dissenting.
Janet G. Linton, D.V.M., challenges on equal protection grounds the provision of section 340.240.61 that limits an applicant to no more than three attempts to pass the *518licensing examination. Dr. Linton took the National Board Examination in Illinois and received a score substantially above Missouri’s pass rate for that examination. Because Dr. Linton had previously taken the examination three times unsuccessfully in Missouri, the Missouri Veterinary Medical Board denied her a license.
The statute and the Board’s regulation forever bar Dr. Linton from licensure in Missouri. Because the record in this case fails to show that this absolute bar is rationally related to protecting the public from unqualified veterinarians, I would hold that the absolute bar violates Dr. Linton’s right to equal protection of the law. I therefore respectfully dissent.
The Veterinary Medical Examination
Dr. Linton was graduated from the University of Missouri’s veterinary medical school in 1995. To be licensed as a veterinarian requires, in addition to the doctorate degree in veterinary medicine, successful completion of three examinations: (1) The National Board Examination developed under the National Board Examination Committee for Veterinary Medicine, which is used in most states; (2) The Clinical Competency Test, and (3) The State Jurisprudence Examination (or “Missouri State Board Examination.”)
Dr. Linton has passed all three examinations, but the issue here is whether the Board can deny her a license under the Board’s regulation, purportedly based on section 340.240.6, because her passage of the National Board Examination was preceded by three unsuccessful attempts. On her fourth taking, which was in Illinois — a state that has no limit on the number of attempts — Dr. Linton scored 483, well above the Missouri passing point.2
Missouri uses the results of the National Board Examination and sets the passing score at 425; section 340.240.4 authorizes the Board to establish the passing score. The examination consists of 400 multiple choice questions selected from a bank of some 15,-000 questions (presumably each question counts for more than one point, as the passing grade in Missouri is higher than the number of questions). Questions on each administration of the national examination differ from those of previous examinations, though the range of subjects tested remains the same. Thus, as the Administrative Hearing Commission found in this case, the National Board Examination “is an excellent measure of a candidate’s knowledge, and its efficacy is not less for a candidate who has taken it more than three times.” (Emphasis added.) In other words, one does not “learn” the examination by multiple takings. Dr. Linton’s expert witness was Dr. Robert Bruce Miller, of the University of Missouri School of Veterinary Medicine, who helped develop the National Board Examination. The Administrative Hearing Commission’s conclusion is supported by Dr. Miller’s testimony that the National Board Examination shows that a candidate is qualified whether she succeeds on the first or fifth attempt.
Prior to 1992, the Missouri Veterinary Medicine Board by regulation limited a candidate to three attempts at the National Board Examination. The regulation provided that after three failed attempts the applicant take additional education and then seek permission from the Board to take the examination again. In 1992 in Perryman v. Missouri Board of Registration for the Healing Arts, AHC No. 92-0000 29HA, the Administrative Hearing Commission ruled that a similar regulation was unenforceable without statutory authority. Between this decision and August 1992, when section 340.240 was amended, the Board of Veterinary Medicine did not enforce the regulation. In addition, the Board’s present and former executive directors testified that there have been no safeguards or independent verification of the number of times the applicants stated they took the examination on their application. The 1992 General Assembly enacted an amendment to the licensing statute, in section 340.240.6, which reads: “No person may take the examination more than three times.” *519The Board then promulgated a regulation that is arguably more restrictive than the statute: “Effective August 28, 1992, no person may take any examination more than three (3) times either in or out of Missouri to qualify for licensure in Missouri.” 4 CSR 270-2.041 (Emphasis added).
When Dr. Linton achieved the score of 483 on the National Board Examination, administered in Illinois, she applied for a Missouri license. She was rejected by the Board on the basis that she previously had taken the examination three times. Denial of her license was appealed to the Administrative Hearing Commission, which, lacking authority to rule on the constitutional issue, upheld the Board’s denial of the license. On appeal to the circuit court for Cole County, Dr. Linton prevailed on her equal protection claim.
It should be noted that there might be a statutory basis on which to resolve this case. Specifically, one could observe that the regulation adopted by the Board restricting licen-sure to those who have taken the examination three or fewer times whether in or out of Missouri is inconsistent with the statute. The statute, as stated, could be limited by its terms only to examinations taken in Missouri, and Dr. Linton’s application would be addressed to the Board’s discretion under section 340.240.4 to transfer a score from another state. With this interpretation, the Board’s action could then be reviewed on the basis of whether its action in denying her a license is “arbitrary, capricious, and unreasonable” in violation of section 536.140.2(6). Dr Linton’s “point relied on” recites the familiar' incantation of the judicial review statute that the Board’s action is “arbitrary, capricious, and unreasonable” and was thus “an abuse of the Board’s discretion,” but the judicial review statute, section 536.140.2(6) is not cited. Where a constitutional challenge can be obviated by deciding a case on statutory grounds, we should decide the case without reaching the constitutional question. See, St. Louis Christian Home v. Missouri Commission on Human Rights, 634 S.W.2d 508, 513 (Mo.App.1982), and Simpson v. Kilcher, 749 S.W.2d 386, 390 (Mo.1988).3 However, since Dr. Linton does not raise this issue explicitly, I will accept the parties’ apparent notion that the regulation is consistent with the statute and deal with the equal protection claims.
The Equal Protection Claims
Dr. Linton’s first equal protection argument centers on a kind of “playground” theory of equal protection, that is, that she should be given the same treatment as was afforded to two other applicants who were four-time takers. However, the other two four-time takers were candidates who had failed the examination prior to the August 1992 effective date of the amendment to section 340.240.6. The statute did not specify that the three-time limit was prospective, or should be applied to those who had already taken the examination once, twice, or three times before the effective date. In any event, it was reasonable for the Board to apply the statute prospectively and not to count the examination attempts that occurred prior to August 1992. Moreover, if the other two applicants received some preference, because of their earlier taking of the examination, Dr. Linton is without standing to complain, in much the same way that she should not compare her own situation with that of those examination takers who took it more than three times and were licensed prior to August 1992. Moreover, this theory of equal protection would deny the legislature and the Board the ability to make changes in the licensing examination system where such changes would make licensure *520more difficult for future applicants than for current applicants.
Dr. Linton’s serious equal protection challenge inheres in her argument that the distinction drawn by the statute and regulation does not bear some rational relationship to a legitimate state purpose, is purely arbitrary, and therefore fails even the low level of scrutiny given to legislative judgments under the equal protection clause. See, e.g., Mahoney v. Doerhoff Surgical Services, Inc., 807 S.W.2d 503 (Mo. banc 1991); Missourians for Tax Justice v. Holden, 959 S.W.2d 100, 103 (Mo. banc 1997). Dr. Linton must show that the classification does not rest on any reasonable basis and is purely arbitrary. Under the record, I believe that she has made this showing.
There is something inherent in the American culture about three strikes, probably because of our national pastime. If the state were to allow Dr. Linton and other doctorate applicants only one try, most of us would say that the state action was arbitrary and unreasonable. However, even in baseball, a batter is allowed more than three swings because a foul ball, which normally counts as a strike, does not count when it occurs on the third strike. Thus a batter may swing at several pitches before getting a hit, and it is no less a hit than if it had occurred on the first or second swing. By Dr. Miller’s testimony, a pass on the fourth try is no less a hit than a passing grade on the first try. The analogy to baseball is not entirely apt, because after three strikes, the batter is only “out” - not banned for eternity.
Dr. Linton was permitted to take the examination in Illinois. It is precisely the same examination administered at exactly the same time as the examination administered to veterinary licensure candidates in Missouri. She scored 483, some 57 points higher than necessary for passing in Missouri. The record shows that her request for recognition of the passing examination score was based on the Board’s authority granted under section 320.240.4. Thus, the issue is this: Is it acceptable for the Board to refuse to recognize the results of the National Board Examination administered to Dr. Linton on which she scored a 483? In the absence of any justification other than its own regulation, the Board’s action is entirely arbitrary.
Dr. Miller’s testimony that the result of the examination is just as valid on the fifth taking as on the first taking is unrebutted. There is simply no basis to believe that a person who scores a 483 on the examination is less qualified than a person who scores 483 (or even 425) on the first time. To impose an arbitrary limit on the number of times the examination may be taken before branding the applicant as permanently unqualified with no recourse, even though the applicant may be qualified as shown by her actual performance on the examination in another state, deprives Dr. Linton of the opportunity to pursue her chosen calling, and to get a fair return on the tremendous amount of time and money she has invested in her education, in the absence of any reasonable basis to believe that a person who passes the examination after three unsuccessful attempts is unqualified to enter her profession.
I do not mean to imply that an applicant must be allowed to take the examination an unlimited number of times, nor to say that an applicant may be deemed unqualified based on multiple failures, nor that the Board may not impose additional requirements on applicants after a certain number of unsuccessful attempts. I would merely hold that there must be some reasonable basis for believing that a particular limit would protect the public from unqualified practitioners. The arbitrary three-times-and-out limit imposed by section 340.240.6 and the Board’s regulation has not been shown to have any basis in the educational theory of the National Board Examination, as Dr. Miller has testified. In this case in particular we do not need to speculate whether her three previous attempts make Dr. Linton unqualified, because she has in fact established that she is qualified. The limit imposed by the Board pursuant to the statute is based upon a supposition. But the supposition is not true, as shown by Dr. Linton’s score of 483. If the judgment made by the Board pursuant to the statute is “at least debatable, the issue settles on the side of validity.” Mahoney, 807 S.W.2d at 512-13; See also, Casualty Reciprocal Exchange v. Missouri Employers’ Mutual Insurance Company, 956 S.W.2d 249, *521257 (Mo. banc 1997). In Dr. Linton’s case, the absolutist judgment is not debatable.
Protection of the public is a stated purpose of occupational and professional licensing; yet section 340.202 provides for a Board composed of five veterinarians and one public member. The statute thus entrusts to a board dominated by the profession itself the duty of protecting the public. In these circumstances, it is appropriate for courts to guard against the danger of economic protectionism by careful scrutiny of the Board’s actions. See, “Fair Treatment for the Licensed Professional: The Missouri Administrative Hearing Commission, ” 37 Mo. L.Rev. 410, 416-421 (1972). The only basis that could be seen for the Board’s action pursuant to the statute is economic protectionism, that is, as Dr. Miller testified, limiting the number of qualified applicants who are licensed to practice veterinary medicine in Missouri. Arbitrary action, done for reasons of economic protection, is simply not legitimate.
The Board has the power ultimately to protect the public from unqualified practitioners, but its exclusions, whether based on statute or the Board’s own judgment, must be rationally related to that objective. Since that is not the case here, I would conclude that the absolute bar imposed by the Board pursuant to the statute and regulation violates Dr. Linton’s right to equal protection. I would affirm the decision of the trial court ordering the Board to grant a license to Dr. Linton.
. All references are to RSMo 1994 unless otherwise indicated.
. Dr. Linton’s previous scores were 364 in December, 1994, 403 in April, 1995, and 383 in December, 1995.
. A clear statement of this principle is found in International Association of Machinists v. Street, 367 U.S. 740, 749-750, 81 S.Ct. 1784, 6 L.Ed.2d 1141 (1961), which, quoting an earlier case, states:
" ‘When the validity of an act of the Congress is drawn in question, and even if a serious doubt of constitutionality is raised, it is a cardinal principle that this Court will first ascertain whether a construction of the statute is fairly possible by which the question may be avoided.' Crowell v. Benson, 285 U.S. 22,62, 52 S.Ct. 285, 76 L.Ed. 598.”
See also, NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago, 440 U.S. 490, 99 S.Ct. 1313, 59 L.Ed.2d 533 (1979), and Sunstein, "Interpreting Statutes in the Regulatory State,” 103 Harvard L.R. 405, 468-469 (1989).