This conflict of laws case involves a garnishment proceeding against appellant, Levi Strauss & Co., on wages earned by one of its employees, Gloria Penn, who now lives in Tennessee. In this proceeding, appellee, Crockett Motor Sales, Inc., seeks to garnish earnings earned by Penn while working in a Levi Strauss plant located in Tennessee. Levi Strauss, a foreign corporation registered to do business in Arkansas, answered Crockett Motor’s writ of garnishment, stating that Strauss’s Little Rock plant, where Penn previously worked, had closed, and she now worked in its facility at Powell, Tennessee. Crockett Motor controverted Levi Strauss’s answer, alleging Strauss has an agent for service of process in Arkansas, and is required to comply with the writ of garnishment. After both parties argued whether the trial court had jurisdiction to issue a writ of garnishment, the trial court held that it did and ordered Strauss to comply with the writ. There being no other issues raised concerning the garnishment proceeding, Strauss brings this appeal challenging the court’s jurisdiction.1
Crockett Motor bases its argument that the trial court has jurisdiction upon this court’s holding in Stone v. Drake, 79 Ark. 384, 96 S.W.2d 197 (1906). There, Stone garnished the Texas & Pacific Railway Company for a debt due (wages owed) its employee Drake, who worked and resided in Texas. Stone previously had obtained an Arkansas default judgment against Drake and brought the garnishment action against the railway company, a Texas corporation, because it had an agent and had tracks and trains located in the state. This court sustained Stone’s garnishment action. The court, quoting from Harvey v. Great Northern Railway Co., 50 Minn. 405, 52 N.W. 905 (1892), set out the rule which has been recognized by this state for the past eighty years. The court said:
While, by fiction of law, a debt, like other personal property, is for most purposes, as, for example, transmission and succession, deemed attached to the person of the owner, so as to have its situs at his domicil, yet this fiction yields to laws for attaching the property of non-residents, because such laws necessarily assume that the property has a situs distinct from the owner’s domicil. For such purpose a debt has situs wherever the debtor or his property can be found. Wherever the creditor might maintain a suit to recover the debt, there it may be attached as his property, provided, of course, the laws of the forum authorize it. (Emphasis supplied.)
See also London & Lancashire Insurance Co. v. Payne, 180 Ark. 638, 22 S.W.2d 165 (1929); Person v. Williams-Echols Dry Goods Co., 113 Ark. 467, 169 S.W.223 (1914), and Kansas City, Pittsburg & Gulf Railway Co. v. Parker, 69 Ark. 401, 63 S.W. 996 (1901). In following the foregoing rule, the Stone court concluded that because the non-resident Drake, by posting a bond, could maintain an action in Arkansas against the Texas & Pacific Railway Company (see § 959, Kirby’s Digest, now Ark. Stat. Ann. § 27-2301 (Repl. 1979)) (non-resident plaintiff required to give bond for costs before filing action) and because the state authorized Stone to maintain a garnishment action to recover his debt, Stone’s garnishment against the Texas & Pacific Railway Company was proper.
The law in Stone basically remains intact and this court has adhered to the rule that power over the person of the garnishee confers jurisdiction on the courts of the state where the writ issues. London & Lancashire Insurance Co. v. Payne, supra. Stated in still other terms, the court in Person v. Williams-Echols Dry Goods Co., supra, held that the situs of a debt, for purposes of garnishment, is not only at the domicile of the debtor, but in any state in which the garnishee may be found, provided the law of that state permits the debtor to be garnished, and provided the court acquires jurisdiction over the garnishee through his voluntary appearance or actual service of process upon him within the state.
The instant case, on its facts, has little to distinguish it from Stone. Here, Penn lived in Arkansas when she purchased an automobile from Crockett Motors and, upon defaulting on her contract, Crockett Motors obtained a judgment against her. While she still lived and worked for Levi Strauss in Arkansas, Crockett Motors garnished her wages earned in this state on two separate occasions. Levi Strauss’s Little Rock plant had closed and Penn had moved to Tennessee when this third garnishment proceeding was commenced. Thus, as was the situation in Stone, the creditor is located in Arkansas, the non-resident debtor wage earner lives in another state, but the wage earner’s employer is subject to suit in Arkansas, since it registered to do business and does business in this state. Accordingly, if we follow the law established in Stone and its progeny, we clearly must hold the trial court had jurisdiction of the garnishment action against Levi Strauss.
Nonetheless, Levi Strauss urges us to follow Tennessee law which is set out in Williams v. Williams, 621 S.W.2d 567 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1981). There, the court held the Tennessee garnishment action must fail because a Texas resident could not obtain proper jurisdiction over his Texas employer in Tennessee for wages earned and payable in Texas, concluding the mere fact that the employer was a foreign corporation authorized to do business in Tennessee did not give Tennessee jurisdiction. In view of Arkansas’ long adherence to the rule set out in Stone, we see no reason to depart from it.2
We also note Levi Strauss’s argument that Arkansas’s long arm statute, more particularly Ark. Stat. Ann. § 27-2502 (Repl. 1979), has limited the state’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over only those persons whose conduct conforms with those acts specified in § 27-2502(C). Of course, as is duly provided in § 27-2502(F), other bases of jurisdiction were unaffected by the enactment of § 27-2502 and the state’s courts may exercise jurisdiction on any other basis authorized by law.
Even so, we do take this opportunity to view the situs of debt rule adopted by our case law in light of the Supreme Court holding in Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186 (1977). The Court in Shaffer held that quasi in rem jurisdiction as well as personal jurisdiction over an absent defendant depend on the defendant’s “contacts” with the forum state so as to meet “traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice,” the formula stated in International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945). See R. Leflar, American Conflicts Law § 24A (3d ed. 1977). (Professor Leflar, in analyzing the effects of Shaffer v. Heitner, supra, concluded that Harris v. Balk, 198 U.S. 215 (1905), is no longer good law and that the garnishment of tangible property based on nothing more than service upon the obligor wherever he is found now violates the due process clause.)
In considering the situation here in view of the Shaffer holding, we have no difficulty in deciding that Penn, a non-resident defendant, had sufficient contacts with Arkansas and the litigation here to sustain the court’s jurisdiction in this matter. We would first note that Crockett Motor did not initiate the garnishment action as a means by which to adjudicate a claim against Penn; it had already obtained a judgment against Penn at the time she lived and worked in Arkansas. The only changes having taken place since that judgment (and two garnishments after it was entered) were the closing of Levi Strauss’s plant in Little Rock and the moving of Penn to Tennessee. Otherwise, Penn still works for Levi Strauss, albeit in Powell, Tennessee, and Strauss continues to do business in Arkansas — a foreign corporation which clearly is subject to suit in this state. Crockett Motors seeks only to satisfy its judgment by reaching Penn’s earnings which are under the control of Levi Strauss. Unquestionably, Penn was present in Arkansas and had sufficient contacts for Crockett to obtain the judgment against her, and due process does not require a renewal of each of those contacts with this state in order that Crockett can collect on that judgment. See Oregon ex rel. Department of Revenue v. Control Data Corp., 300 Or. 471, 713 P.2d 30 (1985). Suffice it to say, Penn’s contacts, past and present, with this state are sufficient for us to sustain the trial court’s exercise of jurisdiction in the garnishment proceeding below. Accordingly, we affirm.
Hickman, J., concurs. Purtle, J., dissents.In the alternative, Levi Strauss argues Arkansas was an inconvenient forum, but because that issue was never presented to or ruled upon by the trial court, we do not reach it on appeal.
The Tennessee court in Williams referred to this rule as the situs of debt approach, which was a theory the court said was not followed in that state.