James Luther Miller was convicted by a jury of possession of cocaine and marijuana and sentenced to thirty years’ incarceration on the cocaine-possession conviction. He was sentenced to one year’s imprisonment in the county jail on the marijuana-possession conviction, and ordered to pay a $1000 fine. He argues on appeal that the trial court erred in refusing to grant his motion for a directed verdict.
A motion for a directed verdict is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. Mings v. State, 318 Ark. 201, 884 S.W.2d 596 (1994). The test for determining the sufficiency of the evidence is whether the verdict is supported by substantial evidence, whether direct or circumstantial. Brown v. State, 315 Ark. 466, 869 S.W.2d 9 (1994). Evidence is substantial if it is of sufficient force and character to compel a conclusion one way or the other beyond suspicion or conjecture. Thomas v. State, 312 Ark. 158, 847 S.W.2d 695 (1993). We will affirm the conviction if there is substantial evidence to support it, when viewed in the light most favorable to the State as appellee. Bangs v. State, 338 Ark. 515, 998 S.W.2d 738 (1999).
At trial, Arkansas State Police Officer Tim Land testified that on February 23, 1997, he came into contact with appellant, who was a passenger in a vehicle driven by Michael Alexander. Officer Land became suspicious of the vehicle because it approached him from the rear and would not pass his vehicle although he slowed to thirty miles per hour. Land pulled his car into the median, and as the car passed he noticed that it did not have a license plate. He initiated a stop of the vehicle, and upon approaching the vehicle, he smelled the very strong odor of burned marijuana emanating from the vehicle. Land had the driver exit the vehicle, and after noting the odor of burned marijuana and alcohol on his person, administered field sobriety tests, which Alexander failed. Land called for assistance, and Alexander was transported to the county jail for a breathalyzer. According to Land, there were four occupants in the vehicle: Alexander, who was the driver; James Giles, who was sitting in the right front seat; Damon Albert, who was sitting in the rear seat behind the driver; and appellant, who was seated on the right rear seat.
Trooper Land recovered three rolling papers from three of the vehicle’s occupants, but could not recall which three occupants possessed the papers. He also stated that he found three rocks of crack cocaine and marijuana in the pouch located on the back of the driver’s seat, directly in front of Damon Albert.
The driver of the vehicle, Michael Alexander, testified that on the date in question he asked appellant if he wanted to ride to Hope, Arkansas, with him. He picked up Giles and Albert and took them to a residence in Hope, where they purchased crack cocaine. According to Alexander, appellant did not know that Giles and Albert were purchasing crack, and he did not know about the marijuana until it was smoked. However, Alexander later testified that all of the vehicle’s occupants knew that the marijuana was in the vehicle because the marijuana was in the car before the group traveled to Hope.
Appellant contends that the evidence presented is not sufficient to justify a conviction for possession of cocaine and marijuana. It is not necessary for the State to prove literal physical possession of drugs in order to prove possession. Possession of drugs can be proved by constructive possession. Littlepage v. State, 314 Ark. 361, 863 S.W.2d 276 (1993). Constructive possession can be implied when the drugs are in the joint control of the accused and another. Id. However, joint occupancy of a vehicle, standing alone, is not sufficient to establish possession or joint possession. Id. There must be some additional factor linking the accused to the drugs. Other factors to be considered in cases involving automobiles occupied by more than one person are: (1) whether the contraband is in plain view, (2) whether the contraband is found within the accused’s personal effects, (3) whether it is found on the same side of the car seat as the accused was sitting or in near proximity to it, (4) whether the accused is the owner of the automobile, or exercised dominion and control over it; and (5) whether the accused acted suspiciously before or during the arrest. Plotts v. State, 297 Ark. 66, 759 S.W.2d 793 (1988).
When viewed in the fight most favorable to the State, we believe the evidence is sufficient to conclude that the jury had substantial evidence from which it could find that appellant constructively possessed marijuana. By way of analogy, we note that had the officer observed the marijuana in plain view inside of the vehicle, the evidence would be sufficient to compel the conclusion that appellant constructively possessed the marijuana. Here, although the marijuana was not in plain view, we believe that the fact that the police officer smelled marijuana upon approaching the vehicle tends to establish that appellant had knowledge of the presence of the marijuana. It is the knowledge of the existence of the contraband that provides substantial evidence of constructive possession.
Whether the evidence is sufficient to support the conviction of possession of cocaine presents a more difficult question. In Bond v. State, 45 Ark. App. 177, 873 S.W.2d 569 (1994), we affirmed a conviction for possession of a controlled substance under facts similar to, but distinguishable from those present in the case at bar. In that case, appellants were stopped by a police officer, who upon approaching the vehicle, smelled alcohol and marijuana. A search of the vehicle revealed a small brass pipe used to smoke marijuana in plain view in the front seat in immediate proximity to both appellants. The arresting officer observed that both appeared to have glassy eyes. In affirming the conviction we utilized the following rationale:
Applying Plotts to the instant case there are factors in addition to the joint occupancy of the vehicle, from which the jury could find that appellants had joint control and dominion over the contraband. First, as to the small brass pipe, it was found in the front seat in immediate proximity to both appellants. Secondly, an additional factor, which links both appellants to the marijuana and from which constructive possession could be found, is that the marijuana was in the back seat behind the driver’s seat in an area most easily accessible to Joseph the passenger, but abo accessible to James, the driver. . . .
It is this highlighted portion of this court’s analysis that gives us great cause for concern. This language seems to imply that constructive possession may be proved by merely showing that the defendant was an occupant of a vehicle where illegal contraband is found, in the absence of any additional factor linking the accused to the contraband. However, our case law makes it quite clear that the drugs must be found on the same side of the vehicle as the accused, or in close proximity to the accused. Plotts, supra.
The highlighted language in Bond should be consideredin conjunction with the other evidence presented, and not as the sole basis upon which a conviction for constructive possession can be sustained. We note that in Bond there was evidence, independent of occupancy of the vehicle, that was sufficient to sustain the conviction.
The dissent bases its contention that appellant’s conviction should be affirmed on the supreme court’s decision in Kilpatrick v. State, 322 Ark. 728, 912 S.W.2d 917 (1995), wherein the court upheld a conviction for being a felon in possession of a handgun. In that case, the handgun was not in plain view, but the cab of the truck was so small that anyone inside of the vehicle had access to anything inside. The court discussed additional linking factors, such as the fact that the appellant had exercised dominion and control over the vehicle, and the fact that appellant testified that he had thoroughly cleaned the vehicle prior to using it and would have noticed any contraband in it. The court also noted that cocaine was found in plain view and the jury could have dismissed the probability that the drugs or gun were in the vehicle before the appellant borrowed it.
In the present case, appellant was a rear-seat passenger in his friend’s car when the vehicle was stopped by Trooper Land. The contraband found was not in plain view, was not under appellant’s exclusive control, and was not found near the seat in which appellant was seated. There was no testimony that appellant acted suspiciously, and, there was no evidence of any contraband found on appellant’s person. There was, however, testimony that appellant did not know that there was cocaine in the car until after the police searched the vehicle.
Based upon the evidence presented, we hold that the State did not present sufficient evidence of any factor, other than occupancy, to establish appellant’s constructive possession of the cocaine. Appellant’s conviction for possession of cocaine is reversed and dismissed. His conviction for possession of marijuana is affirmed.
Hart, Crabtree, and Meads, JJ., agree in reversing the cocaine-possession conviction. Bird, Stroud, Crabtree, and Meads, JJ., agree in affirming the marijuana-possession conviction.Bird and STROUD, JJ., dissent from the majority’s reversal of the possession of cocaine conviction.
HART, J., dissents from the majority’s decision affirming the possession of marijuana conviction.