Filed 8/30/23 In re L.R. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re L.R. et al., Persons Coming Under
the Juvenile Court Law.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY DEPARTMENT
OF PUBLIC SOCIAL SERVICES, E080714
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.No. RIJ2000251)
v. OPINION
R.R. et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Dorothy McLaughlin,
Judge. Conditionally affirmed and remanded with directions.
Michelle L. Jarvis, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant R.R.
Jesse McGowan, under appointment by the court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant E.D.
1
Minh C. Tran, County Counsel, Teresa K.B. Beecham and Larisa R-McKenna,
Deputy County Counsel for Plaintiff and Respondent.
In this appeal following the termination of parental rights, defendants and
appellants E.D. (mother) and R.R. (father) contend only that the county welfare
department failed to comply with California law implementing the Indian Child Welfare
1
Act of 1978 (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.; ICWA). Relying on Welfare and Institutions
Code, section 224.2, subdivision (b), the parents argue the department failed to discharge
its duty of initial inquiry because it did not ask several extended family members whether
2
the children have any Indian ancestry. The department, relying on In re Robert F.
(2023) 90 Cal.App.5th 492, review granted July 26, 2023, S279743 (Robert F.) and In re
Ja.O. (2023) 91 Cal.App.5th 672, 680-681, review granted July 26, 2023, S280572
(Ja.O.), argues that it had no duty to ask extended family members about possible Indian
ancestry. In the alternative, the department argues that it satisfied that duty by
conducting a sufficient inquiry, and that any arguable error was harmless.
Absent further instruction from our Supreme Court, we reject the Department’s
arguments based on Robert F. and Ja.O. because we disagree with those cases’
interpretation of the relevant statutes. We find the analysis of In re Delila D. (2023) 93
1
“[B]ecause ICWA uses the term ‘Indian,’ we do the same for consistency, even
though we recognize that other terms, such as ‘Native American’ or ‘indigenous,’ are
preferred by many.” (In re Benjamin M. (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 735, 739, fn. 1
(Benjamin M.).)
2
Undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
2
Cal.App.5th 953, (Delila D.) more persuasive. We disagree with the department that it
conducted a sufficient inquiry, as it failed to ask several available extended family
members about possible Indian ancestry. We also disagree with the department that the
error was harmless, as the record indicates that there was “readily obtainable information
that was likely to bear meaningfully upon whether the child is an Indian child.”
(Benjamin M., supra, 70 Cal.App.5th at p. 744.) The department’s arguments that
Benjamin M. was wrongly decided are unpersuasive. We conditionally affirm and
remand with directions.
BACKGROUND
Mother and father are the parents of L.R. (born June 2015). I.M. (born January
2018) and L.R. have the same mother, but different fathers. I.M.’s father is not a party to
this appeal.
In April 2020, plaintiff and respondent Riverside County Department of Public
Social Services (the department) filed a dependency petition, alleging that they both came
within section 300, subdivision (b)(1) (failure to protect), and that L.R. also came within
subdivision (g) (no provision for support). The children were initially left in parental
care.
In July 2020, the department filed an amended petition, requesting that the
children be detained from their respective fathers. Father had been arrested for robbery
in June 2020, and remained incarcerated. I.M.’s father was arrested in July 2020 on three
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counts of attempted murder. The juvenile court detained the children from their fathers,
leaving the children in mother’s care.
In January 2021, the department obtained protective custody warrants to detain the
children from mother. In a section 387 supplemental petition filed several days later, the
department alleged mother had failed to comply with her case plan and neglected the
children. The juvenile court detained the children out of mother’s care and ordered that
“temporary placement and care is vested with [the department] pending the hearing under
[section 355] or further order of the court.”
During the dependency, mother and both fathers denied any Indian ancestry. The
available maternal extended relatives—grandmother and a great aunt—also denied any
Indian ancestry, as did both paternal grandmothers and a paternal aunt to L.R. The record
does not demonstrate, however, that three other paternal extended relatives were ever
asked whether the children are or may be Indian children, even though the department
was in contact with them about other matters. These three extended relatives are a
second paternal aunt of L.R. and a paternal aunt and uncle of I.M.
Reunification efforts were unsuccessful. In February 2023, the juvenile court
terminated parental rights as to both children. Mother and father appealed, but I.M.’s
father did not.
DISCUSSION
Relying on Robert F. and Ja.O., the department contends that it had no duty to
contact the paternal extended relatives omitted from the ICWA inquiry. This conclusion
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follows from those cases’ reasoning. We are not persuaded, however, that the reasoning
of those cases is correct.
Under California law, the juvenile court and county child welfare department have
“an affirmative and continuing duty to inquire” whether a child subject to a section 300
petition may be an Indian child. (§ 224.2, subd. (a); see In re D.F. (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th
558, 566 (D.F.).) “This continuing duty can be divided into three phases: the initial duty
to inquire, the duty of further inquiry, and the duty to provide formal ICWA notice.”
(D.F., at p. 566.) Only the first of these phases is at issue in this appeal.
In every dependency proceeding, the department has an initial duty to inquire into
whether a child is an Indian child. (In re J.S. (2021) 62 Cal.App.5th 678, 686.) “The
department’s ‘duty to inquire begins with the initial contact, including, but not limited to,
asking the party reporting child abuse or neglect whether the party has any information
that the child may be an Indian child.’” (Robert F., supra, 90 Cal.App.5th at p. 499; see
§ 224, subd. (a); Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.481, subd. (a) (rule 5.481).) “In addition,
‘[f]ederal regulations require state courts to ask each participant “at the commencement”
of a child custody proceeding “whether the participant knows or has reason to know that
the child is an Indian child.”’” (Robert F., at pp. 499-500; see 25 C.F.R. § 23.107(a)
(2022).) As well, state law requires the court to inquire “‘“[a]t the first appearance in
court of each party”’” by asking “‘“each participant present in the hearing whether the
participant knows or has reason to know that the child is an Indian child.” (§ 224.2, subd.
(c).)’” (Robert F., at p. 500.)
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“[U]nder subdivision (b) of section 224.2, ‘[i]f a child is placed into the temporary
custody of a county welfare department pursuant to Section 306,’ the department’s
obligation includes asking the ‘extended family members’ about the child’s Indian
status.”3 (Robert F., supra, 90 Cal.App.5th at p. 500.) This language was added by
Assembly Bill No. 3176 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.), which made various ICWA related
changes to the Welfare and Institutions Code, effective January 1, 2019. (Stats. 2018, ch.
833 (A.B. 3176), § 5.) Similar language appears in rule 5.481 of the California Rules of
Court, which the Judicial Council revised to implement section 224.2, subdivision (b):
“The party seeking a foster-care placement, . . . termination of parental rights,
preadoptive placement, or adoption must ask the child, if the child is old enough, and the
parents, Indian custodian, or legal guardians, extended family members, others who have
an interest in the child, and where applicable the party reporting child abuse or neglect,
whether the child is or may be an Indian child . . . .” (rule 5.481 (italics added).)
Following the concurring opinion in In re Adrian L. (2022) 86 Cal.App.5th 342,
357-358 (Adrian L.), Robert F. equates the phrase “‘placed into the temporary custody of
a county welfare department pursuant to Section 306’” with exercise of the department’s
authority under section 306, subdivision (a)(2) “to take children into temporary custody
‘without a warrant’ in certain circumstances.” (Robert F., supra, 90 Cal.App.5th at p.
3
Section 224.2, subdivision (b), also applies when a child is placed in the
temporary custody of a county probation department pursuant to section 307. But then it
is the county probation department’s duty of inquiry, and not the county welfare
department’s. (See § 224.2, subd. (b).)
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497; see Adrian L., supra, 86 Cal.App.5th at pp. 357-358 (conc. opn. of Kelley, J.).)
According to Robert F. and the Adrian L. concurrence, “[a] department that takes a child
into protective custody pursuant to a warrant does so under section 340, not section 306.”
(Robert F., at p. 497.) Ja.O. adopted the same reading of section 224.2, subdivision (b).
(Ja.O., supra, 91 Cal.App.5th at pp. 680-681.)
Recently, however, Delila D. declined to follow Robert F., finding its holding
“contrary to both the letter and spirit of Assembly Bill 3176.” (Delila D., supra, 93
Cal.App.5th at p. 962.) Instead, Delila D. concluded “there is only one duty of initial
inquiry, and that duty encompasses available extended family members no matter how
the child is initially removed from home.” (Ibid.) Under Delila D.’s analysis of section
224.2, subdivisions (a) and (b), together with rule 5.481, social workers have “a duty of
initial inquiry that begins at first contact, lasts throughout the proceeding, and includes
‘but is not limited to’ the reporting party, the child’s parents and extended family
members, and others who have an interest in the child, as those individuals become
available during the case.” (Delila D., at p. 966.)
This conflict in authority is currently under review by our Supreme Court, with In
re Ja.O. as the lead case. We find Delila D.’s thoughtful discussion of the statutory
language and legislative history persuasive, and adopt its reasoning and conclusions,
pending our Supreme Court’s resolution of the conflict.
Applying Delila D. to this case, the department’s initial duty of inquiry—
including the ongoing duty to inquire of extended family members who become available
7
during the case—was triggered in January 2021, when the children were detained out of
mother’s care, after having been previously detained from their respective fathers, and the
department then maintained the children in temporary custody, as authorized by section
306, subdivision (a)(1). We decline to follow the reasoning of Ja.O., Robert F., or the
Adrian L. concurrence that would lead to a different result.
Our next questions, then, are whether the department satisfied that expanded duty
of inquiry and, if not, whether failing to do so was harmless. We answer both questions
in the negative.
Relying on In re Ezequiel G. (2022) 81 Cal.App.5th 984 (Ezequiel G.) and In re
J.K. (2022) 83 Cal.App.5th 498 (J.K.), the department argues that the ICWA inquiry it
conducted was adequate, even though it did not “contact every extended family member
including every aunt, uncle, and first and second cousin.” Certainly, we agree that the
department was only required to make “reasonable and diligent efforts to conduct the
required inquiry and report those efforts and the results thereof to the court.” (J.K., at p.
508, fn. 7.) No one is asserting that the department was required to “undergo overly
voluminous record searches, attend family reunions, conduct stakeouts, or search
Ancestry.com. Nor [is it] required to interview young children or other extended family
members who would not be expected to have any information regarding the child’s
Indian status.” (Ibid.) We are not persuaded, however, that an inquiry may be
considered reasonable and diligent when the department fails to inquire of extended
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relatives who are readily available and reasonably might have information regarding the
child’s Indian status. To the extent Ezequiel G. holds otherwise, we decline to follow it.
We find no merit in the department’s suggestion that deference to the trial court’s
credibility findings requires that we find the ICWA inquiry adequate. The issue is not
whether any relatives who denied Native American heritage were telling the truth, so far
as they knew, but rather whether there are other relatives who are readily available for
inquiry and may have different information. (See In re Y.W. (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 542,
554 [to accept a parent’s denial of any knowledge of Indian ancestry, without further
inquiry, “ignores the reality that parents may not know their possible relationship with or
connection to an Indian tribe”]; In re T.G. (2020) 58 Cal.App.5th 275, 289 [“Oral
transmission of relevant information from generation to generation and the vagaries of
translating from Indian languages to English combine to create the very real possibility
that a parent’s or other relative’s identification of the family’s tribal affiliation [or lack
thereof] is not accurate”].)
In short, the department did not fulfill its duty of initial inquiry under ICWA
because it failed to ask three readily available extended relatives whether the children are
or might be Indian children. The trial court erred by finding ICWA did not apply, even
though the department had not fulfilled its duty of initial inquiry. We turn, then, to the
issue of whether the error should be considered harmless error.
There are multiple approaches to assessing harmlessness in the ICWA context, and
the issue is currently under review by our Supreme Court. (See In re Dezi C. (2022) 79
9
Cal.App.5th 769, 777-782, review granted Sept. 21, 2022, S275578).) We will apply the
approach we described in Benjamin M., supra, 70 Cal.App.5th at p. 739. That is, we will
find prejudice when an agency “fail[s] to investigate readily obtainable information
tending to shed meaningful light on whether a child is an Indian child.” (Ibid.) Even
where the agency has erred, however, it may be that, “considering the entire record, it
was obvious that additional information would not have been meaningful to the inquiry.”
(Id. at p. 743) “This might occur where the evidence already uncovered in the initial
inquiry was sufficient for a reliable determination.” (Ibid.)
The department is incorrect to suggest that the Benjamin M. approach (which
parents agree we should apply) “essentially” amounts to a “reversible per se” standard.
There are circumstances where the record could demonstrate that the initial inquiry was
sufficient for a reliable determination, even though there was an erroneous failure to
inquire of some extended relatives. For example, in theory, the department could have
uncovered information affirmatively showing the children were disqualified from tribal
membership. (Cf. In re J.M. (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 375, 382 [tribe’s membership
criteria showed children disqualified from membership “irrespective of their great-great
grandparents’ possible membership in the tribe”].) In some circumstances, a thorough,
but not perfect, inquiry can suffice for a reliable determination, despite some omissions.
(See In re Rylei S. (2022) 81 Cal.App.5th 309, 325 [discussing hypothetical where
agency “interviews the maternal grandfather; several, but not all of his four siblings; and
the maternal grandfather’s surviving parent, none of whom indicates the family has any
10
Indian ancestry,” and concluding that the “failure to interview the grandfather’s
remaining siblings would certainly be harmless absent some additional unusual
circumstance”].)
Here, the department properly inquired of several extended family members.
Nevertheless, though we find it a close question, we do not find this to be a circumstance
where the inquiry suffices, despite some omissions. Although the two paternal
grandmothers were available and denied any Native American heritage, the two paternal
4
grandfathers were not asked. On the two paternal sides of the children, the department
failed to inquire of three of six readily available extended family members. In this
circumstance, it is likely that the three family members omitted from the inquiry would
have information that would bear meaningfully on the issue of whether the children are
Indian on their paternal side, either by confirming information previously obtained or by
providing new information.
We are not persuaded by the department’s comparison of this case to In re S.S.
(2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 575 or In re Y.M. (2022) 82 Cal.App.5th 901. In both S.S. and
Y.M., the extended relatives who were omitted from the inquiry had compelling reasons
to volunteer that they knew the family had Native American ancestry, even if not
affirmatively asked about it by the department, and the court of appeal inferred from their
failure to come forward that they were unlikely to have any such knowledge. (In re Y.M.,
4
The parents have not argued that the grandfathers were reasonably available for
inquiry, though we have not determined from the record why they were unavailable.
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supra, at pp. 917-918; In re S.S., supra, at pp. 582-583.) There is no basis for any similar
inference here.
We conclude that the department’s failure to ask readily available extended family
members whether the children are or may be Indian children is not harmless, and the
matter must be remanded for the department to complete the required inquiry.
DISPOSITION
The orders terminating parental rights to L.R. and I.M. are conditionally affirmed.
We remand to the juvenile court for the department and the court to comply with the
inquiry and notice provisions of ICWA and California law consistent with this opinion,
including inquiring of extended family members. If the court finds the children are
Indian children, it shall conduct a new section 366.26 hearing, as well as all further
proceedings, in compliance with ICWA and related California law. If not, the court’s
original section 366.26 orders will remain in effect.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RAPHAEL
J.
I concur:
McKINSTER
Acting P. J.
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[In re L.R., E080714]
MILLER, J., Dissenting
I respectfully dissent to the majority opinion. E.D. (Mother) and R.R. (Father)
contend the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.) inquiry was
insufficient because the Riverside County Department of Public Social Services (the
Department) failed to ask extended relatives of E.D. and R.R. about possible Indian
ancestry. Mother and Father assert the Department had a duty to question extended
relatives under Welfare and Institutions Code section 224.2, subdivision (b), and In re
Delila D. (2023) 93 Cal.App.5th 953.
I believe In re Robert F. (2023) 90 Cal.App.5th 492, 500-501, correctly
concluded that the Department’s duty to initially question extended relatives is only
triggered when children are removed without protective custody warrants. In this case,
because the children were removed with protective custody warrants, the Department
did not have an initial duty to question extended relatives about possible Indian
ancestry. I would affirm.
MILLER
J.
1
In re L.R. CA4/2
Combined Opinion