concurring in part and dissenting in part. I agree with the majority opinion that the defendant’s conviction should be upheld. I would also uphold the sentence imposed, however, because I believe the trial court sustainably exercised its discretion in considering the defendant’s post-offense conduct and testimony at trial, as they are reasonably related to the purposes of sentencing. Therefore, I respectfully dissent as to the portion of the opinion vacating the sentence and remanding for resentencing.
The majority relies on three factors in asserting that a remand for resentencing is required: (1) the majority’s inability to conclude from the record that the trial court did not improperly consider the “trial tactics” of defense counsel as a sentencing consideration; (2) its inability to discern that the court did find that the defendant had testified falsely at trial; and (3) its inability to discern that the trial court did not consider the defendant’s failure to affirmatively express remorse at trial or at sentencing. As explained below, I believe the record provides no reasonable grounds for suspecting the court based its sentencing decision on factor (1), which I agree would be an improper sentencing consideration, and contains *548clear grounds for concluding the court did find factor (2), which the majority concedes is a proper sentencing consideration. With respect to factor (3), I again believe the record provides no reasonable basis for suspecting that the court punished the defendant for failing to affirmatively express remorse at sentencing, and I also find the majority’s legal analysis is unpersuasive insofar as it concludes that a potential deprivation of a defendant’s constitutional privilege against self-incrimination can result from a defendant’s failure to express remorse at trial in a case, such as this one, where the defendant does not remain silent at trial, but instead chooses to testify and flatly denies that he engaged in the charged criminal conduct.
I. Sentencing Principles
A trial judge has broad discretion to choose the sources and types of evidence upon which to rely in imposing a sentence, and we review that sentencing decision under our unsustainable exercise of discretion standard. State v. Lambert, 147 N.H. 295, 295-96 (2001).1 Part I, Article 18 of the State Constitution states the wise principle that “[a]ll penalties ought to be proportioned to the nature of the offense,” and “requires the trial court to consider all the relevant factors necessary to the exercise of its discretion,” including “whether the sentence imposed will meet the traditional goals of sentencing — punishment, deterrence and rehabilitation.” Duquette v. Warden, N.H. State Prison, 154 N.H. 737, 746 (2007) (quotation omitted). A sentencing judge may consider the nature and circumstances of the offense, the defendant’s demeanor throughout trial, false testimony, and any other factor pertinent to the goals of sentencing. A defendant’s lack of remorse for criminal conduct is pertinent to the goals of sentencing because it bears on a person’s prospects for rehabilitation. Cf. State v. Hammond, 144 N.H. 401, 408 (1999).
*549Of course, a sentencing judge’s discretion is not unlimited; the judge may not consider the exercise of a constitutional right as a sentencing enhancement factor, both because it offends basic notions of fairness to punish a person for invoking something to which the person has a right, see Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 434 U.S. 357, 363 (1978), and because the exercise of one’s rights does not reasonably bear on one’s prospects for rehabilitation.
That said, it is well established that a sentencing judge may consider the defendant’s false testimony as evidence of his capacity for rehabilitation without impermissibly interfering with the defendant’s right to take the stand in his own defense. See State v. Burgess, 156 N.H. 746, 754-55 (2008); accord, e.g., United States v. Dunnigan, 507 U.S. 87, 94 (1993); United States v. Grayson, 438 U.S. 41, 54-55 (1978); State v. Carsten, 264 N.W.2d 707, 709 (S.D. 1978) (“[A] defendant’s lack of candor at trial or at sentencing is among the factors that a trial court may permissibly take into account in imposing sentence.”); State v. Olson, 359 N.W.2d 53, 54 (Minn. Ct. App. 1984) (“One who so vehemently denies his crime under these facts does not seem to be one who would be particularly amenable to treatment.”). See generally Annotation, Sentencing — Defendant’s Perjury Considered, 34 A.L.R.4TH 888 (1984) (listing cases upholding consideration of perjury or false testimony at sentencing as it relates to rehabilitation). As the United States Supreme Court stated in Grayson, “[t]he right guaranteed by law to a defendant is narrowly the right to testify truthfully in accordance with the oath----There is no protected right to commit perjury.” Grayson, 438 U.S. at 54; see Burgess, 156 N.H. at 754.
Against this background, the defendant argues that the trial judge impermissibly punished him for exercising his constitutional rights to present a defense at trial and to remain silent at sentencing.
The trial court stated the following in its sentencing order:
[T]his defendant, like all defendants, absolutely is entitled to a trial and all the protections of the Constitution. But there’s a difference between making the State prove their case, prove whether or not the person is guilty or not guilty, and the type of defense that’s lodged against those sorts of attacks by the State. And what this defendant did, in his choice, in terms of the defense he raised in this case and what he apparently continues to do in his interactions with his family is that he, by his behavior, by his choice, has chosen to destroy in any way he can this victim, not only by accusing her repeatedly of lying and coming up with a variety of reasons why she lied, accusing her in front of this jury of being promiscuous, and . . . that’s the reason that there was a *550discussion of pregnancy in the one party, setting his family up to choose between him and [the victim] by his actions.
(Emphasis added.)
Focusing on the trial court’s reference to the “type of defense” as a factor in its sentencing decision, the majority expresses concern that this could indicate the court increased the defendant’s sentence because he exercised his constitutional right to trial. I do not believe that this is a reasonable construction of the trial court’s statement. While it is certainly true that there can be situations in which it would be improper for the court to punish a defendant for the type of defense he presented at trial, it also is clear that there are many types of defenses that can properly be considered as aggravating factors in sentencing. For example, if a defendant decides that his “type of defense” will include the presentation of false alibi evidence, there can be no doubt that the sentencing court could properly consider this as a basis for enhanced punishment. See, e.g., Harris v. State, 749 N.E.2d 57, 61 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001); State v. Harrington, 454 S.E.2d 713, 716 (N.C. Ct. App. 1998); cf. State v. Charland, 35 A.3d 124, 129 (Vt. 2011) (rejecting defendant’s argument that, “because the attorney rather than the client is responsible for trial tactics, including calling witnesses, we cannot punish the client for the lawyer’s decision to call a particular witness”).
The majority does not conclude outright that the trial court increased the defendant’s punishment for exercising his constitutional rights. Rather, the majority believes the record is not sufficiently clear that the court did not do so. Nothing in the judge’s sentencing soliloquy, however, indicates she was punishing the defendant for exercising his constitutional right to have a trial at which the State must prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Instead, the record reflects the trial judge’s belief that (1) the defendant’s conduct toward the victim before trial indicated a particularly callous state of mind, and (2) the defendant’s false and misleading statements under oath indicated a lack of remorse. Thus, I do not believe the majority’s concerns are warranted here, and I would affirm the sentence.
II. Textual Interpretation and Record Support for Sentencing Decision
Initially it must be noted that the judge prefaced her remarks by expressly affirming the defendant’s constitutional right to a trial and to the presumption of innocence. Apparently rejecting this statement, the majority reads the phrases “type of defense” and “the defense he raised in this case” to suggest that the court focused upon the defendant’s attorney’s “trial tactics.” In my opinion, this reading strains credulity. We have often stated that, when interpreting statutes, we do not read words in isolation *551but in the context of the overall statutory scheme. State v. Stowe, 162 N.H. 464, 474 (2011). That principle applies with even greater force to spoken words delivered extemporaneously. The judge did not just refer to “the defense he raised in this case” in isolation, as the majority suggests she did, but followed that phrase with “and what apparently he continues to do in his interactions with his family.” It would be implausible for the trial court to say that the supposedly impermissible considerations of trial tactics, such as the choice to cross-examine a witness, also apply to the defendant’s interactions with his family; it only makes sense to read that passage to mean that the judge was considering the defendant’s mendacious behavior both at trial and in his interactions with his family. Indeed, the evidence strongly supports the latter explanation because, as shown more fully below, the defendant repeatedly accused his daughter of lying about the assaults. Thus, the “defense he raised” can only refer to the defendant’s own behavior. And, if any doubt remains that the judge did not consider the defense’s trial tactics, her other remarks referred specifically to the defendant’s own actions — “what this defendant did, in his choice”; “he, by his behavior, by his choice” — and went on to list the defendant’s conduct that she was considering. So understood, and in combination with the express reference to the defendant’s constitutional rights, the judge’s prior reference to the “type of defense” must be similarly interpreted to refer only to the defendant’s own conduct — not the defense generally or defense counsel’s trial tactics.
To my knowledge, this is the first time any court has rejected a trial judge’s explicit statement that he or she was aware of and respectful toward a defendant’s constitutional rights based simply on speculation that the judge may have considered improper evidence at sentencing. Cf. State v. Silva, 158 N.H. 96, 102 (2008) (we assume trial court made all necessary findings to support its decision).
Moreover, the judge’s comments subsequent to the passing reference to the “type of defense” indicate that the judge limited her sentencing decision to permissible considerations of the nature of the offense, see State v. Enderson, 148 N.H. 253, 259 (2002), the defendant’s behavior toward the victim after the offense, and the defendant’s false testimony at trial, see Grayson, 438 U.S. at 54; Hammond, 144 N.H. at 408. To fully understand the basis of the judge’s sentencing decision, it is necessary to examine at some length the trial testimony as it relates to the explanation she gave for imposing the maximum sentence.
Much of the judge’s explanation refers to the defendant’s conduct after having molested his daughter during her youth. For example, the judge stated:
*552By his choices, he has set this victim up for destruction. And what he did after he chose to sexually abuse her in the very, very tender years of her adolescence and the one person she should have been able to turn to for protection, he allowed her to crash and burn as a teenager . . . because of the ridiculous choices he forced her into, that corner he forced her into.
He sexually abused her and then left her no way out. And by his behavior, by his choices, he took away her childhood and potentially her adult life. She will never be the same. And he’s now taking away her family by his choices.
He allowed her to walk down the path of feeling that there is no choice but to take her life. To allow a teenager to die because of his selfishness is what he chose by his behavior.
These comments reflect the judge’s reasonable assessment that the defendant’s criminal acts — forcing his own daughter to have sex with him during her teenage years — and subsequent conduct — deflecting blame and accusing her of lying about the assaults, whatever the effects on her well-being — have caused his daughter extreme and lasting damage. In particular, these comments reflect testimony suggesting that his daughter struggled to regain a sense of stability in her life during and after the sexual assaults. She testified, for example, that she had a difficult and strained relationship with both her step-mother and her biological mother; that her grandfather also sexually abused her subsequent to her father’s assaults; that, in the face of her step-mother accusing her of lying about the sexual assaults, she “wanted to die”; and that she was hospitalized after overdosing on antidepressant pills at school. These considerations are reasonably related to the nature and circumstances of the offense. Cf. Burgess, 156 N.H. at 754.
The judge also commented on the defendant’s attempt at trial to paint the victim as a liar and as sexually promiscuous:
The fact that the defendant in the face of the evidence against him has chosen to call [the victim], in all intent, a whore, a liar, somebody who made such a terrible lie up simply because she was trying to help his ex-wife in a divorce, and those are the reasons that he provided to us for her lies, the fact that he would go to those extremes, the fact that he would set her family up against *553her in his effort to deny and his effort to not take responsibility, his total lack of remorse and empathy on the victim can be taken into consideration by this court because there is an impact on this victim for his behavior.
This portion of the sentencing statement reflects the judge’s proper consideration, reasonably bearing on the defendant’s lack of remorse and prospects for rehabilitation, of: (1) the defendant’s false testimony at trial; (2) the defendant’s pattern of avoiding responsibility for his actions before trial; and (3) the defendant’s willingness to paint the victim as sexually promiscuous when faced with the accusations against him. The State introduced two recorded telephone conversations in its case-in-chief, during which the victim asked the defendant what would have happened if he had gotten her pregnant and whether he owed her an apology. The defendant admitted on direct examination that the victim asked him the question about pregnancy — “What would have happened if you’d gotten me pregnant?” — and that his response in the recording was, “That’s a scary thought.” On redirect examination, in response to his counsel asking him to explain what he thought the victim was asking about when she asked about pregnancy, the defendant stated, “I knew she was sexually active at school— It’s the way I heard it on the phone” — the implication being that she was only asking him about pregnancy because of her sexual encounters with others while in school. Additionally, in response to his counsel asking what he thought she was asking about with respect to needing an apology, the defendant stated, “I figured the way that I, you know, didn’t listen to her about [her step-mother].”2
Contrary to the defendant’s characterization that he was merely asserting his rights to a jury trial and a presumption of innocence, these exchanges constitute an attempt by the defendant to discredit his daughter and her accusations by lying on the witness stand. Put simply, the *554defendant knew that his daughter was not referring to her relationship with her step-mother or her sexual activity in high school in the recorded conversations. Lest there be any doubt, the evidence that he was lying about what he thought was the subject matter of those telephone conversations was overwhelming. He admitted on cross-examination, for example, that, in response to his daughter asking him for an apology, he told-her he had already apologized, and that “that stuff never should have happened.” He also admitted, as noted above, that he said “that’s a scary thought” in response to her question about the possibility of his having gotten her pregnant. In addition, when confronted by the police at the station with the fact that they had set up and recorded the telephone calls, the defendant promptly confessed to the crimes. Needless to say, had the defendant actually thought that his daughter’s questions were about being sexually active in high school and her relationship with her step-mother, he would have had no reason to confess to the crimes when confronted with the reality that those conversations had been recorded. Nor is it at all plausible that a conversation would take place many years after the events as he portrayed them at trial that meandered between such disconnected topics as him owing her an apology for not listening to her about his wife (for what, we do not know) and the possibility of her getting pregnant as a result of her sexual activity at school. In light of these facts, the judge sensibly concluded that the defendant concocted a false explanation on the witness stand when in reality he knew that he had sexually assaulted his daughter, and that she had asked him about what if he had gotten her pregnant, and whether he owed her an apology for sexually assaulting her. He also knew, given that he in fact committed the crimes, that her previous recantations when she was a teenager indicated, not a lack of truth to her accusations, but an attempt to put the matter behind her when no one believed her. Although the defendant has a right to confront witnesses against him and expose inconsistencies in their testimony, he has no concomitant right to preclude the judge from considering his deliberate in-court falsehoods as evidence of a lack of remorse for sentencing purposes. See Burgess, 156 N.H. at 754.
Nor was this exchange the only testimony in which the defendant — not defense counsel through cross-examination based on prior inconsistent statements — said or suggested that his daughter was lying. In response to his counsel asking him how he felt when his daughter first accused him and his father of sexually assaulting her, he responded, “really a lot of mixed emotions. It was — it’s really hard to explain. As you know, you know, you couldn’t have known.” When asked about the “other emotions” he felt, the defendant responded: “Shocked, disbelief, depressed.... For her to come out and say stuff like that, that never happened.” The implication *555of those statements is clear: his daughter was lying about the assaults, and it was difficult for him, emotionally, to cope with being falsely accused. But we know — as established by the jury’s verdict and other evidence — that he was not falsely accused and that these emotions were concocted from whole cloth, thus explaining the trial judge’s reference to the defendant’s choice to paint the victim as a liar.
Later in the direct examination, during a discussion of the fact that the same accusations had been leveled in 2001 but dropped by the police after his daughter recanted, the following exchange occurred:
[Counsel]: Did you think about [those accusations]?
[Defendant]: No.
[Counsel]: Why didn’t you continue to think about them?
[Defendant]: “It’s because it’s — really, it starting [sic] taking effect on the other two kids because I was withdrawing from them, and my wife just told me that, you know, for what she’s caused you and you shouldn’t take it out on the other kids.”
This was a particularly pointed confirmation of the defendant’s willingness to portray his daughter as a liar when he knew she was not lying. If his wife did tell him “you shouldn’t take it out on the other kids,” it suggests that he had told his wife that his daughter was lying and that he was willing to pit her family against her in an effort to cover up his crimes. That his daughter subsequently moved in with her grandfather and, after she publicly accused both men of sexual abuse, the defendant did not see her for three to four years, only verifies that he was willing to let her relationship with her step-mother and sisters suffer if it meant avoiding responsibility for his crimes. In the judge’s words, he “set her family up against her in his effort to deny and his effort to not take responsibility.”
Still later in the testimony, another exchange took place that revealed the defendant’s willingness to lie both on the stand and to the police. Discussing the conversation he had with the police that ultimately led to his arrest and indictment in this case, the following exchange took place:
[Counsel]: How were you feeling when you found out about those allegations?
[Defendant]: Shocked, stunned, worried, scared, depressed, mixed emotions. It was just —
[Counsel]: Why were you shocked?
*556[Defendant]: For her even bringing up something that wasn’t true.
[Counsel]: Why were you worried?
[Defendant]: I was worried for her.
[Counsel]: Why were you depressed?
[Defendant]: I was depressed. I probably never got over the depression of everything that’s gone on, and this probably just — rock-bottom depressed. It was —
[Counsel]: Were you feeling anything else?
[Defendant]: Anger, sad.
[Counsel]: Why were you angry?
[Defendant]: Angry that she would ever have done this.
[Counsel]: Why were you sad?
[Defendant]: For the same reasons. Why? For something that never really — never happened.
These statements, like the other falsehoods recited above, expose the defendant’s ongoing willingness to concoct a story of lies to avoid taking responsibility for his actions. The defendant could not have been “shocked ... for even bringing up something that wasn’t true” because he knew that her accusations were true. Nor could he be angry for that reason. Nor, indeed, does it make any sense that he was “worried for her” other than to imply he was worried that she was lying again (although she was not lying). Fairly read, the judge’s reference to the “type of defense” refers not to any attempt by the defense (e.g., defendant’s counsel) to require the prosecution to meet its burden of proof, but an attempt by the defendant to deflect blame for his crimes by lying — “repeatedly,” in the judge’s words — both on the witness stand and well before trial when the accusations had first been made.
Also justified was the judge’s recitation of the defendant’s willingness to paint his daughter as sexually promiscuous — “in all intent, a whore,” in the judge’s words — as evidence of a lack of remorse. This is because the defendant told the police, after he confessed at the station, that his daughter had asked him to have sex with her and he only obliged because *557he would give his daughters anything they wanted. Implicit in that comment is that his daughter had been sexually promiscuous from a very young age — as if that negated his culpability for sexually assaulting her. Additionally, as noted above, he painted his daughter as sexually promiscuous on the "witness stand when he said, in response to the question about the possibility of getting her pregnant, “I knew she was sexually active at school.” In addition to being a lie (the hypothetical question was about him — not another person — getting her pregnant), that explanation provided a basis for the judge to conclude that the defendant was seeking to discredit his daughter by painting her as promiscuous.
While it is true that defense counsel sought to undermine the victim’s credibility while she was on the stand in light of her recantations, the majority points to no portion of the trial judge’s sentencing soliloquy that relies on that aspect of the defense “strategy” — other than the isolated phrases “type of defense” and “defense he raised” — in determining the defendant’s sentence. Nor can it, for the judge was referring in the entirety of her statement to the defendant’s own actions on the stand and before trial. Thus, we can determine with confidence on the record before us that the judge did not give weight to the fact that the defense sought to test the victim’s credibility by highlighting prior inconsistent statements and to put the prosecution to its burden of proof. Faced with overwhelming evidence of guilt, on the basis of which the jury returned a guilty verdict, the judge had ample grounds to believe that the defendant had lied under oath in order to explain away the evidence against him. Having decided to take the witness stand and make demonstrably false statements, the defendant assumed the risk that the sentencing judge would conclude, as happened here, that he lacks remorse for his offenses and therefore is not a good candidate for being rehabilitated.
The majority’s reliance on State v. Gribble, 636 N.W.2d 488 (Wis. Ct. App. 2001), is misplaced. In-that case, the sentencing court considered it an aggravating factor that the defendant had “pursued a defense of putting [the victim’s mother’s] past life and troubles on trial and asserting that she killed her child.” Id. at 509. Notably, that decision actually affirmed the trial court’s consideration of the defendant’s false testimony insofar as it “further victimized” the victim and “further aggravated] the nature of the offense.” Id. Those facts are strikingly similar to the observation of the judge in the instant case that the defendant “has chosen to destroy in any way he can this victim.” If anything, the sentencing court’s reference in Gribble to the defense having put the mother’s life and troubles “on trial” treaded far closer to the constitutional line than anything occurring in this case because, put simply, the defendant has a constitutional right to a trial.
*558The majority’s statement that the sentencing judge “did not affirmatively find that the defendant lied on the stand” is particularly perplexing. Although she did not use the exact words “the defendant lied on the stand,” the judge’s remarks clearly indicate that she was considering the defendant’s false testimony. For example, the judge said the defendant has chosen to “destroy” the victim “by accusing her repeatedly of lying and coming up with a variety of reasons why she lied.” “Coming up with a reason” for something, in common parlance, means “lying.” Moreover, implicit in the statement that the defendant has accused his daughter of lying is that that accusation itself was a lie; had the judge thought there was any truth to the defendant’s accusation, she would not have cited that portion of his testimony as a basis for punishing him. The judge also referred disapprovingly to “the fact that he would go to those extremes” of calling his daughter a liar; it would make little sense to read the reference to “extremes” other than to say that the judge was considering the fact that the defendant had himself lied — or, gone to the extreme of lying — by accusing his daughter of falsely accusing him.
Had the judge stated or implied that she believed the defendant’s choice of making the State prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt merited an enhanced sentence, I would not hesitate to vacate the sentence. Viewed in the context of the entire sentencing statement, however, the judge’s reference to the “type of defense” is more fairly understood as an imprecise choice of spoken words than an attempt to impose a harsher penalty on the defendant for choosing to exercise his constitutional rights.3 Thus, the majority’s decision to vacate the sentence on the ground that the judge’s comments “do not expressly state” that “the defendant lied on the stand” is not warranted here. As we have stated before, we assume that the trial court made all the findings necessary to support its decision. See Silva, 158 N.H. at 102; see also State v. Towle, 162 N.H. 799, 818 (2011) (Dalianis, C.J., dissenting).
III. Lack of Remorse
The majority also expresses concern that the trial court may have considered the defendant’s lack of remorse unlawfully. I believe the majority’s concerns are unfounded for two reasons.
First, I agree that, under the circumstances of this case where the defendant’s defense was a complete denial that he engaged in the criminal *559conduct charged, Burgess precludes enhancement of the defendant’s punishment based upon his failing to affirmatively express remorse or his remaining silent at sentencing. But given the fact that the judge never referred to the defendant’s conduct at the sentencing hearing, plus the ample evidence of the defendant’s lack of remorse based upon his actions before and at trial, as recited above, the notion that the sentencing court gave weight to his decision to remain silent at sentencing is, in my view, not a plausible construction of the record.
Second, the majority’s suggestion that the trial court may have erred in considering the defendant’s failure to affirmatively express remorse at trial is illogical given that what he did was just the opposite — he affirmatively expressed a lack of remorse through his false trial testimony. I have no quarrel with the general proposition that a defendant cannot be punished for staying silent during trial; this, indeed, is a well-established rule imposed to lend substance to a defendant’s Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. See, e.g., Estelle v. Smith, 451 U.S. 454, 468 (1981). I cannot agree, however, that this is an appropriate case for extending the Burgess rule to a defendant’s “failure to express remorse at trial.”
To begin with, we generally avoid addressing arguments not raised by the parties at trial or on appeal. See State v. Belyea, 160 N.H. 298, 308-09 (2010); cf. Town of Orford v. N.H. Air Resources Comm., 128 N.H. 539, 542 (1986) (“[T]he judicial power ordinarily does not include the power to issue advisory opinions.”). Burgess established a rule that a sentencing court may not enhance a defendant’s sentence based upon his silence at sentencing. The defendant argues only that the judge punished him for remaining silent at sentencing, in violation of Burgess — an obviously meritless argument for the reasons stated previously. Yet the majority now holds that the Burgess rule applies to an entirely different situation in which the defendant takes the stand at trial and delivers false testimony, and it does so without the benefit of argument on this point developed through the normal adversarial process by which issues are channeled and sharpened. Cf. Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 204 (1962) (in federal standing context, asking whether appellants alleged such a personal stake in the outcome as to assure that concrete adverseness which sharpens the presentation of issues upon which the court so largely depends for illumination of difficult constitutional questions).
Beyond those foundational considerations of judicial economy and prudence, it is clear that, while the defendant cannot be punished for failing to affirmatively express remorse (i.e., “I am terribly sorry for my actions.”), if he has committed a crime and then takes the witness stand at trial and lies about having done so, such falsehoods are strong evidence that he is, in fact, not remorseful for his conduct, and are, therefore, pertinent to his *560prospects for rehabilitation. Cf. Grayson, 438 U.S. at 50; Hammond, 144 N.H. at 408. Indeed, no case of which I am aware has held or even intimated that it is improper for a sentencing court to find a lack of remorse when a defendant has testified at trial and falsely denied he participated at all in the charged criminal conduct.
IV. Conclusion
The majority opinion is in disharmony with the traditional deference owed to the sentencing judge, who is, after all, in the best position to evaluate the nature and severity of the crime and the likelihood that the offender will re-offend. Although I have little doubt that the immediate result of today’s remand will be simply to have the trial judge reaffirm more solemnly than she has done already that she really and truly did not consider improper sentencing factors, the implications of this case for the future are unfortunate. By showing a willingness to single out what is, at most, an arguably imprecise word or phrase in the judge’s remarks and subject it to the most exacting scrutiny for the mere possibility it could reflect improper sentencing factors, we have effectively sent a message to sentencing judges that “the less said, the better.” Candor at the sentencing phase should not be so readily discouraged. See Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 50 (2007) (“After settling on the appropriate sentence, [district court] must adequately explain the chosen sentence to allow for meaningful appellate review and to promote the perception of fair sentencing.”); Anglemyerv. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 490 (Ind. 2007) (requiring “reasonably detailed recitation of the trial court’s reasons for imposing a particular sentence”); State v. Stewart, 435 N.E.2d 426, 429 (Ohio Ct. App. 1980); cf. State v. Hurlburt, 135 N.H. 143, 150 (1991) (Batchelder, J., concurring specially) (“[T]he better practice is for trial judges to articulate specific reasons when they impose a second sentence harsher than the first.”).
For the reasons stated above, I respectfully dissent.
The majority correctly cites State v. Burgess, 156 N.H. 746 (2008), as stating that we review a sentencing decision de novo whenever a defendant has alleged a constitutional violation. Because the inquiry in this case is limited to whether the judge considered the defendant’s exercise of his constitutional rights at sentencing, the result would be the same under either a de novo or an unsustainable exercise of discretion standard of review. However, the standard as articulated today and in Burgess is potentially misleading insofar as it suggests a defendant will receive a “fresh look” at the decision itself as long as a constitutional violation is alleged. The more accurate statement of the rule is that we review constitutional violations de novo, but still review the overall decision for an unsustainable exercise of discretion. See, e.g., State v. Cain, 888 A.2d 276, 278 (Me. 2006) (“Our standard of review as to whether there was a constitutional violation in the sentencing is de novo. Review of application of discretionary sentencing factors is under an abuse of discretion standard.” (citation omitted; emphasis added)); State v. Woodruff, 151 P.3d 1086, 1087 (Wash. Ct. App. 2007) (‘We review constitutional challenges to a trial court’s sentencing decision de novo.”). By definition, of course, a sentencing court’s consideration of evidence in violation of a defendant’s constitutional rights would amount to an unsustainable exercise of discretion justifying remand.
Although these recordings — or a transcript of them — would assist us in determining how false or misleading these statements were, the defendant has not provided this court with them. As we have stated many times before, “The appealing party has the burden to provide this court with a sufficient record to decide his issues on appeal...” State v. Winward, 161 N.H. 533, 542 (2011); Bean v. Red Oak Prop. Mgmt., 151 N.H. 248, 250 (2004). To the extent that the defendant argues that the sentencing judge improperly considered his mere exercise of his right to trial as a basis for a sentence enhancement, his failure to provide us with the recordings or a transcript of them makes it very difficult to understand fully the grounds of the sentencing judge’s decision. Nonetheless, from the limited testimony made available to us, it is evident that the recordings contained various inculpatory statements made by the defendant in response to questions by the victim. The trial judge, having been present at trial and having listened to the recordings, could very well have relied on additional information gleaned from the recordings — not available to us on appeal — in explaining her decision. That the jury convicted makes it reasonable to infer that the recordings did not confirm the defendant’s version of events at trial.
We should not ignore the fact that, as is normally the case, the judge’s sentencing remarks were delivered orally (and likely extemporaneously) from the bench and thus may understandably have been less precise than would have been the case had she explained her sentencing decision in a written order.