¶1 In the wake of Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004), we held that a trial judge lacked the authority to impose a firearm enhancement based on a jury’s deadly weapon special verdict. State v. Recuenco, 163 Wn.2d 428, 442, 180 P.3d 1276 (2008) (Recuenco III). We now must decide whether a court may refer to verdict forms to determine whether a judgment and sentence is valid on its face and thus not subject to collateral attack under RCW 10.73.090 and whether Recuenco III applies retroactively to cases that were final when it was announced. We conclude that a court may consult the verdict forms to illuminate whether a judgment and sentence is valid on its face but that Recuenco III is not retroactive. We reverse the Court of Appeals and dismiss this petition.
FACTS
¶2 In September 2000, Joshua Dean Scott and his partner in crime, Douglas Sean James-Anderson, robbed Cascade Custom Jewelers in south Tacoma. They brought several guns, including an AR-15 semiautomatic rifle. Alerted by a silent alarm, the police were waiting in the store’s parking lot when Scott and James-Anderson emerged. They both ran, and they both were caught. Scott *913was charged with and convicted of multiple counts of first degree robbery, unlawful possession of firearms, possession of stolen property, and possession of stolen firearms. The jury also found by special verdict that Scott was armed with a deadly weapon while committing most of the counts. On direct review, the Court of Appeals reversed the possession of stolen firearms charges, finding insufficient evidence that Scott knew the guns used in the robbery had been stolen, and remanded for resentencing.
¶3 Scott was resentenced on April 9, 2004. He received a total sentence of 213 months, including 156 months for the firearm enhancements. The trial judge checked a box on Scott’s judgment and sentence indicating that “[a] special verdict/finding for use of firearm was returned on Count(s) I, II, V.” J. & Sentence at 2. The jury had returned a deadly weapon verdict. Aside from checking the box, the trial judge made no formal, separate finding of fact that Scott was armed with a firearm.
¶4 Under the “Hard Time for Armed Crime Act” of 1995 (Initiative 159), the penalty for committing a crime while armed with a firearm is considerably longer than the penalty for committing a crime with any other deadly weapon. Compare Laws of 1995, ch. 129, § 3 (firearm enhancements), with § 2 (deadly weapon enhancements).1 For example, under the initiative, committing a class A felony with a firearm would come with a five year sentencing enhancement; the same crime committed with a deadly weapon would carry only a three year enhancement. Id. Scott did not appeal again, and on May 9, 2004, his judgment and sentence became final.
*914¶5 Six weeks later, the United States Supreme Court announced Blakely, 542 U.S. 296, placing Washington’s sentencing procedures into some doubt.2 The next year, we held both that Blakely error could not be harmless and that Blakely was not retroactive. State v. Recuenco, 154 Wn.2d 156, 110 P.3d 188 (2005) (Recuenco I); State v. Evans, 154 Wn.2d 438, 114 P.3d 627 (2005). In 2006, well after the one year time bar had lapsed, Scott filed this personal restraint petition. Also that year, the United States Supreme Court reversed our opinion in Recuenco I and held that Blakely error could be harmless under federal law. Washington v. Recuenco, 548 U.S. 212, 126 S. Ct. 2546, 165 L. Ed. 2d 466 (2006) (Recuenco II). On remand, this court concluded that harmless error was not the proper analytical approach to allegations of Blakely error, at least in the context of a firearm enhancement based on a deadly weapon finding. Instead, “[t]he error . . . occurred when the trial judge imposed a sentence enhancement for something the State did not ask for and the jury did not find. The trial court simply exceeded its authority in imposing a sentence not authorized by the charges.” Recuenco III, 163 Wn.2d at 442. Given the way Recuenco was framed, we had no occasion to consider whether it applied to cases that were final when it was announced.
*915¶6 While the Court of Appeals concluded that the trial court had the authority to find Scott was armed with a firearm and thus subject to the firearm enhancement, given the lack of a written finding, it concluded that Scott’s judgment and sentence was facially invalid, granted his petition, and remanded for resentencing based on the lower, deadly weapons enhancements. In re Pers. Restraint of Scott, 149 Wn. App. 213, 222, 202 P.3d 985 (2009). Shortly afterward, a different division of the court below concluded on substantially similar facts that a pre-Blakely judgment and sentence imposing a firearm enhancement was facially valid and thus not subject to collateral attack because the fact a firearm was used was “necessarily reflected in the jury’s general verdict of guilt,” despite the lack of a formal written finding. In re Pers. Restraint of Rivera, 152 Wn. App. 794, 796, 218 P.3d 638 (2009), review granted, No. 83923-9 (Sept. 12, 2011), and consolidated under In re Pers. Restraint of Jackson, No. 82363-4 (Nov. 3, 2011). We granted the State’s motion for review. In re Pers. Restraint of Scott, 168 Wn.2d 1010, 227 P.3d 295 (2010).
1. Facial Validity
¶7 A criminal judgment and sentence that is valid on its face may not be challenged more than one year after it becomes final except under enumerated statutory grounds not raised here. RCW 10.73.090, .100. Scott contends that his judgment and sentence is invalid on its face because he was sentenced for a firearm enhancement based on a jury’s special verdict that he possessed a deadly weapon. The State contends that the judgment and sentence is valid on its face because Scott was properly charged with a firearm enhancement and the evidence established that only a . firearm was used. Jury verdicts, charging documents, and documents signed in connection to a plea agreement are ■ relevant to the facial validity of a judgment and sentence but will be considered only to the extent they bear on validity. See generally In re Pers. Restraint of Coats, 173 *916Wn.2d 123, 131-40, 267 P.3d 324 (2011); In re Pers. Restraint of Stoudmire, 141 Wn.2d 342, 353, 5 P.3d 1240 (2000). The Court of Appeals concluded that the judgment and sentence was not facially valid because it did not mirror the verdict forms and because the trial court made no formal finding of fact that Scott was armed. Scott argued below that several different exceptions to the time bar applied, but in this court, he contends only that his judgment and sentence is invalid on its face.
¶8 Determining whether a judgment and sentence is “invalid on its face” and thus not subject to the time bar has long vexed this court. See generally Coats, 173 Wn.2d at 131-40. “Invalid on its face” is a term of art that, like many terms of art, obscures, rather than illuminates, its meaning. Id. Generally speaking, a judgment and sentence is not valid on its face if it demonstrates that the trial court did not have the power or the statutory authority to impose the judgment or sentence. “Invalid on its face” does not mean that the trial judge committed some legal error. A trial court does not lose its authority because it commits a legal error, and most legal errors must be addressed on direct review or in a timely personal restraint petition or not at all.
¶9 For example, a judgment for a crime charged after the statute of limitations has run is not valid on its face. Stoudmire, 141 Wn.2d at 353-54. The erroneous judgment was not merely the product of legal error; the trial judge simply did not have authority to entertain the charges. Id. Similarly, a judgment for a crime that did not exist when charged is not valid on its face. In re Pers. Restraint of Thompson, 141 Wn.2d 712, 717-19, 10 P.3d 380 (2000). Again, the trial judge simply did not have the authority to entertain the charges. Id. at 719; see also In re Pers. Restraint of Goodwin, 146 Wn.2d 861, 866-67, 50 P.3d 618 (2002) (finding a judgment and sentence that included washed out crimes in the offender score was not valid on its face). In both Stoudmire and Thompson, the error was not apparent without consulting the charging documents, which we did not hesitate to do.
*917¶10 By contrast, RCW 10.73.090 does not provide a way for a petitioner to avoid the one year time limit for motions to withdraw a guilty plea on the theory that the judgment and sentence is not valid on its face because it is the product of an involuntary plea. CrR 7.8; In re Pers. Restraint of Hemenway, 147 Wn.2d 529, 532, 55 P.3d 615 (2002). The trial judge still has the authority to render judgment, and any error must be raised in a timely challenge or a timely motion to withdraw the plea. CrR 7.8; see also In re Pers. Restraint of Clark, 168 Wn.2d 581, 586-87, 230 P.3d 156 (2010) (involuntary plea does not render judgment not valid on its face). Similar principles apply to convictions. In re Pers. Restraint of Hinton, 152 Wn.2d 853, 857, 100 P.3d 801 (2004) (citing In re Pers. Restraint of Andress, 147 Wn.2d 602, 56 P.3d 981 (2002) (judgment predicated on a nonexistent crime not valid on its face)). Thus, the general rule is that a judgment and sentence is not valid on its face if the trial judge actually exercised authority (statutory or otherwise) it did not have. Verdict forms, plea agreements, and charging documents may be consulted if they show that the court lacked authority and the judgment and sentence is not valid on its face. Otherwise, a judgment and sentence is valid on its face even if the petitioner can show some error that might have received relief if brought on direct review or in a timely personal restraint petition.
¶11 We hold that charging documents and verdict forms, but not the jury instructions,3 may be consulted to determine whether a judgment and sentence is valid on its face.4
*9182. Retroactivity
¶12 Since an examination of the verdict forms casts a shadow on the validity of the judgment and sentence, we turn to whether Scott is entitled to the benefit of subsequent cases that clearly require a jury to return a firearms verdict before a firearm enhancement may be imposed. See, e.g., Recuenco III, 163 Wn.2d at 442. Whether he is so entitled turns on whether Recuenco III is retroactive. First, we note that we have already held that Blakely itself is not retroactive and does not apply to judgments, like Scott’s, that were final when it was announced. Evans, 154 Wn.2d at 444. We articulated the principles of retroactivity analysis in Evans:
“1. A new rule for the conduct of criminal prosecutions is to be applied retroactively to all cases, state or federal, pending on direct review or not yet final, with no exception for cases in which the new rule constitutes a clear break from the past.
“2. A new rule will not be given retroactive application to cases on collateral review except where either: (a) the new rule places certain kinds of primary, private individual conduct beyond the power of the state to proscribe, or (b) the rule requires the observance of procedures implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.”
Id. (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of St. Pierre, 118 Wn.2d 321, 326, 823 P.2d 492 (1992)). “ ‘New’ cases are those that ‘break[] new ground or impose [] a new obligation on the States or the Federal government [or] if the result was not dictated by precedent existing at the time the defendant’s conviction became final.’ ” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 301, 109 S. Ct. 1060, 103 L. Ed. 2d 334 (1989)). “If before the opinion is announced, reasonable jurists could disagree on the rule of law, the rule is newf Id. (citing Beard v. Banks, 542 U.S. 406, 411, 124 S. Ct. 2504, 159 L. Ed. 2d 494 (2004)).
*919¶13 Recuenco III was “new” under this rule. First, we note that the United States Supreme Court held that Blakely error was subject to harmless error analysis. Recuenco II, 548 U.S. at 222. Thus, it was not dictated by federal precedent. Second, Recuenco III was not dictated by Washington State precedent. Recuenco III was decided over a vigorous dissent and reversed prior precedent. 163 Wn.2d at 442 (Fairhurst, J., dissenting); State v. Meggyesy, 90 Wn. App. 693, 708-09, 958 P.2d 319 (1998) (citing State v. Thorne, 129 Wn.2d 736, 921 P.2d 514 (1996) (holding a trial court could enter a firearm enhancement based on a deadly weapon verdict when the judge determined that the weapon was a firearm)), abrogated by Recuenco I, 154 Wn.2d 156.5 Third, federal courts seem unanimous that Blakely is not retroactive. E.g., Winchester v. United States, All F. Supp. 2d 81, 85 (D.D.C. 2007). Since Scott’s judgment and sentence was final before Recuenco III was announced and since the opinion does not concern “ ‘private individual conduct beyond the power of the state to proscribe,’ ” Recuenco III applies retroactively only if it “ ‘requires the observance of procedures implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.’ ” Evans, 154 Wn.2d at 444 (quoting St. Pierre, 118 Wn.2d at 326).
¶14 The right to a jury is a fundamental right. Evans, 154 Wn.2d at 445 (citing U.S. Const, amend. VI). But, as we noted in Evans, “the identity of the fact finder for sentencing purposes was not implicit in the concept of ordered liberty and did not implicate the fundamental fairness of the proceedings.” Id. at 446-47 (citing Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348, 124 S. Ct. 2519, 159 L. Ed. 2d 442 (2004)). The same principle applies here. Whether a jury, rather than a judge, determines whether an offender is armed with a firearm rather than a deadly weapon does not implicate “the observance of procedures implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.” Accordingly, we hold that Recuenco III does *920not apply retroactively to cases that were final when it was announced. Scott is not entitled to relief based on its holdings.6
CONCLUSION
¶15 We hold that a court may consider inconsistency between the verdict forms and the judgment and sentence to determine whether a judgment and sentence is not valid on its face. However, we hold that Recuenco III is not retroactive. We deny Scott’s motion for relief and dismiss this petition.
Owens, J., concurs.
As currently codified, an offender is subject to one schedule of enhancements “[i]f the offender or an accomplice was armed with a firearm as defined in RCW 9.41.010, ” RCW 9.94A.533(3), and another schedule of enhancements “if the offender or an accomplice was armed with a deadly weapon other than a firearm as defined in RCW 9.41.010,” RCW 9.94A.533(4). “Firearm” is defined in RCW 9.41.010, but “deadly weapon other than a firearm” is not. While the phrase “deadly weapon other than a firearm enhancement” is probably more precise, we use the commonly accepted term “deadly weapon enhancement” to refer to RCW 9.94A.533(4) enhancements.
As described by one commentator:
On June 24, 2004, five black-clad figures seized control of the Criminal Justice Express, crashed through warning barriers, flattened the Washington State Sentencing Guidelines, opened the throttle, and sent the train hurtling from the main line down the old rail spur where the Federal Sentencing Guidelines and the sentencing systems of numerous states lay tied helplessly to the tracks. Whereupon, the 2003 Term of Court being concluded, the justices twirled their collective mustachios, sent their robes off to the cleaners, and went on vacation. Two months on, as this Essay goes to press, the rest of us stand staring slack-jawed, some delighted and some aghast, at the disarray and paralysis in the locomotive’s wake and the impending carnage at the end of the line.
I refer, of course, to Blakely v. Washington.
Frank O. Bowman, III, Essay, Train Wreck? Or Can the Federal Sentencing System Be Saved? A Plea for Rapid Reversal of Blakely v. Washington, 41 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 217, 218 (2004).
We recognize we have in the past, in dicta, suggested that jury instructions could be used to show facial invalidity of judgments and sentences. Instructional error will often he the basis for relief on direct review. But the legislature has plainly indicated that the exceptions to the one year time bar are limited to enumerated grounds, and we will not use facial invalidity to circumvent that legislative intent. See RCW 10.73.090, .100.
We respectfully disagree with the court below that the error in the judgment and sentence was the trial court’s failure to enter formal findings of fact. Nothing in our law required that, and the citation to State v. Robinson, 104 Wn. App. 657, 664, 17 P.3d 653 (2001), is not well taken. Even if the trial court was required to enter formal findings, the failure to do so would be in the nature of a technical *918error such as that dismissed in In re Personal Restraint of McKiearnan, 165 Wn.2d 777, 203 P.3d 375 (2009).
We recognize that Meggyesy was formally abandoned in Recuenco I, not Recuenco III.
We are not without sympathy for the perspective advocated by our dissenting colleagues. But United States Supreme Court precedent makes clear that trial judges do have the power to enter judgment even when the jury is not instructed on an element of the crime. See Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 8-9, 119 S. Ct. 1827, 144 L. Ed. 2d 35 (1999). The United States Supreme Court has held the same principle applies to sentencing enhancements. Recuenco II, 548 U.S. at 219 (citing Neder). This is a power that can be abused or misused and is subject to revision on review, but Neder and Recuenco II establish that the use of this power does not create a structural defect in a trial. Recuenco II, 548 U.S. at 218-19; Neder, 527 U.S. at 8-9.