Seventh Circuit and said decision is valid and subsisting.
“Defendant says that said Writ of Habeas Corpus so issued as above set forth is a Writ of Freedom and not a Writ of Error, that the above named U. S. District Court is not a court of appeals; that its order discharging the defendant herein is conclusive in his favor.
“Wherefore Defendant prays for his discharge herein and that he be permitted to go hence without day.”
The State did not attack this answer by demurrer, motion or otherwise. From the record it appears that the court received briefs and arguments only and thereafter, on the 30th day of January, 1950, made an order thereon as follows:
“The court having had under advisement defendant’s plea of former jeopardy, heretofore filed, and having heard argument, the court now overrules defendant’s plea of Former Jeopardy.
“The court now sustains the State’s motion to reinstate this cause for trial, the motion having heretofore been filed October 3, 1949.”
This ruling, therefore, seems to be a wholly gratuitous action by the court, without any issue having been made on the motion authorizing such action. In a recent case involving a similar situation this court reversed the judgment and ordered a hearing on the motion. Kuhn v. State (1944), 222 Ind. 179, 186, 201, 52 N. E. 2d 491.
Thereafter, on April 5, 1950, defendant filed his special pleas in two paragraphs to the affidavit against him, the first being a plea of autrefois convict and the second being a plea of former jeopardy. Omitting caption and signatures these pleas are as follows:
*680“Comes now the defendant, Ralph Todd, by his attorney Ernest E. Owens, in the above entitled cause and for special plea to the charge contained in the affidavit heretofore filed against him herein respectfully presents his special plea of autrefois convict, in the words and figures following, to-wit:
“1. That on the 3rd day of November, 1947, this defendant was placed on trial before a jury in this Court on the identical and the same affidavit upon which The State of Indiana is now proceeding against this defendant herein.
“2. That the parties were the same in this Court on said 3rd day of November 1947, as they are now; that the issues then were the same as they are now; and, that the evidence necessary to sustain the charges against this defendant on said date is the same as it is now.
“3. That on said 3rd day of November 1947, this defendant was convicted of all charges contained in the affidavit upon which the State of Indiana is now proceeding upon against this defendant herein.
“4. That on said 3rd day of November 1947, this Court entered judgment according to law against this defendant upon the conviction specified in rhetorical paragraph 3 hereof.
“5. That in due course said judgment was appealed to and reviewed by the Indiana Supreme Court; that said judgment was affirmed by the Indiana Supreme Court; and, that said affirmance is reported in volume 81 N. E. 2d at pages 530, 531, 532 and 533.
“6. That, therefore, defendant avers that he has hereinbefore been convicted of the identical and the same crime charged in the affidavit upon which he is being proceeded against herein.
“WHEREFORE, the defendant, Ralph Todd, moves the Court to dismiss this prosecution and discharge the defendant from further liability by reason of said affidavit or, in the alternative, moves the Court to order and direct the Jury to return a verdict of not guilty and for all further and proper relief in the premises.
*681SECOND PARAGRAPH DEFENDANT’S SPECIAL PLEA OF FORMER JEOPARDY
“Comes now the defendant, Ralph Todd, by his attorney Ernest E. Owens, in the above entitled cause and for a second and further of special plea in bar to the charge contained in the affidavit herein respectfully presents his special plea of former jeopardy, which plea is in the words and figures following, to-wit:
“1. That on the 3rd day of November 1947, this defendant was placed on trial before a jury in this Court on the identical and the same affidavit upon which The State of Indiana is now proceeding against this defendant herein.
“2. That the parties were the same in this Court on said 3rd day of November 1947, in Cause No. 2914, as they are in this cause now; that the issues then were the same as they are now herein; and, that the evidence necessary to sustain the charges against this defendant herein on said 3rd day of November 1947, is the same as it is now herein.
“3. That on said 3rd day of November 1947, this defendant was therein convicted of all the charges contained in the affidavit upon which the State of Indiana is now proceeding against this defendant herein.
“4. That on said 3rd day of November 1947, this Court entered judgment according to law against this defendant of all counts of the affidavit filed herein and upon the conviction specified in rhetorical paragraph 3 hereof.
“5. That in due course of said judgment was appealed to and reviewed by the Indiana Supreme Court; that said judgment was affirmed by the Indiana Supreme Court; and, that said affirmance has never been vacated, set-aside, over-ruled or reversed and is reported in volume 81 N. E. (2d) 530, 531, 532 and 533.
“6. That, therefore, defendant avers that he has hereinbefore been placed in jeopardy upon the identical and the same charges in the affidavit upon which he is now being proceeded against herein by *682the State of Indiana; that he has been previously-placed in jeopardy for the offense or offenses contained in said affidavit herein; and, that in proceeding against defendant herein the State of Indiana is now placing defendant in jeopardy twice in the same offense, contrary to and in violation of Article 1, Section 14, Indiana Constitution and Amendment 14, Section 1, United States Constitution.
“WHEREFORE, the defendant, Ralph Todd, moves the Court to dismiss this prosecution and discharge the defendant from further liability by reason of said affidavit or, in the alternative, defendant moves the Court to instruct, order and direct the trial Jury to return a verdict of not guilty and for all further and proper relief in the premises.”
Whereupon the State by its prosecuting attorney orally objected to the filing of each of said special pleas. The court thereupon summarily sustained the state’s objection. The pleas were not attacked by demurrer, written motion or otherwise.
Thereupon the defendant filed his verified motion for discharge from further prosecution in the case, which omitting caption, verification and signature is in words and figures as follows:
“Comes now the defendant herein, Ralph D. Todd, after the jurors seated, but before their Voir Dire Examination, and respectfully moves the Court that he may go acquit by reason of having heretofore been placed in jeopardy by reason of his trial and conviction of the same and identical offense with which he is charged herein.
“And said Defendant herein, Ralph D. Todd, prays that he may be permitted to introduce evidence in support of this motion.”
The state by its prosecuting attorney thereupon objected orally and not otherwise to the filing of the motion, which objection the court summarily sustained.
*683The defendant then filed his verified written objection to the swearing of the jury to try the case, which omitting caption, verification and signature, is in words and figures as follows:
“Comes now the Defendant herein, Ralph D. Todd, at the close of the Voir Dire Examination of prospective jurors herein and objects to said prospective jurors being sworn to try this cause for the following reasons and each of them, to-wit:
“(1) That a trial was had in this cause in this Court on the 3rd day of November 1947; that said cause was the same, one and identical cause as the case at bar; that the parties are the one, same and identical parties; that the issues were the one, same and identical issues; that said issues have been heretofore fully tried and adjudicated; that judgment was rendered in said cause; that said judgment was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Indiana; and that said judgment has never been modified or set aside by said Supreme Court of Indiana.
“WHEREFORE, the Defendant herein, Ralph D. Todd, objects to the swearing of the jury to try this cause for the reason that his constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy would be violated by so swearing said jury to try said cause in as much as all issues between the Parties to this action have been heretofore fully tried and determined.”
The state then orally and not otherwise objected to the objection so filed (an unusual and unwarranted procedure) which oral objection by the state the court summarily sustained. Thereupon the second trial of defendant began after he had been permitted by the state and the court to enter only the general plea of not guilty.
In the second trial of defendant the jury found him guilty as charged in each count of the affidavit, upon which on April 19, 1950 the court rendered judgment *684sentencing him to the Indiana State Prison for fourteen years.
Defendant then filed his motion for new trial, questioning the validity of each of the court’s rulings in the proceedings heretofore noted, and also properly raising questions relating to the court’s sustaining the several objections by the State to questions and offers to prove, indicating the former conviction and jeopardy of defendant upon the same charge and which he then sought to prove under the general plea of not guilty. Among the things he sought to introduce in evidence was the record of the court in this case, showing severally (1) the filing of the affidavit against defendant on September 28, 1947, (2) his arraignment and plea thereon, (3) setting the cause for trial, (4) swearing the jury to try the cause, (5) the trial, (6) the verdict of the jury, (7) the judgment and sentence of the court, (8) the filing of the motion for new trial, (9) the order overruling it and (10) the opinion of the Supreme Court of the state of Indiana affirming the judgment of conviction of defendant in the cause. In each such instance the proper questions were asked, objections were made by the state, and proper offers to prove were made by the defendant. The objections were each summarily sustained by the court, and the offers to prove were likewise denied.
Thus the facts concerning former conviction and former jeopardy of defendant were erroneously wholly determined by the court arbitrarily and as a matter of law and not by the jury—as the only trier of facts in the case, upon issues that defendant properly attempted to make. Before the motion for new trial was ruled upon, defendant filed a written motion asking the court to weigh the evidence in the case in ruling upon the motion for new trial. This motion was summarily over*685ruled by the court. The court then overruled the motion for new trial. Rulings of the trial court in each of the several matters noted and others are brought before this court by proper assignments of error.
Among the fundamental questions presented to this court on the present appeal is: Is the judgment of the trial court rendered November 3, 1947 and affirmed by this court on October 7, 1948 a final judgment?
It is stated in the opinion that the trial court by its unconstitutional actions, lost jurisdiction of the case in the first trial. This statement is incorrect, so far as this court is now concerned since we are bound by our first decision of this case in which we specifically held that the trial court did not lose jurisdiction of the case. This decision is the law of this case and we must respect and follow it now. We are barred from overruling it either directly or indirectly, in this second appeal. (See authorities cited under law of the case later in this opinion).
However, for argument only, what is the meaning of the word “lost” as used in the opinion. As used by the United States Supreme Court (Johnson v. Zerbst (1938), 304 U. S. 458, 82 L. Ed. 1461) and the Supreme Court of Indiana, (Bradley, Taylor v. State (1949), 227 Ind. 131, 136, 84 N. E. 2d 580), it must have one of two meanings: either (1) mislaid, left in a place unknown or forgotten; of (2) ruined, destroyed, wasted, squandered or forfeited. The opinion accepts the first definition noted, and is necessarily based thereon. I think this is error. The second definition must apply under the circumstances stated in the opinion. The Jackson Circuit Court has forfeited its jurisdiction in this case. But, again for argument only (since as before noted we are bound by the law of this case) adopting the definition taken by the opinion, that the *686court in the first trial, mislaid or left in a place unknown or forgotten its jurisdiction of this case. Assuming that such a situation could exist, it might later find and recover that jurisdiction by appropriate action before, but not after rendering final judgment against the defendant. This it might have done by sustaining the motion for nunc pro tunc entry and the motion for new trial. After these two motions were presented to the trial court and by it overruled, the state cannot be heard to say that the court merely overlooked or mislaid its jurisdiction. On the contrary the state thereafter on appeal boldly asserted that the trial court performed these acts knowingly and wittingly and as a matter of right and duty, and by our former opinion we have affirmed this position and this then became and now is the law in Indiana. There was another opportunity for the trial court to recover its lost jurisdiction, under the hypothesis we are now considering, thus: Appellant appealed to this court from the final judgment rendered against him, presenting to this court, among other things, that the trial court had lost jurisdiction of the case. By accepting and deciding the appeal this court accepted and adjudged that judgment as a final judgment, since appeals to this court can be taken only from final judgments. With all these facts specifically and plainly before it and with its attention forcibly called to the legal effect of an affirmance of the case, this court by its majority opinion then specifically held that the trial court had not lost jurisdiction of the case, affirmed the judgment and overruled defendant’s petition for rehearing. The cause was not appealed from this court and no further action has been taken by this court therein. Thus the judgment originally rendered by the trial court became and still remains a final judgment of that court approved *687by the Supreme Court and by the expiration of time for further appeal it must remain final. Our opinion in the first appeal is binding upon the trial court and this court as the law of the case. Whether that decision is right or wrong cannot matter now, for it provides the only rule by which the trial court and this court must determine the right of the State to attack the judgment, and the right of the defendant to interpose the pleas of Autrefois Convict and Former Jeopardy in any effort of the State to try him over again.
As before stated, in the instant appeal no question of “lost jurisdiction” is presented nor can be presented. We have definitely and finally determined that proposition in the negative in the first appeal of this case. In that appeal in a majority opinion, among other things, we stated:
“The record further discloses . . . that the appellant also at said time appeared in person and elected to represent himself in this case without the aid of counsel, and requested a trial by jury and announced that he was ready for trial. . . .
“Other reasons contained in the motion for a new trial are based on the theory that the appellant had moved for a continuance and also for counsel. The record does not disclose that such motions were made or ruled upon by the trial court, in fact, as above indicated, the record shows to the contrary. . . .
“On matters of record proper courts speak only through the record. . . .
“Lastly, in his motion for new trial, it is contended that the court erred in permitting appellant’s case to be tried without appointing an attorney to represent and defend him. Appellant had a perfect right to intelligently waive his constitutional right to counsel, and to represent himself without counsel if he so desired. . . . The record shows that appellant elected to represent himself, and there is nothing to indicate that he *688did not make this election intelligently.” Todd v. State (1948), 226 Ind. 496, 499, 81 N. E. 2d 530, supra.
Thus, as before stated, it affirmatively appears by the record that every proposition of fact and law concerning the loss of jurisdiction by the trial court in the first trial of this case has been definitely and directly determined in the negative by this court by the majority opinion in the former appeal. That opinion established the law of this case. The principle of “The Law of the Case” has been stated so often by this and the Appellate Court and by the United States Supreme Court that it seems trite to have to state it again. However, it is a ruling principle in this case and for that reason I restate it. It has been well stated by this court as follows:
“The principles of law established on the former appeal, so far as applicable, remain the law of this case through all of its subsequent stages, and must be adhered to whether right or wrong, not only in the trial court, but in this court, on a second or any subsequent appeal.” Lillie v. Trentman (1891), 130 Ind. 16, 17, 29 N. E. 405, and cases cited; Westfall v. Wait (1905), 165 Ind. 353, 359, 73 N. E. 1089, and cases cited; Alerding v. Allison (1908), 170 Ind. 252, 258, 83 N. E. 1006; Currier et al. v. Elliott (1895), 141 Ind. 394, 402, 39 N. E. 554; State ex rel. Mavity v. Tyndall (1947), 225 Ind. 360, 363, 74 N. E. 2d 914; Soderling v. Standard Oil Co. (1950), 229 Ind. 47, 51, 95 N. E. 2d 298; Federal Land Bank of Louisville v. Glendening (1945), 223 Ind. 596, 599, 63 N. E. 2d 143; Collins, Trustee v. Siegel (1938), 214 Ind. 206, 209, 14 N. E. 2d 582; State ex rel. Braden v. Krug et al. (1883), 94 Ind. 366, 369 and cases cited; Ohio Valley Trust Co. v. Wernke (1912), 179 Ind. 49, 52, 99 N. E. 734, and cases cited; Forgerson et al. v. Smith, Admr. (1885), 104 Ind. 246, 247, 3 N. E. 866; Kahle v. Crown Oil Co. (1913), 180 Ind. 131, 141, 100 N. E. 681; Chicago, etc., R. Co. v. *689Dinius (1913), 180 Ind. 596, 603, 103 N. E. 652; Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., Trustee (1931), 202 Ind. 641, 652, 177 N. E. 454; Gerber v. Friday et al. (1882), 87 Ind. 366, 368; Egbert v. Egbert et al. (1950), 120 Ind. App. 670, 95 N. E. 2d 637, and cases cited; Terre Haute, etc., R. Co. v. Zehner (1902), 28 Ind. App. 229, 231, 62 N. E. 508; Daugherty v. Daugherty (1949), 119 Ind. App. 180, 83 N. E. 2d 485; Blume v. First Nat. Bank of Chicago (1948), 118 Ind. App. 533, 538, 78 N. E. 2d 459; Riesback Drug Co. V. Wray, Admx. (1942), 111 Ind. App. 467, 472, 39 N. E. 2d 776, and cases cited; 30 Am. Jur., Judgments, Law of the Case, § 170, p. 913; §§ 161 et seq.; Judgments—Res Judicata, p. 908. See also 3 Am. Jur., Appeal and Error, § 1166, p. 677, and §§ 985 to 1001 inc., p. 541; 5 C. J. S., Appeal and Error, § 1857, p. 1339; Marvel v. Cobb (1914), 219 Mass. 458, 107 N. E. 442; 2 Gavit, Indiana Pleading and Practice, § 520-(g), The Law of Precedent and The Law of the Case, pp. 2561, 2564; Black’s Law Dictionary (3rd Ed.), p. 1076.
The United States Supreme Court has stated the principle, Law of the Case, thus:
“A final decree in chancery is as conclusive as a judgment at law. 1 Wheat. 355, 4 L. ed. 110; § 6 Wheat. 113, 116, 5 L. ed. 219, 220. Both are conclusive on the rights of the parties thereby adjudicated. No principle is better settled, or of more universal application, than that no court can reverse or annul its own final decrees or judgments, for errors of fact or law, after the term in which they have been rendered, unless for clerical mistakes. (3 Wheat. 591, 4 L. ed. 467; 3 Pet. 431, 7 L. ed. 731) ; or to reinstate a cause dismissed by mistake (12 Wheat. 10, 6 L. ed. 534) : from which it follows that no change or modification can be made which may substantially vary or affect it in any material thing. . . . Whatever was before the court, and is disposed of, is considered as finally settled. The inferior court is bound by the decree as the law of the case; and must carry it into execution, according to the mandate. They
*690cannot vary it, or examine it for any other purpose than execution; nor give any other or further relief, nor review it upon any matter decided on appeal for error apparent, or intermeddle with it, further than to settle so much as has been remanded . . . After a mandate, no rehearing will be granted. . . . and on a subsequent appeal, nothing is brought up, but the proceeding subsequent to the mandate. 5 Cranch, 316, 3 L. ed. 112; 7 Wheat. 58, 59, 5 L. ed. 397; 10 Wheat. 443, 6 L. ed. 362.” Sibbald v. The United States (1938), 12 Pet. 488, 491, 9 L. Ed. 1167; Illinois ex rel. Hunt V. Illinois C. R. Co. (1901), 184 U. S. 77, 46 L. Ed. 440, 22 S. Ct. 300, 305; Wichita Royalty Co. et al. V. City Nat. Bank (1939), 306 U. S. 103, 107, 83 L. Ed. 515; Roberts V. Cooper (1858), 20 Howard 467, 481, 15 L. Ed. 969, 973.
The rule that appeals can be taken only from final judgments is the same in criminal cases as in civil cases. Farrel v. State (1855), 7 Ind. 345, 346; Miller v. State (1856), 8 Ind. 325, 326; Wingo v. State (1884), 99 Ind. 343, 344; The State v. The Evansville and Terre Haute Railroad Company (1886), 107 Ind. 581, 583, 8 N. E. 619; Erganbright v. The State (1897), 148 Ind. 180, 181, 47 N. E. 464; The State v. Uptgraft et al. (1899),153 Ind. 232, 54 N. E. 802; Walther v. State (1913), 179 Ind. 565, 567, 101 N. E. 1005, and cases cited. Montgomery v. State (1914), 182 Ind. 276, 277, 106 N. E. 370.
A final judgment, whether in a civil or criminal case, has been aptly defined by this and the appellate court thus:
A final judgment is one which disposes of the subject matter of the litigation as to the parties so far as the court in which the action is pending has power to dispose of it, and puts an end to the particular case as to all of such parties and all of such issues. Kalleres et al. v. Glover, Receiver (1935), 208 Ind. 472, 478, 196 N. E. 679, and cases cited; Terre Haute, etc., R. Co. v. Indian*691apolis, etc., Co. (1906), 167 Ind. 193, 197, 78 N. E. 661; Northern, etc., Cable Co. v. The Peoples Mut. Tel. Co. (1916), 184 Ind. 267, 270, 111 N. E. 4, and cases cited; Kunkel, Warden v. Moneyhon (1938), 214 Ind. 606, 609, 17 N. E. 2d 82; McNelis v. Wheeler (1947), 225 Ind. 148, 152, 73 N. E. 2d 339; The State, ex rel. Braden v. Krug et al. (1883), 94 Ind. 366, 369, supra and cases cited; II Watson’s Revision, Works’ Practice, § 2243; Elliott’s Appellate Procedure, §§90, 91; 2 Gavit, Indiana Pleading and Practice, § 523, pp. 2572, 2573.
Certainly the judgment rendered in the first trial of the defendant in the trial court has every element of a final judgment, plus the approval of this court on appeal. That opinion necessarily becomes the law of this case in all proceedings thereafter.
Final judgments in criminal cases in this state can be attacked only by a proceeding coram nobis. This proceeding is available to a defendant only. It is not available to the state. If it were a proceeding available to the state, it would be estopped in this case to plead its own unlawful acts against the defendant in the trial court and in this court on appeal as a reason why the final judgment should be set aside and a new trial ordered. 49 C. J. S., Judgments, §284, p. 512; 31 Am. Jur., Judgments, § 582, p. 480; Robertson v. Smith et al. (1891), 129 Ind. 422, 424, 28 N. E. 857, and cases cited, 15 L. R. A. 273 and notation; Harbaugh et al. v. Albertson (1885), 102 Ind. 69, 73, 1 N. E. 298; Sammons and Others v. Newman and Others (1867), 27 Ind. 508, 509; The Rhodes-Burford Furniture Co. et al. v. Mattox (1895), 13 Ind. App. 221, 224, 40 N. E. 545; Davis v. Bickel (1900), 25 Ind. App. 378, 382, 58 N. E. 207.
On the subject of the sanctity and conclusiveness of a final judgment in a criminal case this court has *692spoken clearly and with emphasis. In a habeas corpus case appealed by the State to this court from a judgment of the LaPorte Superior Court in which the petitioner had been discharged from imprisonment in the State Prison because of an erroneous judgment rendered against him on a felony charge in the Fayette Circuit Court. This court speaking by Fansler, J. correctly reasoned thus:
“A final judgment of a court of general jurisdiction, which has jurisdiction of the parties, is conclusive, and such a judgment can only be challenged as erroneous by an appeal, timely taken, to a reviewing court having jurisdiction to determine whether or not there is error. Neither the Legislature nor the courts have power to compromise, set aside, or alter such a judgment in favor of the sovereign in a criminal case. The sovereign state cannot be brought into the Superior Court of LaPorte County, or any other court, to defend the validity of such a judgment, and neither the Attorney General nor any other officer or body has authority to appear for the sovereign and consent to the review of, or admit that there is error in, such a judgment.
“. . . The Fayette Circuit Court had jurisdiction to enter the judgment, and jurisdiction to order the enforcement of it, and after the judgment has become final, and the time for appeal has passed, not even the Fayette Circuit Court has authority"to admit that the judgment is erroneous and to set aside its effectiveness.” (My italics) Kunkel, Warden v. Moneyhon (1938), 214 Ind. 606, 609, 17 N. E. 2d 82, supra.
In the instant case defendant appealed to this court from his first conviction on the same affidavit upon which he was retried in the lower court in the present appeal, and we affirmed the lower court’s judgment of conviction. Certainly neither the Prosecuting Attorney, the Attorney General nor any other officer or body of the State and no court of the state including the *693Supreme Court has authority to attack that judgment and to set aside its effectiveness now. The rendition of a final judgment in a criminal case is an essential part of the due course of law provision of the Indiana Constitution and the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution. When such a judgment is once rendered it protects a defendant from futher prosecution on the same charge. If, as in this case, a defendant is further prosecuted, such action not only violates his rights under Art. 1, §§ 12 and 13 of our State Constitution but violates his rights to due process of law under the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution.
In the matter of the estoppel of a party to deny the jurisdiction of a court, this court has stated the rule in civil cases, after considering many authorities, thus:
“They (the cases) proceed upon the theory that it does not lie in the mouth of one who has affirmed the jurisdiction of a court in a particular matter to accomplish a purpose, to afterwards deny such jurisdiction to escape a penalty(My italics). Robertson v. Smith et al. (1891), 129 Ind. 422, 428, 28 N. E. 857, supra; Waddell et al. v. Bradway et al. (1882), 84 Ind. 537; Harbaugh v. Albertson (1885), 102 Ind. 69, 73, 1 N. E. 298, supra; Carver v. Carver et al. (1881), 77 Ind. 498; Trueblood, Administrator v. Knox (1881), 73 Ind. 310; Sammons and Others v. Newman and Others (1867), 27 Ind. 508, 509, supra; Caffrey v. Dudgeon (1872), 38 Ind. 512, 10 Am. Rep. 126; Daniels v. Tearney (1880), 102 U. S. 415, 420, 26 L.Ed. 187, 189; Marvel v. Cobb (1914), 219 Mass. 458, 107 N. E. 442, supra; People v. Elder (1926), 323 Ill. 28, 153 N. E. 597; Bowman v. Bowman (1889), 153 Ind. 498, 504, 55 N. E. 422.
Because of the presumption of innocence that must be indulged in favor of a defendant charged with crime, the rule of estoppel of a party must apply with even greater force in favor of a defendant in a criminal case.
*694In. the trial of every criminal case if is a duty of the state, through its officers including the courts, to see that every defendant is given a trial agreeable with the “due process of law” provision of the Federal Constitution (§1, Fourteenth Amendment). Kuhn v . State (1944), 222 Ind. 179, 187, 193, 52 N. E. 2d 491; Hoy v. State (1947), 225 Ind. 428, 434, 75 N. E. 2d 915; Bradley v. State, Taylor v. State (1949), 227 Ind. 131, 136, 84 N. E. 2d 580. If it ignores this duty and procures the conviction and imprisonment of a defendant by a court that has forfeited its jurisdiction of the case, by reason of having denied defendant his fundamental rights, it may not thereafter be heard to assert its own unlawful acts to attack the judgment, it has thus procured, in an attempt to escape the penalty of forfeiture of its jurisdiction of the case. Any other rule that this court might try to establish will necessarily “give judicial sanction to the perpetration of a palpable fraud upon the defendant” in open violation of his rights under Art. 1, §§ 12, 13 and 14 of the State Constitution and § 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Sammons et al. v. Newman et al. (1867), 27 Ind. 508, 509, supra; Harbaugh et al. v. Albertson (1885), 102 Ind. 69, 73, 1 N. E. 298, supra; Waddell et al. v. Bradway et al. (1882), 84 Ind. 537, 539, supra; The State ex rel. Braden v. Krug et al. (1883), 94 Ind. 366, 370, supra.
I think the opinion is in error in accepting as settled law, usurping, and to me, unconstitutional dictum contained in Slack v. Grigsby (1951), 229 Ind. 335, 97 N. E. 2d 145, featuring the legal idea that jeopardy does not attach in a criminal case until a judgment is rendered, and if the judgment rendered should be held unenforceable in a wholly collateral proceeding, by a federal nisi prius court, jeopardy has never attached. There is no such holding in the *695Grigsby case since that question was not before us on the issues presented in that appeal. The statements on that subject in that opinion are wholly dictum and not statements of law. 2 Gavit, Indiana Pleading and Practice, §520, p. 2552, -(g), The Law of Precedent and the Law of the Case, p. 2561; State ex rel. v. Kaufman (1917), 186 Ind. 602, 609, 117 N. E. 643; Lucas v. Board of Commissioners of Tippecanoe Co. (1873), 44 Ind. 524, 541.
A careful examination of the cases and text books indicates that in Indiana and every other state in the union, with the possible exception of Mississippi the rule is otherwise. The rule is well stated in 22 C. J. S., Criminal Law, § 241, p. 375 thus:
“. . . when a person has been placed on trial on a valid indictment or information before a court of competent jurisdiction, has been arraigned and has pleaded, and a jury has been empanelled and sworn, he is in jeopardy, . . .” 15 Am. Jur., Criminal Law, § 369, p. 46; Ewbanlds Indiana Criminal Law (2nd Ed.), §§ 651, 652; 1 Wharton’s Criminal Law (12 Ed.), § 395, p. 548.
This explanation of the time when jeopardy attaches is supported by all the Indiana cases on the subject, some of which I cite as follows: Weinzorpflin v. The State (1844), 7 Blkfd. 186; Wright v. The State (1854), 5 Ind. 290; Miller v. State (1856), 8 Ind. 325; Morgan v. State (1859), 13 Ind. 215, and cases cited; Joy v. State (1860), 14 Ind. 139, 145; Rulo v. State (1862), 19 Ind. 298; The State v. Walker (1866), 26 Ind. 346; Maden v. Emmons (1882), 83 Ind. 331; Klein v. State (1901), 157 Ind. 146, 148, 60 N. E. 1036, and authorities cited; Armentrout v. State (1938), 214 Ind. 273, 275, 15 N. E. 2d 363; Gillespie v. State (1907), 168 Ind. 298, 309, 312, 319, 80 N. E. 829 and cases cited; State v. Reed (1907), 168 Ind. 588, 590, 81 N. E. *696571; Brackney v. State (1914), 182 Ind. 348, 345, 106 N. E. 532; Winters v. State (1928), 200 Ind. 48, 50, 160 N. E. 294.
Where the defendant is properly charged with a criminal offense, pleads not guilty, is tried by jury, found guilty and a judgment of imprisonment is rendered against him, a plea of former conviction on the same charge (autrefois convict) is a proper plea in bar to another trial for the same offense and the evidence thereon must be admitted in the second trial. The court may not''arbitrarily deny the plea or refuse to admit the evidence in the second trial. Section 9-1132, Burns’ 1942 Replacement; Kelly v. State (1947), 225 Ind. 577, 578, 75 N. E. 2d 537, 78 N. E. 2d 666; Clem v. State (1873), 42 Ind. 420, 424.
15 Am. Jur., Criminal Law, Former Jeopardy, §§ 359 and 360, pp. 38, 39 and 40 states the rule thus:
“It is an established maxim of the common law, in the administration of criminal justice, constantly recognized by elementary writers and courts of judicature from a very early period down to the present time, ‘that a man shall not be brought in danger of his life or limb for one and the same offense more than once.’ It has been said that the test is not whether the defendant has already been tried for the same act, but whether he has been put in jeopardy for the same offense. The rule not only prohibits a second punishment for the same offense, but it goes further and forbids a second trial for the same offense, whether the accused has suffered punishment or not or in the former trial has been acquitted or convicted.
“The right not to be put in jeopardy a second time for the same cause is as important as the right of trial by jury and is guarded with as much care. Accordingly there will be found in the Constitution of the United States and in the Constitutions of most of the states a provision that no person shall for the same offense be twice put in jeopardy, which, however, is only a recognition *697of the common-law rule. A plea of former conviction therefore is good under either the Constitution or the common-law. The legislature cannot, of course deprive citizens of this constitutional right. The protection thus afforded is not only against the peril of second punishment, but against being again tried for the same offense. Jeopardy in its constitutional or common-law sense, has a strict application to criminal prosecutions only. The word signifies the danger of conviction and punishment which the defendant in a criminal prosecution incurs when duly put on trial before a court of competent jurisdiction.” (My italics).
The Indiana statute with respect to criminal pleading has long provided as follows:
“In all criminal prosecutions, . . . the defendant may plead the general issue orally, which shall be entered on the minutes of the court, and under it, the defendant may show and prove on the trial that he has before had judgment of acquittal, or been convicted or pardoned for the same offense, or any matter of defense except insanity. But defendant may plead specially any matter of defense.” Sec. 9-1132, Burns’ 1942 Replacement; Lee v. State (1873), 42 Ind. 152; Clem v. State (1873), 42 Ind. 420, 428, et seq., supra., 13 Am. Rep. 369; Wilkinson v. State (1877), 59 Ind. 416, 424, 26 Am. Rep. 84.
It seems perfectly clear that appellant’s pleas of former conviction and former jeopardy were proper pleas under the common-law, the Constitutions of the United States and of the state of Indiana, and under the ancient statute of Indiana above quoted. The trial court was without authority to prevent the defendant from filing these pleas. However, it has been held by this court that where a defendant has entered the general plea of not guilty an erroneous ruling of the trial court disallowing a plea for former jeopardy cannot injure him, because under that statute he may *698offer the same proof under his plea of not guilty. Williams v. State (1907), 169 Ind. 384, 385, 82 N. E. 790; Lucas v. State (1910), 173 Ind. 302, 304, 90 N. E. 305; Barker v. State (1918), 188 Ind. 263, 266, 120 N. E. 593; Foran v. State (1924), 195 Ind. 55, 60, 144 N. E. 529; Cambron v. State (1922), 191 Ind. 431, 435, 133 N. E. 498, 19 A. L. R. 623; McCoy v. State (1923), 193 Ind. 353, 354, 139 N. E. 587; Mann v. State (1933), 205 Ind. 491, 497, 186 N. E. 283, 187 N. E. 343; Kelly v. State (1947), 225 Ind. 577, 578, 580, 75 N. E. 2d 537, 78 N. E. 2d 666; Holt v State (1945), 223 Ind. 217, 59 N. E. 2d 563; Marks v. State (1942), 220 Ind. 9, 40 N. E. 2d 108.
Thus it is clear that the trial court committed reversible error in sustaining the state’s objections to the offered evidence on the subject of former jeopardy and former conviction, since the plea of not guilty had been entered and the court had wrongfully refused to allow defendant to file his special pleas of former conviction and former jeopardy.
In the instant case all the facts with respect to former conviction and former jeopardy appear in the trial court’s record in the case. In such a situation this court has recently held in substance as follows:
The statute, Sec. 9-1132, Burns’ 1942 Replacement with respect to pleas in criminal cases including the plea of former jeopardy and former conviction, does not apply when the facts showing former jeopardy appear of record in the same case. Under such circumstances this question can be raised by a motion to discharge as here attempted by appellant. Kelly v. State (1947), 225 Ind. 577, 578, 75 N. E. 2d 537, 78 N. E. 2d 666, supra.
So. it appears quite clear that appellant’s written motion for discharge should have been allowed to be *699filed and should have been sustained by the trial court. It was reversible error to sustain the state’s objection to it. Sustaining the state’s objection to the defendant’s verified written objection to the swearing of the jury to try the cause was also reversible error since it presented the same situation.
Since this opinion is already very long I shall not discuss two additional points raised by appellant.
The judgment should be reversed.
Note.—Reported in 101 N. E. 2d 45.