dissenting. I think the time has come when this Court should declare that by January 1, 1900, it was generally considered and understood that oil was a mineral. Such conclusion prompts the dissent.
Because of our decisions in the Strohacker case1 and others since then, as herein mentioned, there has been left open the question as to when oil (i.e. petroleum) came to be generally considered in Arkansas as a mineral. Oil may be of three kinds: animal, vegetable, or mineral. Webster’s Dictionary so states concerning “oil.” The kind of oil we are considering in this case is mineral oil; and the other word for mineral oil is petroleum,2 which itself comes from two Latin words — petra, meaning rock; and oleum, moaning oil — so petroleum means rock oil. The question is this: in 1900 was petroleum generally considered in Arkansas to be a mineral? I say it was.
Certainly, petroleum was considered a mineral (a) by the man who made the deed here involved; and (b) by the oil fraternity generally; and (c) by the world at large as a matter of general information. I will demonstrate:
(a) The deed here in question was dated November 6,1900, from B. H. Stegall to M. F. Goodwin; and immediately following the description of the land in the granting-clause, there was this language: ‘ ‘. . . except the mineral interest in said lands. . . .” The evidence shows that Mr. Stegall, the grantor, lived in Union County and understood that oil was a mineral. He discussed with many people the possibility of oil and gas within the area of his land and told them that some day oil would be produced in Union County; and these conversations were before 1900. 'When he sold the lands here involved to Mr. Goodwin on November 6, 1900, Mr. Stegall told the grantee that he wanted to reserve all of the oil. The grantee agreed and stated that all he wanted was the surface rights. Mr. Stegall spent several days looking for someone who knew how to make a mineral reservation; and the person drawing the deed used the language, “except the mineral interest in said lands.” Of course, the test is not what was in the mind of the grantor, but what was the general understanding of the words; so my first point is that the grantor, living in Union County in 1900, understood that oil was a mineral.
(b) The next point is that prior to 1900 the oil fraternity generally understood that oil (i.e. petroleum) was a mineral. The record here before us shows that as early as 1887 and 1888 there were reported traces of oil in wells drilled in Sebastian County, Arkansas ;3 that oil had been discovered in Louisiana before 1900; and that gas had been discovered in East Texas as early as 1868. The record shows that in 1895 and 1896 oil had been developed in commercial quantities in the fields in Corsicana, Texas. If people in Sebastian County, Arkansas, and in North. Louisiana, and in Corsicana, Texas, considered oil as a mineral in the years mentioned, why should the oil fraternity of Union County, Arkansas, be considered to be less intelligent?
(c) Then, there is the matter of general information. Publication of the Ninth Edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica was completed in 1889; and in Yol. 18 of that edition, beginning on page 72, there is an article of several pages on the subject of petroleum, which is called “rock oil.” Likewise, in the same Ninth Edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica (publication completed in 1889) there is in Yol. 16 at pages 346 to 431, an exhaustive article on the subject of “Mineralogy,” which is the study of minerals. It is there stated on page 346: ‘ ‘ Mineral bodies occur in the three physical conditions of solid, liquid, and gas.” Then on page 430 of the same volume — in the index of minerals — petroleum is listed as Mineral No. 707; and on page 428, in discussing “petroleum,” it is again listed as a mineral. Let it be remembered that it was in 1889 that the Ninth Edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica completed its publication; and copies of this edition have been in Arkansas since before 1900. So, I make the point that by January 1,1900, petroleum was considered as a mineral by general information; and we should now so declare.
The importance of such a declaration is apparent when we consider our cases. In the Strohacker case (Mo. Pac. v. Strohacker, 202 Ark. 645, 152 S. W. 2d 557) this Court was construing a deed made in 1892 which used this language, “. . . reserving all coal and mineral deposits in and upon said lands. . . .” We held that in 1892 oil (i.e. petroleum) was not considered a mineral. This Court said:
“If the reservations had been made at a time when oil and gas production, or explorations, were general, and legal or commercial usage had assumed them to be within the term ‘minerals, ’ certainly appellant should prevail. As early as 1911 gas was referred to in this state as a mineral. Osborn v. Arkansas Territorial Oil & Gas Company, 103 Ark. 175, 146 S. W. 122. See, also, Bodcaw Lumber Company v. Goode, 160 Ark. 48, 254 S. W. 345, 29 A. L. R. 578, where Ruling Case Law, and Thornton on the Law Relating to Oil and Gas, are quoted. ’ ’
The Strohacker decision was rendered on May 26, 1941; and the only effect of the Strohacker decision was to say that in 1892 oil was not considered generally in Arkansas to be a mineral. The opinion did say that as of the date of its rendition, “. . . it can no longer he doubted that a reservation of minerals or of mineral rights is sufficient to identify oil and gas. . . . ” So the opinion officially recognized that by 1941 everybody knew that oil and gas were minerals.4 The question left open in the Stro-hacker case was when — as between 1893 and 1911 — oil and gas came to be generally recognized in Arkansas as minerals.
The next case on reservations was the Furqueron case, decided on October 7, 1946 (Mo. Pac. v. Furqueron, 210 Ark. 460, 196 S. W. 2d 588). That case involved a deed dated December 12, 1892, and used the same language as that in the Strohacker case: so, naturally, the decision in the Strohacker case carried over to the decision in the Furqueron case.
The next case on reservations was the Carson case, decided February 23, 1948 (Carson v. Mo. Pac., 212 Ark. 963, 209 S. W. 2d 97). That case involved the question of whether bauxite was embraced within the word “minerals” on August 21, 1892; so that case does not bear on the petroleum question here involved, except that the majority opinion in the Carson case construed the holding in the Strohacker case in the following language:
‘ ‘ In the Strohacker case it was shown that oil was discovered in the United States in Pennsylvania on August 29,1859; later, in 1860, in Kansas; in Colorado in 1862, in Wyoming in 1867, in California in 1875, in Indian Territory in 1891, and in Texas in 1887; and that the possibility of existence of oil in Arkansas was recognized as early as 1885. The earliest reported case, involving oil or gas in Arkansas, was decided in 1911. Under this factual situation we held in the Strohacker case that recognition of oil and gas as minerals was not sufficiently general in this part of the country in 1892 to authorize a holding that these deposits were contemplated in the reservation used in the deed of the railroad company involved in that case.”
The fourth case to which 1 refer is the Brizzolara case, decided March 14, 1949 (Brizzolara v. Powell, 214 Ark. 870, 218 S. W. 2d 728). That case involved a deed executed in 1897 containing the same worded reservation as in the Strohacker case. We remanded the Brizzolara case to the Trial Court for further development, because we wanted proof as to what was the understanding generally in this State in October, 1897, as to whether oil was a mineral. We said this in the remand:
“But the parties as well as the chancellor seem to have overlooked the poiut that the rule deals with a question of fact rather than of law. The Strohacker opinion held that in the deed there construed, executed in 1892, the same language as is now before us did not as a matter of fact express an intention to reserve oil and gas. The Furqueron case, on similar proof, ruled that this same intention prevailed as to another Iron Mountain conveyance in 1894. Here, however, the question involves the intent with which these words were used in a different deed in 1897. At the trial neither party offered proof on this point, as every one assumed that the earlier cases were decisive. The Chancellor based his decision on that assumption. Thus, the case, tried upon an erroneous theory, was not fully developed. We have discretion in determining whether an equity case should be reopened for additional proof. Nakdimen v. Atkinson Imp. Co., 149 Ark. 448, 233 S. W. 694. Here we think it best to remand so that the facts may be ascertained. ’ ’
Thus, this Court put itself on record as saying that there must be some date fixed as to when oil (i.e. petroleum) became generally considered in Arkansas to be a mineral. I think it is important that we set a date; and I think the date should be set at January 1, 1900. This case shows to me that when the deed here involved was executed in November, 1900, (a) that the man executing the deed understood it reserved minerals; (b) that the oil fraternity operating in nearby sections understood that oil was a mineral,- and (c) that the Encyclopedia Britannica listed petroleum as a mineral. The time has come when we should do away with uncertainty in this matter; and I think January 1,1900, is the date to fix.
Mo. Pac. v. Strohacker, 202 Ark. 645, 152 S. W. 2d 557.
See the word “petroleum” in Webster’s New International Dictionary, Second Edition, Unabridged.
In the Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. 16, p. 336 (issue for the Winter of 1957) there is a splendid article by Annie Laurie Spencer of El Dorado, Arkansas, entitled, “Arkansas’ First Oil Refinery”; and that article is well worth reading.
In McLaughlin v. Ford, 168 Ark. 1108, 273 S. W. 707 (decided June 8, 1925), this Court (in a statement not essential to the holding) said: “The discovery of oil and gas and other minerals. . . .”