Opinion
BRUINIERS, J.The federal government imposes mandatory standards governing the marketing of “organic” food and agricultural products, but provides only voluntary and permissive criteria for “organic” personal care products, such as soaps and lotions. (7 U.S.C. § 6501 et seq.; Organic Foods Production Act of 1990.) A trade association, Organic and Sustainable Industry Standards, Inc. (OASIS), seeks to develop a standard that would provide a definition of “organic” specific to beauty and personal care products *1192and would permit its members whose products meet this standard to advertise using an “OASIS Organic” seal on the product. All One God Faith, Inc., who does business as Dr. Bronner’s Magic Soaps (Dr. Bronner), filed suit against OASIS and certain of its members, alleging that this certification would constitute unfair competition and misleading advertising. OASIS filed a special motion to strike Dr. Bronner’s claim against it pursuant to the anti-SLAPP statute,1 Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16.2 OASIS appeals from the trial court’s denial of its motion. Dr. Bronner has filed a protective cross-appeal, contending that the motion should have also been denied under section 425.17. We affirm.
I. Factual and Procedural Background3
A. Dr. Bronner’s First Amended Complaint
Dr. Bronner filed suit in the San Francisco Superior Court seeking injunctive relief against several of its competitors and against OASIS under California’s unfair competition law. (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200 et seq.) Only the third cause of action is directed against OASIS.4 According to Dr. Bronner’s first amended complaint (FAC), Dr. Bronner “engages in the business, among other things, of manufacturing and selling . . . personal care and cosmetic products including the nation’s top-selling natural brand of liquid and bar soap in a number of varieties under the ‘Dr. Bronner’s Magic Soaps’ brand and lotions, hair rinses, shampoos, hair conditioners, shaving gels and balms under the brand, ‘Dr. Bronner’s Magic.’ ” Dr. Bronner’s products are labeled either as “Made with Organic Oils” or as “Organic” in accordance with voluntary criteria promulgated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) National Organic Program (NOP), established under the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990.5 (7 U.S.C. § 6501 et seq.)
As the FAC explains, “[t]he NOP criteria only govern personal care products that voluntarily represent or imply that they meet the NOP criteria or carry the USDA organic seal. The NOP regulations do not apply to personal *1193care products that represent that they are organic but do not purport to comply with the NOP organic criteria and do not carry or imply that they carry the USDA organic seal.” Under the NOP criteria, a personal care product labeled “Organic” must contain at least 95 percent organically produced ingredients (excluding water and salt) and the remaining ingredients must consist of approved nonagricultural substances or nonorganically produced agricultural products that are not commercially available in organic form. Furthermore, under the NOP criteria, a personal care product labeled “Organic” or “Made with Organic [specified ingredients]” cannot contain any cleansing or moisturizing agents made of synthetic petrochemicals or petrochemical compounds. Processes such as hydrogenation and sulfation are not permitted to produce such agents.
Dr. Bronner alleges that OASIS is a commercial trade association and that its members include many of the other named defendants, who sell competing personal care products. Dr. Bronner alleges that OASIS was designed to represent and promote the commercial goals of its member companies in their efforts to sell “organic” personal care products. According to Dr. Bronner’s FAC, “[t]he primary immediate goal of OASIS has been to issue an industry standard for ‘organic’ personal care products, and to promote the commercial and sales goals of its members in the marketplace seeking to sell body care products to consumers seeking to purchase organic products. In doing so, OASIS acts as the agent of its trade association members as to whose products OASIS promotes through its purported certifications.”
Dr. Bronner contends that OASIS issued a new standard that would allow a product to be labeled as “Organic” even if containing cleansing agents made from nonorganic material that has been hydrogenated and/or sulfated, and preserved with synthetic petrochemicals. According to the allegations of the FAC, the development of the OASIS standard was “promoted principally by Defendant [Estée] Lauder[, Inc.,] but . . . was also supported by other Defendants including Hain Celestial [Group, Inc.,] and Cosway [Company, Inc.]”6 Dr. Bronner alleges that it has been informed that Estée Lauder “plans to imminently label its products as certified ‘Organic’ in accordance with the [OASIS] standard . . . .”7 Dr. Bronner seeks injunctive relief, claiming that “[u]nless OASIS is enjoined from such deceptive certification of products, and [Estée] Lauder is enjoined from marketing such products, Dr. Bronner’s *1194will lose business to Defendants [Estée] Lauder and other companies, as a result of the fact that Defendant OASIS’s certification of these products as ‘Organic’ constitutes an unfair and unlawful business practice and false and deceptive advertising, in that consumers . . . will be misled into buying these ■ OASIS-certified products instead of personal care products manufactured and sold by Dr. Bronner’s.” In its prayer for relief, Dr. Bronner asks that OASIS “be permanently enjoined from certifying as ‘Organic’ any product for sale within the State of California which cannot lawfully be labeled as ‘Organic’ under the NOP criteria . . . .”
B. OASIS’s Motion to Strike and Supporting Declarations
OASIS moved to strike Dr. Bronner’s third cause of action pursuant to section 425.16, arguing that OASIS was being sued for exercising its right to free speech—specifically, articulating and publishing its “OASIS Organic” standard. OASIS submitted a declaration from its volunteer chair of the board of directors, Gay Timmons (Timmons), which provides background information about OASIS.
OASIS is a mutual benefit trade association, organized under Internal Revenue Code section 501(c)(6),8 “formed in 2007 to promote the production of organic and sustainable health and beauty care products.” OASIS does not produce or manufacture any cosmetic or personal care products, nor is it engaged, nor does it intend to be engaged, in the business of selling or leasing goods or services. OASIS aims to provide the following services: (1) “[djevelop, maintain, and administer verifiable certification standards for health and beauty products”; (2) “[pjrovide a forum for educating and communicating to consumers and trade members of the health and beauty industry”; (3) “[pjarticipate and advocate for its members in the global marketplace for international collaboration on standards for health and beauty products”; (4) “[s]erve as a link between interested industry producers and qualified suppliers”; and (5) “[c]ommunicate, interact, and collaborate with other agencies concerned with improving the sourcing and longterm environmental and health impact of [h]ealth and [bjeauty products. .. .[][].. . OASIS’s members range from large, global brands and private label manufacturers of beauty and personal care products to small, specialty brands, raw ingredient manufacturers, and ingredient suppliers.” The OASIS board is comprised of 10 members, three of whom are affiliated with defendants Cosway, Estée Lauder, or Hain Celestial. The declaration also explains that “[Estée] Lauder holds only one of the seats on the OASIS Board. OASIS is in *1195no way dominated or controlled by [Estée] Lauder. Nor has [Estée] Lauder played the leading role in creating or promoting the ‘OASIS Organic’ standard.”
The declaration further provides that, for several months before the motion to strike was filed, OASIS had been working to develop an “OASIS Organic” standard that would provide a definition of “organic” specific to beauty and personal care products. At the time the motion to strike was filed, OASIS had not yet completed its formulation of the standard, but had released a series of draft standards to the industry and public, via its Web site, for comment. OASIS had also received approximately 50 inquiries from members of the public regarding its draft standards. Once the standard is finalized, those of OASIS’s members “whose products meet the ‘OASIS Organic’ standard, as determined by [a] third party certification agent, may then choose to advertise their products as meeting the ‘OASIS Organic’ standard [by] displaying] the ‘OASIS Organic’ certification mark on the product.”9 The “OASIS Organic” seal appears as a circle, with the word “oasis” inside the circle, and the word “organic” appearing in larger font below the circle. If an OASIS member chooses to so advertise, it must “indicate that the ‘OASIS Organic’ standard was employed, display the ‘OASIS Organic’ certification mark on the product, and direct [its] consumers to the details of the standard.” OASIS intends to publish the final standard to the general public so that the public has access to what “OASIS Organic” means.
At the time the motion to strike was filed, OASIS had not yet authorized any entity to use the “OASIS Organic” label and no product bearing the “OASIS Organic” seal was on the market, or likely to be on the market for at least several months. Timmons declares that OASIS itself does not currently certify, and does not plan to certify, any products. OASIS only intends to set *1196the standard that will be employed by third party certification agents who will perform all product certification.
OASIS also submitted, in support of its motion to strike, three newspaper articles, dating from the 1970’s, on the topics of “natural” and “organic” food and cosmetics.
C. Dr. Bronner’s Opposition to the Motion to Strike
Dr. Bronner opposed the motion to strike, arguing that it had not challenged speech “in connection with a public issue or an issue of public interest,” as required by section 425.16. Alternatively, Dr. Bronner argued that OASIS’s commercial speech was specifically exempted from the protections of the anti-SLAPP statute by section 425.17, subdivision (c).10
The parties stipulated that the trial court, in deciding the motion, could consider the application, obtained from OASIS’s Web site, by which one applies to become a member of OASIS. The membership application provides: “Welcome to OASIS, an organization whose purpose is to support organic and sustainable Health & Beauty consumer goods. OASIS meets the unprecedented consumer demand for reliable production standards for companies pursuing a greater share of the Organic and Sustainable Market. . . . [!]••• fit] Organic And Sustainable Industry Standards — OASIS — was formed by a group of concerned trade professionals, and we are pleased to invite you to join today. Join as a voting member if you plan on certifying a Health and Beauty product or ingredients made using organic raw materials. Join as a supporting member if you work in a supporting role in the production of sustainable Health and Beauty products.” (Boldface omitted.) The application describes OASIS’s mission: “OASIS is dedicated to providing verifiable standards that support and promote organic and sustainable *1197production for the Health and Beauty Industry, utilizing principles of incremental improvement and continuous change. The OASIS seal provides assurance to the consumer of credible value for organic and sustainable claims on OASIS products.” (Italics omitted.)
The application also provides: “The By Laws of OASIS define that ‘voting’ members must either be in the process to become certified for a product or have been certified.” Voting membership fees range from $300 to $5,000. The suggested membership fee for a supporting member is $100.
D. The Trial Court Ruling and Current Appeal
By trial court order, not contained in the record but acknowledged by the parties, briefing and argument on the motion to strike was bifurcated, with the first portion of the hearing limited to the threshold question of whether OASIS’s alleged conduct constituted an “act in furtherance of a person’s right of petition or free speech under the United States or California Constitution in connection with a public issue.”
On October 8, 2008, the court denied OASIS’s motion to strike in an order stating only that the motion was denied (October 8 Order). OASIS filed a timely notice of appeal from the October 8 Order. Dr. Bronner filed a motion to dismiss the appeal, asserting that the trial court could have based its denial of the motion to strike on the commercial speech exemption contained in section 425.17, subdivision (c) and, if so, the October 8 Order was not appealable pursuant to section 425.17, subdivision (e).11 We deferred ruling on the motion to dismiss and ordered the trial court to file “an amended order clarifying the reason why it denied the motion to strike.”
In response, the trial court filed an amended order (Amended Order), which clarifies that the motion to strike was denied under section 425.16 alone and was “not based in any part upon . . . section 425.17.” The Amended Order further provides: “The alleged conduct of OASIS does not constitute an ‘act in furtherance of a person’s right of petition or free speech under the United States or California Constitution in connection with a public issue’ within the meaning of section 425.16. Authorities supporting that conclusion include Kasky v. Nike, Inc. (2002) 27 Cal.4th 939 [119 Cal.Rptr.2d 296, 45 P.3d 243], Nagel v. Twin Laboratories, Inc. (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 39 [134 Cal.Rptr.2d *1198420], and Consumer Justice Center v. Trimedica International, Inc. (2003) 107 Cal.App.4th 595 [132 Cal.Rptr.2d 191].” With respect to section 425.17, the trial court stated: “The alleged conduct of OASIS does not fall under section 425.17[, subdivision] (c) because OASIS, while a trade group consisting of, and acting on behalf of, its members who are in the business of selling goods, is not itself ‘a person primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services.’ The plain language of section 425.17[, subdivision] (c) does not extend to trade associations not themselves engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services, and to this Court’s knowledge there is no appellate decision holding or stating otherwise.”
Thereafter, we denied Dr. Bronner’s motion to dismiss OASIS’s appeal. Dr. Bronner also filed a timely cross-appeal from the Amended Order. OASIS moved to dismiss Dr. Bronner’s cross-appeal on the grounds that Dr. Bronner was not aggrieved by the Amended Order. We denied the motion.12
II. Discussion
A. The Anti-SLAPP Statute
The Legislature adopted the anti-SLAPP statute in 1992, finding that “it is in the public interest to encourage continued participation in matters of public significance, and . . . this participation should not be chilled through *1199abuse of the judicial process.” (§ 425.16, subd. (a).) Section 425.16, subdivision (b)(1) provides that “[a] cause of action against a person arising from any act of that person in furtherance of the person’s right of petition or free speech under the United States Constitution or the California Constitution in connection with a public issue shall be subject to a special motion to strike, unless the court determines that the plaintiff has established that there is a probability that the plaintiff will prevail on the claim.” In order to protect the constitutional rights of petition and free speech, the statute is to be broadly construed. (§ 425.16, subd. (a).)
The Supreme Court has “summarize[d] a court’s task in ruling on an anti-SLAPP motion to strike as follows. Section 425.16, subdivision (b)(1) requires the court to engage in a two-step process. First, the court decides whether the defendant has made a threshold showing that the challenged cause of action is one arising from protected activity. The moving defendant’s burden is to demonstrate that the act or acts of which the plaintiff complains were taken ‘in furtherance of the [defendant]’s right of petition or free speech under the United States or California Constitution in connection with a public issue,’ as defined in the statute. (§ 425.16, subd. (b)(1).) If the court finds such a showing has been made, it then determines whether the plaintiff has demonstrated a probability of prevailing on the claim.” (Equilon Enterprises v. Consumer Cause, Inc. (2002) 29 Cal.4th 53, 67 [124 Cal.Rptr.2d 507, 52 P.3d 685], first bracketed material added (Equilon).)
The question of whether an anti-SLAPP motion to strike should have been granted is reviewed independently. (Salma v. Capon (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1275, 1283 [74 Cal.Rptr.3d 873]; Navarro v. IHOP Properties, Inc. (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 834, 839 [36 Cal.Rptr.3d 385]; Consumer Justice Center v. Trimedica International, Inc., supra, 107 Cal.App.4th at p. 599 (Trimedica).) Contrary to Dr. Bronner’s suggestion, the trial court does not make factual findings in ruling on an anti-SLAPP motion. (See HMS Capital, Inc. v. Lawyers Title Co. (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 204, 212 [12 Cal.Rptr.3d 786] [“court considers the pleadings and evidence submitted by both sides, but does not weigh credibility or compare the weight of the evidence”].) Accordingly, we independently review “whether the anti-SLAPP statute applies to the challenged claim. [Citation.] Furthermore, we apply our independent judgment to determine whether [plaintiff’s] causes of action arose from acts by [a defendant] in furtherance of [defendant’s] right of petition or free speech in connection with a public issue. [Citation.]” (Thomas v. Quintero (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 635, 645 [24 Cal.Rptr.3d 619].)
*1200B. OASIS Has Not Met Its Burden of Showing That the Challenged Cause of Action Arises from Protected Activity Under the Anti-SLAPP Statute.
1. OASIS’s certification activities are not in furtherance of its speech in connection with a public issue or issue of public interest.
The trial court here addressed only the first step of the two-step Equilon process, and denied the motion on the basis that OASIS had failed to show that it had engaged in protected activity. We likewise review this threshold question. We consider whether the trial court correctly concluded that Dr. Bronner’s cause of action does not arise from acts in furtherance of OASIS’s constitutional right of petition or free speech in connection with a public issue, as required by section 425.16, subdivision (b)(1). “In doing so we review primarily the complaint, but also papers filed in opposition to the motion to the extent that they might give meaning to the words in the complaint. [Citations.]” (Dible v. Haight Ashbury Free Clinics, Inc. (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 843, 849 [88 Cal.Rptr.3d 464] (Dible); accord, § 425.16, subd. (b)(2).)
We believe the trial court was correct. While the act of formulating a proposed industry “organic” standard may constitute protected activity, we find that the certification of products which Dr. Bronner seeks to enjoin in its third cause of action is not. Contrary to the conclusion reached by the dissent, we hold that OASIS’s certification activities do not constitute “conduct in furtherance” of OASIS’s formulation of the standard. (§ 425.16, subd. (e)(4), italics added.)
“The anti-SLAPP statute’s definitional focus is not the form of the plaintiff’s cause of action but, rather, the defendant’s activity that gives rise to his or her asserted liability—and whether that activity constitutes protected speech or petitioning.” (Navellier v. Sletten (2002) 29 Cal.4th 82, 92 [124 Cal.Rptr.2d 530, 52 P.3d 703]; accord, Stewart v. Rolling Stone LLC (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 664, 679 [105 Cal.Rptr.3d 98] (Stewart).) “But the mere fact an action was filed after protected activity took place does not mean it arose from that activity.” (City of Cotati v. Cashman (2002) 29 Cal.4th 69, 76-77 [124 Cal.Rptr.2d 519, 52 P.3d 695].) Nor does the fact “[t]hat a cause of action arguably may have been triggered by protected activity” necessarily mean that it arises from such activity. (Id. at p. 78.) Rather, “[t]he trial court must instead focus on the substance of the plaintiff’s lawsuit in analyzing the first prong of a special motion to strike. [Citations.]” (Peregrine Funding, Inc. v. Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 658, 669-670 [35 Cal.Rptr.3d 31].) “In the anti-SLAPP context, the critical point is whether the plaintiff’s cause of action itself was based on an act in furtherance of the defendant’s right of petition or free speech. [Citations.]” (City of Cotati v. Cashman, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 78.)
*1201“[T]he ‘arising from’ requirement is not always easily met. [Citations.] The only means specified in section 425.16 by which a moving defendant can satisfy the requirement is to demonstrate that the defendant’s conduct by which plaintiff claims to have been injured falls within one of the four categories described in subdivision (e), defining subdivision (b)’s phrase, ‘act in furtherance of a person’s right of petition or free speech under the United States or California Constitution in connection with a public issue.’ [Citation.]” (Equilon, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 66.) Section 425.16, subdivision (e) provides: “As used in this section, ‘act in furtherance of a person’s right of petition or free speech under the United States or California Constitution in connection with a public issue’ includes: (1) any written or oral statement or writing made before a legislative, executive, or judicial proceeding, or any other official proceeding authorized by law; (2) any written or oral statement or writing made in connection with an issue under consideration or review by a legislative, executive, or judicial body, or any other official proceeding authorized by law; (3) any written or oral statement or writing made in a place open to the public or a public forum in connection with an issue of public interest; (4) or any other conduct in furtherance of the exercise of the constitutional right of petition or the constitutional right of free speech in connection with a public issue or an issue of public interest.”
OASIS argues that subdivision (e)(4) of section 425.16, protecting “conduct in furtherance of the exercise of . . . the constitutional right of free speech in connection with a public issue or an issue of public interest,” applies here. We disagree. As the Fourth Appellate District explained in Trimedica, “[w]hen the defendant’s alleged acts fall under the first two prongs of section 425.16, subdivision (e) (speech or petitioning before a legislative, executive, judicial, or other official proceeding, or statements made in connection with an issue under review or consideration by an official body), the defendant is not required to independently demonstrate that the matter is a ‘public issue’ within the statute’s meaning. [Citation.] If, however, the defendant’s alleged acts fall under the third or fourth prongs of subdivision (e), there is an express ‘issue of public interest’ limitation. [Citation.]” (Trimedica, supra, 107 Cal.App.4th at p. 600.) OASIS has not demonstrated that the “public interest” limitation is satisfied.
The court in Terry v. Davis Community Church (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 1534 [33 Cal.Rptr.3d 145], noted that section 425.16 does not define “an issue of public interest,” but explained: “ ‘A few guiding principles may be derived from decisional authorities. First, “public interest” does not equate with mere curiosity. [Citations.] Second, a matter of public interest should be something of concern to a substantial number of people. [Citation.] Thus, a matter of concern to the speaker and a relatively small, specific audience is not a matter of public interest. [Citation.] Third, there should be some degree of closeness between the challenged statements and the asserted *1202public interest [citation]; the assertion of a broad and amorphous public interest is not sufficient [citation]. Fourth, the focus of the speaker’s conduct should be the public interest rather than a mere effort “to gather ammunition for another round of [private] controversy . . . .” [Citation.] ... A person cannot turn otherwise private information into a matter of public interest simply by communicating it to a large number of people. [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (Terry, at pp. 1546-1547, final elipsis and citation omission added.) “The ‘public interest’ component of section 425.16, subdivision (e)(3) and (4) is met when ‘the statement or activity precipitating the claim involved a topic of widespread public interest,’ and ‘the statement... in some manner itself contribute^] to the public debate.’ [Citation.]” (Huntingdon Life Sciences, Inc. v. Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty USA, Inc. (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1228, 1246 [29 Cal.Rptr.3d 521], citation omission added.)
OASIS, in its opening brief, contends that it has been sued for its “opinion as to what makes a personal care product ‘organic’ ” or “the articulation and dissemination of the [‘OASIS Organic’] standard.” Accordingly, OASIS argues that Dr. Bronner’s third cause of action attacks speech in connection with a public issue because “the speech was made during the course of an active public debate on the issue, a debate joined by governmental, commercial and consumer interests; the resolution of the issue will affect large numbers of people beyond the direct participants; the speech was developed with public input; the issue is neither broad nor amorphous and is the very conduct for which OASIS is being sued.”
But, contrary to OASIS’s assertion, Dr. Bronner’s claims do not arise out of OASIS’s articulation of the “OASIS Organic” standard in the abstract. Rather, Dr. Bronner’s claims are based on the fact that OASIS will authorize its members, whose products meet the standard, to use the “OASIS Organic” seal on their products in the marketplace. In fact, OASIS will require those members who choose to advertise their products as meeting the “OASIS Organic” standard to display the “OASIS Organic” seal on their products. Dr. Bronner specifically alleges that it will be injured because “many consumers will be misled by the certification of products by the OASIS trade association as ‘Organic’ to purchase such products rather than Dr. Bronner’s soap products.”13 (Italics added.) Accordingly, Dr. Bronner seeks to enjoin OASIS from certifying such products that meet the “OASIS Organic” standard, but not the NOP standard.
*1203In its reply brief, OASIS concedes that it is not being sued for articulating the “OASIS Organic” standard and that, instead, it “is being sued because it intends to make representations of fact about some of its members’ ‘goods,’ not its own.” Nonetheless, OASIS argues that its “act of authorizing others to use the ‘OASIS Organic’ seal is conduct in furtherance of OASIS’s right to articulate and disseminate its statement of position as to the meaning of the word ‘organic.’ ”
As we have indicated, while OASIS’s articulation and dissemination of a standard regarding what makes a personal care product “organic” may constitute an exercise of its right of free speech on a matter of public concern, we do not agree that OASIS’s certification of commercial products—the activities that Dr. Bronner seeks to enjoin—are in furtherance of that speech.
Our dissenting colleague relies on Lieberman v. KCOP Television, Inc. (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 156 [1 Cal.Rptr.3d 536] (Lieberman). As we explain, while the Lieberman court’s explication of the statutory term “in furtherance of’ may be generally useful to an analysis of section 425.16, subdivision (e)(4)’s application, the decision is factually distinguishable. The Second District Court of Appeal has concluded that the “in furtherance” language found in section 425.16, subdivision (e)(4), means “helping to advance, assisting.” (110 Cal.App.4th at p. 166, italics omitted.) The plaintiff doctor in Lieberman alleged that the defendant, KCOP Television, Inc. (KCOP), made secret recordings of his conversations with patients. It was further alleged that KCOP broadcast a news report, using excerpts from the secret recordings, in which the plaintiff was accused of improperly prescribing controlled substances. (Id. at pp. 161-162.) The plaintiff’s complaint alleged only that the secret recordings violated Penal Code section 632. The plaintiff did not allege claims for defamation or invasion of privacy resulting from the broadcast itself. (110 Cal.App.4th at p. 163.) On review of the denial of the defendant’s anti-SLAPP motion, the court concluded that “the broadcast was an act in furtherance of the appellant’s exercise of a constitutional right to free speech in connection with a public issue, as defined in section 425.16. [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 165.) Because the surreptitious recordings were in aid of and were incorporated into the broadcast in connection with a public issue, the court concluded that the plaintiff’s complaint “fell within the scope of section 425.16.” (Id. at p. 166.)
Here, unlike the conduct at issue in Lieberman, the articulation of the OASIS standard will necessarily be complete before OASIS certifies any member product. OASIS, and our dissenting colleague, fail to show how the application of an “OASIS Organic” seal on a particular product helps to advance or foster a debate that will have already occurred on the meaning of “organic” as used in the “OASIS Organic” seal, or that it will in some fashion *1204contribute to a broader debate on the meaning of the term “organic.”14 The “OASIS Organic” seal, when viewed by a consumer on a particular product, is merely a representation regarding the product’s ingredients and quality. Although, OASIS states that it will require members using the seal to direct their consumers to the details of the standard, there is no indication in the record of how that will be achieved. Nor does Dr. Bronner challenge any such statements by its pleadings. While the existence of some standard may be a sine qua non to creation of a certification mark, the “OASIS Organic” seal itself does not include any discussion of what the standard is, so as to encourage or contribute to public debate on the issue.15 Furthermore, unlike the draft standards that have been published on OASIS’s Web site, there is nothing in the record before us to indicate that use of the “OASIS Organic” seal on a product will invite comment from the public, that the discussion has been or will be more robust by virtue of the anticipated certification process, or that it is intended that the standard will necessarily “evolve over time” as the dissent suggests. (Dis. opn., post, at p. 1221, fn. 6.) The purpose of the “ ‘OASIS Organic’ seal” is to promote the sale of the product to which it is affixed, not the standard or its elements.16
*1205Thus, we reject OASIS’s claim that by certifying a member product to use its seal, it speaks with an educational purpose or contributes to an ongoing public debate about organic standards. It is not necessary for OASIS to certify individual products and authorize members to use its “OASIS Organic” seal on products in order for OASIS to express its general opinion about what constitutes an “organic” personal care product. Because that goal will otherwise be achieved by the articulation of the standard, we conclude that the challenged speech is not in furtherance of OASIS’s exercise of free speech in connection with a public issue. (See Roberts v. Los Angeles County Bar Assn. (2003) 105 Cal.App.4th 604, 615 [129 Cal.Rptr.2d 546] [although plaintiff’s “action was an attack on the process of [judicial candidate] evaluations, that process was inextricably intertwined with and part and parcel of the evaluations,” which were undisputedly protected speech].)
2. OASIS’s commercial speech is not protected activity on an issue of public interest.
Dr. Bronner alleges that OASIS, by authorizing its members to use the “OASIS Organic” seal on products in the marketplace, will mislead consumers with respect to the products’ ingredients. OASIS’s own membership application provides: “Welcome to OASIS, an organization whose purpose is to support organic and sustainable Health & Beauty consumer goods. OASIS meets the unprecedented consumer demand for reliable production standards for companies pursuing a greater share of the Organic and Sustainable Market.” (Boldface omitted.) It also states: “The OASIS seal provides assurance to the consumer of credible value for organic and sustainable claims on OASIS products.” (Italics omitted.) In fact, OASIS concedes that its speech is commercial speech, under the test announced in Kasky, and that it “seeks to promote its members [’] general business interest” through the “OASIS Organic” seal.17
In Kasky v. Nike, Inc., supra, 27 Cal.4th 939 (Kasky), Nike and its officers and directors, in response to public criticism and to maintain and increase *1206Nike’s profits, issued allegedly false statements in press releases and in other public relations materials. Nike and its officers and directors stated that “workers who make Nike products are protected from physical and sexual abuse, that they are paid in accordance with applicable local laws and regulations governing wages and hours, that they are paid on average double the applicable local minimum wage, that they receive a ‘living wage,’ that they receive free meals and health care, and that their working conditions are in compliance with applicable local laws and regulations governing occupational health and safety.” (Id. at pp. 947-948.) The Supreme Court, in a four-to-three vote, concluded that neither the First Amendment nor the California Constitution protected Nike’s speech from regulation under California’s false advertising laws because it constituted “commercial speech that may be regulated to prevent consumer deception.” (27 Cal.4th at p. 969.)
The majority observed that, under United States Supreme Court precedent, “commercial speech that is false or misleading is not entitled to First Amendment protection and ‘may be prohibited entirely.’ [Citations.]” (Kasky, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 953.) The majority then enumerated the reasons for the distinction between commercial and noncommercial speech: “First, ‘[t]he truth of commercial speech . . . may be more easily verifiable by its disseminator than . . . news reporting or political commentary, in that ordinarily the advertiser seeks to disseminate information about a specific product or service that he himself provides and presumably knows more about than anyone else.’ [Citations.] [][] Second, commercial speech is hardier than noncommercial speech in the sense that commercial speakers, because they act from a profit motive, are less likely to experience a chilling effect from speech regulation. [Citations.] [f] Third, governmental authority to regulate commercial transactions to prevent commercial harms justifies a power to regulate speech that is ‘ “linked inextricably” to those transactions.’ [Citations.]” (Id. at pp. 954-955, citation and paragraph format omissions added.)
In distinguishing commercial speech from noncommercial speech, the Supreme Court explained that courts must consider three elements: “the speaker, the intended audience, and the content of the message, [f] In typical commercial speech cases, the speaker is likely to be someone engaged in commerce—that is, generally, the production, distribution, or sale of goods or services—or someone acting on behalf of a person so engaged, and the intended audience is likely to be actual or potential buyers or customers of the speaker’s goods or services, or persons acting for actual or potential buyers or customers, or persons (such as reporters or reviewers) likely to repeat the message to or otherwise influence actual or potential buyers or customers. ... [][]... [I] Finally, the factual content of the message should be commercial in character. In the context of regulation of false or misleading advertising, this typically means that the speech consists of representations of *1207fact about the business operations, products, or services of the speaker (or the individual or company that the speaker represents), made for the purpose of promoting sales of, or other commercial transactions in, the speaker’s products or services.” (Kasky, supra, 27 Cal.4th at pp. 960-961, italics added & omitted.)
Kasky did not involve the anti-SLAPP statute. However, several recent cases have concluded that a manufacturer’s advertising statements about a commercial product are not subject to the protection of section 425.16 when the specific nature of the speech, rather than the generalities that might be abstracted from it, do not involve a matter of public interest. (Nagel v. Twin Laboratories, Inc., supra, 109 Cal.App.4th at pp. 47-48, 50 (Nagel); Trimedica, supra, 107 Cal.App.4th at pp. 599, 601-602; Scott v. Metabolife Internal, Inc. (2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 404, 420-423 [9 Cal.Rptr.3d 242] (Scott); see also Commonwealth Energy Corp. v. Investor Data Exchange, Inc. (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 26, 34 [1 Cal.Rptr.3d 390] [telemarketing]; Jewett v. Capital One Bank (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 805, 807, 815 [6 Cal.Rptr.3d 675] [credit card solicitations].)
In Trimedica, a consumer advocacy group brought an action for false advertising and consumer fraud against a supplement manufacturer who claimed its product, Grobust, offered “ ‘The All-Natural Way To A Fuller, More Beautiful Bust!’ ” (Trimedica, supra, 107 Cal.App.4th at pp. 598-599.) The defendant filed a special motion to strike, pursuant to section 425.16, arguing that herbal dietary supplements in general were a subject of public interest. (Trimedica, at pp. 599, 601.) The court rejected this claim, noting, “Trimedica’s speech is not about herbal supplements in general. It is commercial speech about the specific properties and efficacy of a particular product, Grobust. If we were to accept Trimedica’s argument that we should examine the nature of the speech in terms of generalities instead of specifics, then nearly any claim could be sufficiently abstracted to fall within the antiSLAPP statute.” (Id. at p. 601.) The court distinguished DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co. v. Superior Court (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 562 [92 Cal.Rptr.2d 755] (DuPont),18 by observing: “Grobust does not treat life-threatening conditions such as stroke and pulmonary embolism, nor is there *1208evidence it is widely used. Therefore, Grobust does not qualify as a matter of public interest by examining either ‘the number of persons allegedly affected’ or ‘the seriousness of the conditions treated . . . .’ [Citation.]” (Trimedica, supra, 107 Cal.App.4th at p. 602, original ellipsis.) The court concluded that the “public interest” limitation had not been met, reasoning: “No logical interpretation of [section 425.16, subdivision (a)] suggests that ‘matters of public significance’ include specific advertising statements about a particular commercial product, absent facts which truly make that product a matter of genuine public interest .... Construing the statute in this manner would allow every defendant in every false advertising case ... to bring a special motion to strike under the anti-SLAPP statute, even though it is obvious that the case was not filed for the purpose of chilling participation in matters of public interest.” (Trimedica, supra, 107 Cal.App.4th at p. 602.)
Nagel, supra, 109 Cal.App.4th 39, presented a scenario analogous to the circumstances presented here. In Nagel, the plaintiff sued a supplement manufacturer, and the company whose franchisees sold the product to consumers, for their marketing of a supplement containing ma huang extract. (Id. at pp. 42-43.) The plaintiff claimed that the defendants’ statements on labels and Web sites regarding the supplement’s ingredients were false and misleading. (Ibid.) Specifically, the plaintiff contended that the ephedrine in the product was not “standardized” as claimed by the defendants, at least not as the word was popularly understood. (Id. at p. 44.) The defendants filed a special motion to strike, arguing that, pursuant to section 425.16, their advertising claims were protected speech on a matter of public interest. (109 Cal.App.4th at p. 44.) The court considered whether subdivision (e)(4) of section 425.16 applied. (109 Cal.App.4th at p. 45 & fn. 1.) The court noted that the list of ingredients was “commercial speech only,” which is entitled to less protection than other constitutionally safeguarded forms of expression.. (Id. at p. 46.)
Turning to the public interest requirement, the court observed: “while matters of health and weight management are undeniably of interest to the public, it does not necessarily follow that all lists of ingredients on libels of food products or on the manufacturers’ Web sites are fully protected from legal challenges by virtue of section 425.16. . . . [T]he list of . . . ingredients on the bottle labels and on [the defendants’] Web site was not participation in the public dialogue on weight management issues; the labeling on its face was designed to further [the defendants’] private interest of increasing sales for its products. [Citation.]” (Nagel, supra, 109 Cal.App.4th at pp. 47-48.) *1209Accordingly, the court concluded that the speech was not “ ‘in connection with a public issue.’ ” (Id. at p. 48.) The court noted that its conclusion was consistent with Kasky, supra, 27 Cal.4th 939, DuPont, supra, 78 Cal.App.4th 562, and Trimedica, supra, 107 Cal.App.4th 595, because the case before it presented only commercial speech, which was not “inextricably intertwined” with noncommercial speech. (Nagel, at pp. 49-51.) The Nagel court observed that, by contrast, the advertising in DuPont was inextricably intertwined with speech providing medical information to the consuming public and the medical profession, as well as with speech furthering the defendant’s political lobbying activities. (Id. at p. 50.)
The above authority makes clear that the mere fact that a large number of people may be affected by advertising does not, standing alone, satisfy the public interest requirement. (Nagel, supra, 109 Cal.App.4th at p. 50; DuPont, supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p. 567.) Rather, the inquiry is whether the unprotected advertising speech is inextricably intertwined with protected speech informing the consuming public and furthering political debate on a matter of public interest. (Nagel, supra, 109 Cal.App.4th at p. 50.) In this case, the use of the “OASIS Organic” seal on member products is not activity directed to public discussion of organic standards in general, but is only speech about the contents and quality of the product. As discussed above, it is not intertwined with speech about, or contributing to the debate on, the merits of a particular definition of “organic.”19
To the extent that DuPont can be read to hold that commercial advertisements, for a product treating a life-threatening medical condition and which affects a large number of people, could alone satisfy the public interest requirement, we are not presented with such a circumstance.20 (See DuPont, supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p. 567.) Although a large number of consumers may encounter the “OASIS Organic” seal, the personal care products at issue are not intended to remedy life-threatening conditions and the “seriousness of the conditions treated” would hardly meet the DuPont criteria. (Ibid.)
Nor are we persuaded by OASIS’s attempt to distinguish Nagel, Trimedica, and Scott on the basis that they involved speech by a product manufacturer about its own product, and that it is not such a manufacturer. OASIS is correct that the Third District Court of Appeal in Scott, supra, 115 Cal.App.4th *1210404, concluded that “commercial speech about the safety of a product by the manufacturer of that product for the purposes of the sale of the product does not constitute an issue of public interest for purposes of section 425.16.” (Id. at p. 418, italics added.) But, the Scott court did not comment on whether the commercial speech of a trade association should be treated in similar fashion. (Id. at pp. 418-424.)
The fact that the “OASIS Organic” seal will be placed on some member products, rather than its own products, does not automatically, as OASIS asserts, transform its certification activities into “a statement about the larger issue of ‘organic’ health and beauty care products.” “The nature of the communication is not changed when a group of sellers joins in advertising their common product.” (National Com’n on Egg Nutrition v. F. T. C. (7th Cir. 1977) 570 F.2d 157, 163 [discussing whether statements by trade association formed by members of egg industry were commercial speech]; see also Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp. (1983) 463 U.S. 60, 66, fn. 13 [77 L.Ed.2d 469, 103 S.Ct. 2875].) As noted above, OASIS concedes that its speech is commercial speech and that it “seeks to promote its members[’] general business interest” through the “OASIS Organic” seal. Although OASIS disavows any intent to endorse “any particular product” in the future, it concedes that only the products of its paying members, who meet the standard, may advertise with the “OASIS Organic” seal. And, OASIS concedes that “only those [members] who plan to use the seal are eligible to become voting members of OASIS . . . .” (Italics omitted.) Thus, we are not talking about true third party endorsement or criticism, in the nature of consumer protection information, as OASIS suggests in its reply brief.21 Since the certification activities of OASIS in question here are clearly designed to facilitate commerce in the products bearing its seal, it has presented no compelling reason to distinguish this case from Nagel, Trimedica, or Scott.
Because the “issue of public interest” requirement is not met here, the trial court correctly concluded that section 425.16 does not apply to Dr. Brenner’s cause of action against OASIS.22
*1211C. Section 425.17 Does Not Provide an Alternate Basis for Denial of the Motion to Strike.
In its cross-appeal, Dr. Bronner argues the trial court erred in concluding that the statutory “commercial activity” exception in the anti-SLAPP legislation (§ 425.17, subd. (c)) was inapplicable. In 2003, the Legislature enacted section 425.17 to curb “disturbing abuse” of the anti-SLAPP statute.23 (§ 425.17, subd. (a).) Section 425.17 provides two exceptions to the antiSLAPP statute, under subdivision (b) and subdivision (c). Dr. Bronner argues that subdivision (c) bars OASIS’s motion to strike. That section provides: “Section 425.16 does not apply to any cause of action brought against a person primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services, including, but not limited to, insurance, securities, or financial instruments, arising from any statement or conduct by that person if both of the following conditions exist: [f] (1) The statement or conduct consists of representations of fact about that person’s or a business competitor’s business operations, goods, or services, that is made for the purpose of obtaining approval for, promoting, or securing sales or leases of, or commercial transactions in, the person’s goods or services, or the statement or conduct was made in the course of delivering the person’s goods or services, [f] (2) The intended audience is an actual or potential buyer or customer, or a person likely to repeat the statement to, or otherwise influence, an actual or potential buyer or customer, or the statement or conduct arose out of or within the context of a regulatory approval process, proceeding, or investigation, except where the statement or conduct was made by a telephone corporation in the course of a proceeding before the California Public Utilities Commission and is the subject of a lawsuit brought by a competitor, notwithstanding that the conduct or statement concerns an important public issue.” (Italics added.)
We review the question of whether section 425.17 is applicable under the circumstances presented here under the same independent standard of review we applied to OASIS’s appeal. (See Navarro v. IHOP Properties, Inc., supra, 134 Cal.App.4th at pp. 839, 840-841.) Furthermore, the question before us is one of statutory construction, which poses a question of law. *1212(R & P Capital Resources, Inc. v. California State Lottery (1995) 31 Cal.App.4th 1033, 1036 [37 Cal.Rptr.2d 436].) “Our primary task in construing a statute is to determine the Legislature’s intent. [Citation.] Where possible, ‘we follow the Legislature’s intent, as exhibited by the plain meaning of the actual words of the law . . . .’ [Citation.]” (Jarrow Formulas, Inc. v. LaMarche, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 733, original ellipsis.) Generally, exceptions to a statute are construed narrowly to cover “only those circumstances which are within the words and reason of the exception.” (Hayter Trucking, Inc. v. Shell Western E&P, Inc. (1993) 18 Cal.App.4th 1, 20 [22 Cal.Rptr.2d 229]; see also Club Members for an Honest Election v. Sierra Club (2008) 45 Cal.4th 309, 316 [86 Cal.Rptr.3d 288, 196 P.3d 1094] (Club Members).) “ ‘The literal meaning of the words of a statute may be disregarded to avoid absurd results or to give effect to manifest purposes that, in the light of the statute’s legislative history, appear from its provisions considered as a whole.’ [Citation.]” (In re Enrique Z. (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 464, 469 [36 Cal.Rptr.2d 132].)
1: Plain language of section 425.17, subdivision (c)
The parties disagree about whether OASIS is “a person primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services” under section 425.17, subdivision (c). The trial court determined that it was not. It is undisputed that OASIS’s members are in the business of selling goods and that OASIS, as a nonprofit trade association, acts on its members’ behalf. As the trial court observed, whether section 425.17, subdivision (c) applies to such an organization is a question of first impression.24 We conclude that the plain language of subdivision (c) makes clear that the exception does not apply here.
*1213The exception, provided in section 425.17, subdivision (c), is limited, in relevant part, to “any cause of action brought against a person primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services, including, but not limited to, insurance, securities, or financial instruments, arising from any statement or conduct by that person . . . .” (Italics added.) Thus, the plain language makes clear that the speaker must be “a person primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services . . . .” (§ 425.17, subd. (c).) The Timmons declaration specifically provides: “OASIS does not produce or manufacture any cosmetic or personal care products. OASIS has no intention to produce or manufacture any products. OASIS does not engage, and does not intend to engage in the future, in the business of selling or leasing goods or services.”25 The allegations of Dr. Bronner’s FAC are not inconsistent. Although Dr. Bronner alleges that the “OASIS Organic” standard’s development has been “promoted principally by Defendant [Estée] Lauder,” the FAC is nonetheless clear that it is Dr. Bronner’s competitors’ products, not OASIS’s, that will be sold under the “OASIS Organic” seal.
Dr. Bronner’s position would require that we read section 425.17, subdivision (c) as also applying to “someone acting on behalf of’ a person primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services. Had the Legislature so intended, it easily could have said so.26 It did not. “When interpreting statutes, ‘we follow the Legislature’s intent, as exhibited by the plain meaning of the actual words of the law .... “This court has no power to rewrite the statute so as to make it conform to a presumed intention which is not expressed.” ’ [Citation.]” (Equilon, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 59, original ellipsis.)
The Legislature clearly understood how to broaden the application of section 425.17. In subdivision (c)(2), for example, the statute provides: “The intended audience is an actual or potential buyer or customer, or a *1214person likely to repeat the statement to, or otherwise influence, an actual or potential buyer or customer . . . .” (Italics added.) The absence of similarly inclusive language in subdivision (c) is an indication that the Legislature did not intend the exception to apply to persons acting on behalf of “a person primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services . . . .” (See Soukup v. Law Offices of Herbert Hafif (2006) 39 Cal.4th 260, 283 [46 Cal.Rptr.3d 638, 139 P.3d 30].) “ ‘It is a settled rule of statutory construction.that where a statute, with reference to one subject contains a given provision, the omission of such provision from a similar statute concerning a related subject is significant to show that a different legislative intent existed with reference to the different statutes.’ ” (In re Jennings (2004) 34 Cal.4th 254, 273 [17 Cal.Rptr.3d 645, 95 P.3d 906].)
Accordingly, we agree with the trial court’s conclusion that “OASIS does not fall under section 425.17[, subdivision] (c) because OASIS ... is not itself ‘a person primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services.’ ”
2. Legislative history
When “legislative intent is expressed in unambiguous terms, we must treat the statutory language as conclusive; ‘no resort to extrinsic aids is necessary or proper.’ [Citation.]” (Equilon, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 61.) Here, however, the legislative history of section 425.17 supports our conclusion.
The legislative history shows that the Legislature explicitly considered and rejected an exception that would have applied to an entity merely “involved in the stream of commerce.” (Sen. Amend, to Sen. Bill No. 1651 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) May 21, 2002.) In 2003, section 425.17 was enacted by Senate Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.). (Stats. 2003, ch. 338, § 1.) However, reform of the anti-SLAPP statute was originally proposed in Senate Bill No. 1651 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.), which later became Senate Bill No. 789 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.).27 (Sen. Rules Com., Off. of Sen. Floor Analyses, Unfinished Business Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 789 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) as amended Aug. 26, 2002, p. 1; Sen. Rules Com., Off. of Sen. Floor Analyses, Unfinished Business Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.) as amended July 8, 2003, p. 5.)
These earlier bills originally proposed language that differs significantly from that ultimately enacted by Senate Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.). *1215(Compare Stats. 2003, ch. 338, § 1 with Assem. Amend, to Sen. Bill No. 789 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) Aug. 15, 2002, and Sen. Amend, to Sen. Bill No. 1651 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) May 21, 2002.) For example, Senate Bill No. 1651 proposed, in relevant part: “(d)(1) [Section 425.16] does not apply to any of the following: [][] . . . [][] (B) Any cause of action against any manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer, or other entity involved in the stream of commerce, arising from any statement, representation, conduct, label, advertising, or other communication, made in regard to the product, services, or business operations of that person or entity, or any competitor.” (Sen. Amend, to Sen. Bill No. 1651 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) May 21, 2002, italics added; accord, Assem. Amend, to Sen. Bill No. 789 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) Aug. 15, 2002. ) Had the Legislature intended that speech by someone merely involved in the stream of commerce be subject to the exception, it would not have revised the originally proposed statutory language.
We also reject Dr. Bronner’s argument that the legislative history makes clear that the Legislature intended to exclude from the anti-SLAPP procedure all causes of action targeting commercial speech, as defined by Kasky, supra, 27 Cal.4th 939. When Senate Bill No. 789 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) was amended, on August 26, 2002, the relevant language now found in section 425.17, subdivision (c) first appeared. (Assem. Amend, to Sen. Bill No. 789 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) Aug. 26, 2002.) The legislative history provides the following comments on the amendment: “[B]efore the author’s recent amendments, opponents raised concerns regarding the impact of this bill on the free speech rights of businesses. While these concerns may still be expressed, the bill now closely tracks the constitutional principles governing regulation of commercial speech in its exception from the anti-SLAPP motion for causes of action against businesses based on the specified statements and conduct.” (Assem. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 789 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) as amended Aug. 26, 2002, p. 6; see also Assem. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.) as amended June 27, 2003, p. 8.)
The legislative history quotes from Kasky. “ ‘[W]hen a court must decide whether particular speech may be subjected to laws aimed at preventing false advertising or other forms of commercial deception, categorizing a particular statement as commercial or noncommercial speech requires consideration of three elements: the speaker, the intended audience, and the content of the message. [<j[] In typical commercial speech cases, the speaker is likely to be someone engaged in commerce—that is, generally, the production, distribution, or sale of goods or services—or someone acting on behalf of a person so engaged, and the intended audience is likely to be actual or potential buyers or customers of the speaker’s goods or services, or persons acting for actual or potential buyers or customers, or persons (such as reporters or reviewers) likely to repeat the message to or otherwise influence actual or *1216potential buyers or customers, [f] Finally, the factual content of the message should be commercial in character. In the context of regulation of false or misleading advertising, this typically means that the speech consists of representations of fact about the business operations, products, or services of the speaker (or the individual or company that the speaker represents), made for the purpose of promoting sales of, or other commercial transactions in, the speaker’s products or services.’ ” (Assem. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 789 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) as amended Aug. 26, 2002, p. 8, paragraph format omissions & italics added [quoting Kasky, supra, 27 Cal.4th at pp. 960-961]; accord, Assem. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.) as amended June 27, 2003, pp. 9-10; Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.) as amended May 1, 2003, p. 10 [“SB 515 indeed borrows from the Kasky v. Nike formulation of commercial speech . . . .” (italics added)].)
After citation to Kasky, the analysis continues: “Rather than carve out specific statutory causes of action, as the bill once proposed, and in response to concerns raised about the scope of the prior language, the author has amended the bill to closely track Kasky’s guidelines on commercial speech, focusing on the speaker, content of the message, and the intended audience, [f] Specifically, the bill would exempt from the anti-SLAPP motion only causes of action where the speaker is a person primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or service. The content of the covered speech under the bill is representations of fact about that person’s or a business competitor’s business operations, goods, or services, that is made for the purpose of obtaining approval for, promoting, or securing sales or leases of, or commercial transactions in, the person’s goods or services, or the statement or conduct was made in the course of delivering the person’s goods or services. Finally, the bill also considers the intended-audience element of the Kasky test. Under the bill, the intended audience must be an actual or potential buyer or customer, or a person likely to repeat the statement to or otherwise influence an actual or potential buyer or customer, or the statement or conduct arose out of or within the context of a regulatory approval process, proceeding, or investigation.” (Assem. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 789 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) as amended Aug. 26, 2002, pp. 8-9, italics added.) An almost identical discussion exists in the legislative history of Senate Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.). (Assem. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.) as amended June 27, 2003, pp. 10-11.)
Rather than suggesting an intent to adopt the Kasky test in toto, it appears that the Legislature only intended to “closely track” Kasky’s guidelines. (Assem. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 789 (2001-2002 *1217Reg. Sess.) as amended Aug. 26, 2002, pp. 8-9; see Assem. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.) as amended June 27, 2003, p. 10.) It is significant that the Legislature adopted Kasky’s expansive language on the intended audience prong, but did not adopt similarly expansive language with respect to the speaker requirement, despite having Kasky’s text before it. Our Legislature apparently determined the statute’s requirements to be appropriate, finding it unnecessary to add the “someone acting on behalf of’ language that Dr. Bronner proposes. We cannot second-guess the Legislature’s policy judgment.
Other aspects of the legislative history of Senate Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.) are consistent with our view that only a subset of commercial speech was intended to be covered by section 425.17, subdivision (c). (Sen. Rules Com., Off. of Sen. Floor Analyses, Unfinished Business Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.) as amended July 8, 2003, pp. 1-2 [bill would make anti-SLAPP statute inapplicable to “lawsuits brought against a business that arises from commercial statements or conduct of that business, as specified’ (italics added)]; Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.) as amended May 1, 2003, p. 1 [same]; Off. of Sen. Floor Analyses, 3d reading analysis of Sen. Bill No. 515 (2003-2004) as amended July 8, 2003, p. 3 [“even if this bill excludes some commercial speech from the anti-SLAPP motion, there is a countervailing governmental interest. . .” (italics added)]; but see Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.) as amended May 1, 2003, p. 8 [“SB 515 would make SLAPP motion inapplicable to cases against a business where cause of action arises from the business’s commercial speech or activity” (underscoring omitted)].) Accordingly, we agree with OASIS that the better understanding of section 425.17, subdivision (c), is that all of the speech exempted from the anti-SLAPP statute is commercial speech, but not all commercial speech is exempted thereunder. (See Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.) as amended May 1, 2003, pp. 11-12 [“Section 425.17(c) would exempt lawsuits based on defendant’s acts that would be categorized as commercial speech . . .” by providing that anti-SLAPP procedure is “not applicable to the specified type of commercial speech” (italics added)].)
Our conclusion is not inconsistent with the Second Appellate District’s recent statement that “the legislative history of the commercial speech exemption to the anti-SLAPP statute confirms the Legislature’s intent to except from anti-SLAPP coverage disputes that are purely commercial.” (Taheri Law Group v. Evans (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 482, 491 [72 Cal.Rptr.3d 847] *1218(Taheri) accord, Brill Media Co., LLC v. TCW Group, Inc. (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 324, 342 [33 Cal.Rptr.3d 371] (Brill Media) [§ 425.17 “was intended to apply to commercial disputes”].) Neither of these cases considered the issue presented here or suggested that all commercial speech is exempt from the anti-SLAPP statute by section 425.17, subdivision (c).28 (Taheri, at pp. 491-492; Brill Media, at pp. 340-342.) “A decision, of course, does not stand for a proposition not considered by the court. [Citation.]” (Nolan v. City of Anaheim (2004) 33 Cal.4th 335, 343 [14 Cal.Rptr.3d 857, 92 P.3d 350].)
3. No published authority conflicts with our interpretation
Dr. Bronner has not brought to our attention any reported case, interpreting section 425.17, that involved representations made by a person who does not himself sell goods or services on behalf of another who does. (Club Members, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 316 [addressing § 425.17, subd. (b)]; Taheri, supra, 160 Cal.App.4th at p. 490 [“a lawyer may be said to be ‘primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services’. . .”]; Brill Media, supra, 132 Cal.App.4th 324, 340-341 ;29 Physicians Com. for Responsible Medicine v. Tyson Foods, Inc. (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 120, 123, 127-128 [13 Cal.Rptr.3d 926] [involving world’s largest poultry producer’s speech about own products]; Sharper Image Corp. v. Target Corp. (N.D.Cal. 2006) 425 F.Supp.2d 1056, 1060-1061, 1075-1076 [involving manufacturer of air purifier’s speech about competitor’s air purifier].)
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that OASIS is not “a person primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services,” and *1219the speaker requirement of section 425.17, subdivision (c) is not met here. We do not address the requirements of section 425.17, subdivision (c)(1) or (2).
III. Disposition
The order denying the special motion to strike is affirmed. Dr. Bronner’s cross-appeal is denied. Dr. Bronner is to recover its costs on appeal.
Jones, P. J., concurred.
“SLAPP is an acronym for ‘strategic lawsuit against public participation.’ ” (Jarrow Formulas, Inc. v. LaMarche (2003) 31 Cal.4th 728, 732, fn. 1 [3 Cal.Rptr.3d 636, 74 P.3d 737].)
All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise specified.
We consider the facts as set forth in the pleadings and supporting and opposing affidavits. (§ 425.16, subd. (b)(2).)
The third cause of action also includes allegations against a French corporation, Ecocert, which Dr. Bronner alleges is improperly certifying beauty products as “organic” under its own standard. Ecocert did not join in the motion to strike and is not a party to this appeal.
The FAC does not contend that the California Organic Products Act of 2003 has any application to these claims. (Health & Saf. Code, § 110810 et seq.)
In the first and second causes of action, Dr. Bronner alleges that defendants Estée Lauder, Hain Celestial, and Cosway (among others) have or will engage in unfair competition and misleading advertising by labeling their products as “Organic” or “Made with Organic ingredients.”
We do not address any argument that the third cause of action is not justiciable. That argument is beyond the issues presented by the anti-SLAPP motion or by the parties on appeal.
This section provides in relevant part that “[b]usiness leagues, chambers of commerce, real-estate boards, boards of trade, or professional football leagues [are exempt from taxation when] not organized for profit and no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.” (26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(6).)
The declaration states: “OASIS has adopted a certification mark for ‘OASIS Organic’ that will be filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, along with the ‘OASIS Organic’ standard, when the standard is finalized . ...” A certification mark is “any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof—[|] (1) used by a person other than its owner, or [f] (2) which its owner has a bona fide intention to permit a person other than the owner to use in commerce and files an application to register on the principal register established by this chapter, [f] to certify regional or other origin, material, mode of manufacture, quality, accuracy, or other characteristics of such person’s goods or services or that the work or labor on the goods or services was performed by members of a union or other organization.” (15 U.S.C. § 1127.) On this record, we simply do not know if OASIS will ultimately meet the requirements for registration of a certification mark. In fact, Dr. Bronner does not concede that OASIS will comply with the requirements for certification marks and suggests that it may petition for cancellation of OASIS’s mark.
Nevertheless, Dr. Brenner’s third cause of action is premised on the allegation that one or more of defendants plan to “imminently” label products as “certified ‘Organic’ in accordance with the [OASIS] standard . . . ,” and OASIS agreed that in creating the OASIS organic seal it “is ‘certifying’ as that term is used in the context of certification marks.” In part KB. and C. post, we base our decision on the record before the trial court.
As discussed in greater detail post, section 425.17, subdivision (c) provides: “Section 425.16 does not apply to any cause of action brought against a person primarily engaged in the business of selling or leasing goods or services, including, but not limited to, insurance, securities, or financial instruments, arising from any statement or conduct by that person if both of the following conditions exist: [][] (1) The statement or conduct consists of representations of fact about that person’s or a business competitor’s business operations, goods, or services, that is made for the purpose of obtaining approval for, promoting, or securing sales or leases of, or commercial transactions in, the person’s goods or services, or the statement or conduct was made in the course of delivering the person’s goods or services. H] (2) The intended audience is an actual or potential buyer or customer, or a person likely to repeat the statement to, or otherwise influence, an actual or potential buyer or customer, or the statement or conduct arose out of or within the context of a regulatory approval process, proceeding, or investigation, except where the statement or conduct was made by a telephone corporation in the course of a proceeding before the California Public Utilities Commission and is the subject of a lawsuit brought by a competitor, notwithstanding that the conduct or statement concerns an important public issue.” (§ 425.17, subd. (c).)
Section 425.16, subdivision (i) provides: “An order granting or denying a special motion to strike shall be appealable under Section 904.1.” (See also § 904.1, subd. (a)(13).) However, section 425.17, subdivision (e) provides: “If any trial court denies a special motion to strike on the grounds that the action or cause of action is exempt pursuant to this section, the appeal provisions in subdivision (j) of Section 425.16 and paragraph (13) of subdivision (a) of Section 904.1 do not apply to that action or cause of action.”
While this case was being briefed, Dr. Bronner and OASIS each filed several requests for judicial notice, on which we deferred ruling. First, OASIS filed a request for judicial notice of various documents posted on the USDA’s Web site regarding proceedings before the National Organic Standards Board. Dr. Bronner later filed its own request for judicial notice of the contents and existence of an article by Andrea Nagel, which appeared in the March 14, 2008 newspaper “Women’s Wear Daily,” entitled “Natural Personal Care to Get Standards.” OASIS opposed this request, to the extent we were asked to take judicial notice of the truth of the matters contained within the article. Then, OASIS filed an unopposed request for judicial notice of (1) an index with links to public comments made in response to a notice of meeting of the National Organic Standards Board, discussing whether and how to adapt the NOP standards to cosmetics; (2) excerpts from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office’s Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure (5th ed.); and (3) the trial court’s June 1, 2009 order on a motion for judgment on the pleadings filed by three other defendants. Finally, Dr. Bronner filed an opposed request for judicial notice of the following statement on OASIS’s Web site: “The OASIS Seal promotes the marketing of [health and beauty] products.” We deny Dr. Bronner’s requests for judicial notice. The truth of the contents of the article and Web site are not proper matters for judicial notice, and the fact that the article and Web site were published is irrelevant to the issues before us. (See Zelig v. County of Los Angeles (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1112, 1141, fn. 6 [119 Cal.Rptr.2d 709, 45 P.3d 1171].) OASIS’s requests for judicial notice are granted, in part. (Evid. Code, § 452, subd. (c).) We deny OASIS’s request for judicial notice of the trial court’s June 1, 2009 order on a motion for judgment on the pleadings because the order is irrelevant. (Ketchum v. Moses (2001) 24 Cal.4th 1122, 1135, fn. 1 [104 Cal.Rptr.2d 377, 17 P.3d 735] [material to be judicially noticed must be relevant].) OASIS’s other requests for judicial notice are granted.
OASIS originally argued in its opening brief that it will not “certify” products as meeting the “OASIS Organic” standard, because that task will actually be performed by third party certifying agencies. However, in its reply brief, OASIS acknowledges that “it will set the terms for the use of the ‘OASIS Organic’ seal and be the entity that ultimately authorizes a manufacturer to affix the seal on a product label.” OASIS also agreed that “in so doing its [.S'z'c] is ‘certifying’ as that term is used in the context of certification marks.”
The dissent argues that interest in the formulation of the standard is logically “materially enhanced” by the fact that it will result in a product certification, and that the future act of product certification necessarily promotes interest and participation in the earlier debate over what the standard should be. (Dis. opn., post, at p. 1225.) Nothing reflected in the record before us validates that hypothesis, and simply to say that a logical nexus can be found between a protected activity and a consequential one with a different purpose expands, as the dissent appears to acknowledge, the “in furtherance” element of the anti-SLAPP statute beyond the boundaries recognized in any case to date. Furthermore, the dissent’s hypothesis rests on the assumption that the future act of product certification will promote manufacturers’ interest and participation in the debate over the standard. (Ibid.) It fails to show how the consuming public’s interest in the standard will be increased.
OASIS’s reliance on Stewart, supra, 181 Cal.App.4th at pages 677-678, is misplaced. In Stewart, the reviewing court concluded that publication of musicians’ names within a five-page editorial feature, which appeared adjacent to advertising for Camel cigarettes in Rolling Stone magazine, “constitutes conduct in furtherance of [Rolling Stone’s] right of free speech ‘in connection with a public issue or an issue of public interest.’ ” (Id. at p. 678.) However, the editorial feature itself concerned an extremely popular genre of music and was “a creatively crafted, whimsical editorial commentary on the many bands whose musical works have contributed to the development of the genre.” (Id. at p. 677.) The court reasoned: “ ‘ “there is a public interest which attaches to people who, by their accomplishments, mode of living, professional standing or calling, create a legitimate and widespread attention to their activities . . . .” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Id. at pp. 677-678, final citation omission added.)
As the dissent notes, certification marks, such as the Good Housekeeping and Underwriters Laboratories seals of approval provide product information to consumers which “ ‘saves buyers the trouble of investigating products themselves and the risk of trying untested products.’ ” (Dis. opn., post, at p. 1222; see id. at p. 1221, fn. 8; Consolidated Metal Prod. v. Amer. Petro. Institute (5th Cir. 1988) 846 F.2d 284, 296.) It is the marks themselves, as representations of quality, upon which consumers rely in purchasing decisions, and the well-established reputations of the entities which authorize them, not the standards upon which the product certifications are based. We are not persuaded that many, if any, consumers *1205themselves investigate the basis for an Underwriter’s Laboratories label upon a product, or offer comments on the testing protocols used to achieve it.
OASIS would have us ignore this context. OASIS’s reliance on Dible, supra, 170 Cal.App.4th at page 851, is misplaced. The Dible court did observe: “If the actionable communication fits within the definition contained in the statute, the motive of the communicator does not matter. [Citation.]” (Italics added.) But, in that case, the reviewing court determined that the defendant’s speech about a former employee, made to the Employment Development Department, qualified “as statements made ‘before a legislative, executive, or judicial proceeding, or any other official proceeding’ (§ 425.16, subd. (e)(1)) or made ‘in connection with an issue under consideration or review’ by such (§ 425.16, subd. (e)(2)).” (Dible, supra, 170 Cal.App.4th at p. 850.) Accordingly, the speech was not required to be on a topic of public interest. (Ibid.) In any event, our conclusion that section 425.16 does not apply is based on the nature of OASIS’s activity, rather than OASIS’s motivations for its actions.
In DuPont, supra, 78 Cal.App.4th 562, a class action lawsuit was filed against the manufacturer of the drug Coumadin. (Id. at p. 564.) The plaintiffs alleged the manufacturer artificially inflated the price of the drug by disseminating false information concerning an alternative generic product to regulatory and legislative bodies, the medical profession, and to the public. (Id. at pp. 564-565.) In reviewing the trial court’s decision on the defendant’s special motion to strike, the Fourth Appellate District first concluded that the defendant’s lobbying activities satisfied the requirements of section 425.16, subdivision (e)(1). (78 Cal.App.4th at pp. 565-566.) The court also concluded that the manufacturer’s advertising to doctors and the public was “ ‘in connection with a public issue.’ ” (Id. at pp. 566-567.) In reaching that conclusion, the court looked to the plaintiffs’ complaint, which stated: “ ‘More than 1.8 million Americans have purchased Coumadin, an anti-coagulant medication, for the prevention and *1208treatment of blood clots that can lead to life-threatening conditions such as stroke and pulmonary embolism.’ ” (Id. at p. 567.) Based on this allegation, the court reasoned that “[b]oth the number of persons allegedly affected and the seriousness of the conditions treated establish the issue as one of public interest.” (Ibid.)
For this reason, OASIS’s reliance on Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA (9th Cir. 2003) 317 F.3d 1097 (Vess) and Thomas v. Quintero, supra, 126 Cal.App.4th 635 is misplaced. Both Vess and Thomas v. Quintero are explained by the nature of the specific speech at issue. In each case, the challenged speech itself contributed to the debate on an ongoing public controversy, even if it was allegedly motivated in part by private interests. (Vess, supra, 317 F.3d at p. 1110; Thomas v. Quintero, supra, 126 Cal.App.4th at p. 661.)
No subsequent case has found the public interest requirement to be met by adopting this approach.
For this reason, Wilbanks v. Wolk (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 883 [17 Cal.Rptr.3d 497] and Carver v. Bonds (2005) 135 Cal.App.4th 328 [37 Cal.Rptr.3d 480] are factually inapposite. OASIS also misplaces its reliance on other cases involving “consumer information” that do not address the “public interest” requirement of the anti-SLAPP statute. (VA. Pharmacy Bd. v. VA. Consumer Council (1976) 425 U.S. 748 [48 L.Ed.2d 346, 96 S.Ct. 1817]; Melaleuca, Inc. v. Clark (1998) 66 Cal.App.4th 1344 [78 Cal.Rptr.2d 627]; Paradise Hills Associates v. Procel (1991) 235 Cal.App.3d 1528 [1 Cal.Rptr.2d 514].)
Accordingly, we need not address OASIS’s alternative argument that Dr. Bronner’s third cause of action is subject to the anti-SLAPP statute under section 425.16, subdivision (e)(3). Subdivision (e)(3) of section 425.16 applies to “any written or oral statement or writing made in a place open to the public or a public forum in connection with an issue of public interest." (Italics added.)
The legislative history of section 425.17 establishes that corporations were the principal source of the “disturbing abuse” of the anti-SLAPP law cited in subdivision (a). (Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.) as amended May 1, 2003, pp. 6-7; accord, Metcalf v. U-Haul International, Inc. (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 1261, 1267 [13 Cal.Rptr.3d 686] [Legislature enacted § 425.17 to address abuse of the anti-SLAPP statute by commercial defendants who invoked its procedural protections with claims that “their advertising impacted the public interest . . .”].) The legislative history also states that Senate Bill No. 515 was intended to “correct” DuPont, supra, 78 Cal.App.4th 562. (Sen. Com. on Judiciary, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.) as amended May 1, 2003, p. 8.)
Division One of this court did not address this question in Stewart, supra, 181 Cal.App.4th at pages 675-677. In Stewart, the plaintiff musicians objected to the use of their names in an editorial feature that appeared in a gatefold layout, consisting of four pages advertising Camel cigarettes and five editorial pages that contained a graphical representation of the “universe” of indie rock bands. (Id. at pp. 670-673.) The musicians sued Rolling Stone magazine and R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, alleging that defendants “ ‘used the artist names . . . knowingly and deliberately for the commercial purpose of advertising Camel cigarettes’ without their prior authorization.” (Id. at pp. 670-671, 674.) Rolling Stone filed an anti-SLAPP motion that was denied. (Id. at p. 674.) The reviewing court rejected the plaintiffs’ argument that section 425.17, subdivision (c), applied. The court observed: “It is true that defendants are ‘primarily engaged in the business of selling goods,’ however, as plaintiffs concede, the goods they sell are copies of Rolling Stone magazine, not Camel cigarettes. More significantly, the statement or conduct at issue here did not consist of ‘representations of fact about the business operations, goods or services’ of Rolling Stone or of any of defendants’ business competitors. Instead, the representation at the center of this lawsuit is the representation that plaintiffs and their fellow musicians endorse the sale and use of Camel cigarettes.” (181 Cal.App.4th at p. 676.) The plaintiffs did not argue that-Rolling Stone was engaged in the business of selling Camel cigarettes on Camel’s behalf. (Ibid.)
OASIS also argues that, because it plans to register the “OASIS Organic” seal as a certification mark, it would be forbidden from using the “OASIS Organic" seal on its own products. A certification mark may be cancelled if the owner produces or markets goods to which the mark is applied, permits use of the mark for purposes other than to certify, or discriminately refuses to certify the goods of any person who maintains the standard the mark signifies. (15 U.S.C. § 1064(5); State of Idaho Potato v. G & T Terminal Pack. (9th Cir. 2005) 425 F.3d 708, 716.) As noted above, we base our decision on the record before the trial court.
We need not address Dr. Bronner’s new theory that OASIS is primarily engaged in the business of selling its certification services to its member companies and that the challenged statements were “made in the course of delivering [OASIS’s] . . . services.” (§ 425.17, subd. (c)(1).) Dr. Bronner did not raise this argument before the trial court and has forfeited the right to raise it on appeal. We also reject Dr. Bronner’s unsupported argument that “[o]nce OASIS authorizes ... the members of its trade group to use its registered certification mark on a product label . . . OASIS adopts those goods as its own within the meaning of section 425.17[, subdivision ](c)(l).”
Senate Bill No. 789 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) was vetoed by the Governor on September 30, 2002. (Sen. Rules Com., Off. of Sen. Floor Analyses, Unfinished Business Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 515 (2003-2004 Reg. Sess.) as amended July 8, 2003, p. 5.) Despite the Governor’s veto, the relevant language of Senate Bill No. 789 was revived in Senate Bill No. 515. (Assem. Amend, to Sen. Bill No. 789 (2001-2002 Reg. Sess.) Aug. 26, 2002; § 425.17, subd. (c).)
In fact, Taheri, supra, 160 Cal.App.4th 482, determined that a lawyer’s speech that could be characterized as both commercial speech and as legal advice was not exempt from the anti-SLAPP statute under section 425.17, subdivision (c). (Taheri, at p. 492.) Thus, the Taheri court interpreted the exception more narrowly than a literal application of the statutory language would allow. (Id. at pp. 490-491.) Taheri does not support Dr. Brenner’s suggestion that we ignore the plain language to give the statute a broader application. In fact, as an exception to the anti-SLAPP statute, subdivision (c) of section 425.17 must be narrowly interpreted. (Club Members, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 319.)
Dr. Bronner makes much of the fact that the Brill Media court observed: “Defendants fit into two categories. The first set of defendants own the bonds issued by [the plaintiffs]. The second set of defendants include related companies including subsidiaries, general partners, asset advisers and managers, and other entities of the bondholders.” (Brill Media, supra, 132 Cal.App.4th at p. 332.) However, in determining whether section 425.17, subdivision (c) applied, the court noted that all “[defendants are large financial management and services conglomerates involved in the purchase and sale of financial instruments and investing in companies.” (132 Cal.App.4th at p. 341.) There is absolutely no indication that any defendant was not “ ‘primarily engaged in the business of selling [financial management] services,’ ” as required by section 425.17, subdivision (c). (132 Cal.App.4th at pp. 340-341.)