(concurring in result).
{23} I concur in the result reached by the majority, as well as the majority’s conclusion that a new rule of admissibility for third party evidence is unnecessary and its holding that Defendant’s debt evidence must satisfy our relevancy and hearsay rules in order to be admitted. However, I respectfully disagree with the hearsay analysis and the application of Rule 11-403 NMRA 2004. I instead conclude, based on Defendant’s arguments at trial, that the trial court properly excluded the debt testimony as hearsay and properly rejected the argued exceptions to the hearsay rule.
{24} The majority holds, based on the assumption that Martinez did not hear Sharp’s statement, that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the evidence as hearsay. However, the majority also addresses whether the trial court should have excluded the evidence based on the Rule 11-403 balancing test and concludes that this rule “does not afford an opportunity to affirm the district court on an alternative ground.” Majority opinion, ¶ 14. We can conclude that the trial court was right for any reason, but we typically do not conclude that the trial court was wrong for alternative reasons when we have also determined that ruling was correct based on the trial court’s stated reason. E.g., Scott v. Murphy Corp., 79 N.M. 697, 700, 448 P.2d 803, 806 (1968) (“It is hornbook law that the decision of a trial court will be upheld if it is right for any reason.”); State v. Lovato, 112 N.M. 517, 521, 817 P.2d 251, 255 (Ct.App.1991). Thus, as the majority concludes that the trial court did not err by excluding the debt testimony as hearsay, I respectfully see no need to resolve the theoretical application of Rule 11-403 when it was not relied on by the trial court. While I agree with the majority that our rules of evidence, including Rule 11-403 and the hearsay rule, adequately protect against the dangers of so-called third-party evidence outlined by other jurisdictions, I am unable to find anything in the record that demonstrates that the trial court excluded the debt statements based on Rule 11-403 or that the trial court’s remark that the testimony was too remote refers to this rule. In fact, the parties did not rely on Rule 11-403 in their arguments to the trial court. If the trial court properly concluded, as the majority holds, that the statement was inadmissible hearsay, the trial court would not have reached a Rule 11-403 analysis, which would only apply to otherwise admissible evidence. Thus, I respectfully disagree with applying Rule 11-403 when this issue was not argued by the parties at trial or ruled upon by the court.
{25} I conclude that the trial court correctly determined that the testimony was hearsay based on Defendant’s offered use. The majority concludes that if Martinez heard the debt statements, then the testimony “should have been admitted” as “circumstantial evidence of the motive of the listener.” Majority opinion, ¶¶ 17, 20. The majority also concludes that if Martinez did not hear Sharp’s alleged debt statements, and “Martinez was unaware of the victim’s claim,” then “the truth of the testimony would be necessary to provide the motive” and the trial court properly excluded the statements as hearsay. Id. ¶ 18. The majority holds that Defendant’s offer of proof was insufficient because it is not clear whether Martinez heard Sharp’s statements. I respectfully disagree.
{26} I do not believe we should determine whether the statements were hearsay based on who heard them; rather, the statements are hearsay if they were offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. The majority’s analysis addressing whether Martinez heard the statements appears to presume that Defendant offered the testimony to show that Martinez was so affected or “excited [by] the emotion” caused by hearing the statement that he was impelled to kill the victim. Id. ¶ 18. However, Defendant did not preserve in the trial court or argue on appeal that the debt testimony should be admitted simply for its effect on Martinez as the listener. Defendant offered the testimony for its truth, to show that a debt existed and that Martinez would rather kill than repay the debt, and he made no argument as to any other proposed use of the statements, such as motive to kill based on injury to Martinez’s reputation or the inference that Martinez would have been so enraged by the accusation that he owed money that he would kill. Defendant had the opportunity, during the hearing and outside the presence of the jury, to make the arguments that the majority now contemplates could have been made and to present the statements themselves to the trial court. I do not believe his offer of proof as to who heard the statements affects the propriety of the trial court’s ruling with respect to the argument Defendant actually made at trial. Thus, I believe the majority is addressing a defective offer of proof for an argument that Defendant did not make. While I agree with the majority that his offer of proof would not have been sufficient to support motives such as injury to reputation or effect on the listener, Defendant did not assert these motives at trial or on appeal. At trial, Defendant argued that Martinez’s motive was that he “found it more profitable to kill Mr. Sharp than pay him back the $5,000;” on appeal, Defendant continues to argue that Martinez’s motive was “the large sum of money Martinez owed Sharp[ ],” and Defendant describes what his closing argument at trial could have been had evidence of motive been admitted: “a drug dealer who insists on collecting his money is not a welcome individual.” (Emphasis omitted.) I believe that Defendant’s offer of proof was sufficient to support his actual proposed use of the evidence, to show that Martinez wanted to get out from underneath a debt itself by killing the lender. I respectfully disagree with basing our decision on a defective offer of proof and alternative non-hearsay use of the debt testimony that Defendant neither preserved nor argued to this Court.
{27} The trial court held a hearing regarding the testimony of two defense witnesses, Rodriguez and Campbell. Their testimony involved a debt Martinez allegedly owed Sharp, threats Martinez made against Sharp, and drugs Martinez allegedly gave or sold to others. Argument on this proposed testimony was convoluted. The prosecutor “move[d] to exclude any testimony ... pertaining to statements that Wayne Sharp allegedly might have made about Sammy Martinez owing him money and the reason for Sammy Martinez owing him money.” The prosecutor objected that the debt testimony was hearsay and was not admissible under any exception. Defense counsel did not elaborate on the debt statements or the context in which Sharp made the statements, but asserted that “the evidence of the monetary involvement owed by Sammy to Wayne Sharp is something that will be very important and very interesting for the jury to hear.”
{28} In response to the prosecutor’s argument that the death threats were hearsay, defense counsel argued that the threats met the state-of-mind exception. See Rule 11-803(C) NMRA 2004. The prosecutor then argued that the threats were “too remote” for Rule 11-803(C). After the trial court asked whether the threat statements were close in time to the murder, defense counsel responded that the threats were made a few weeks before the murder and that Rule 11-803(C) did not require that the threats immediately precede the murder. The trial court then moved on to the debt issue and asked defense counsel how he “proposed to get the money issue in,” asking, “What’s your exception there? Obviously it’s hearsay.” (Emphasis added.) Defense counsel argued that the debt statements were not hearsay because they were not offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Defense counsel argued that the statements were offered for “[s]tate of mind.” The trial court asked, “Money owed is a state of mind?” Defense counsel explained,
The first [point is] that we’re not here on a collection matter, and if we were then that would be the issue in controversy. But I think the money issue, if it is hearsay is going to fall within the general exception for general liability under 8-035.1 It provides Mr. Martinez a motive to kill ... Mr. Sharp to get out from underneath a debt____
(Emphasis added.) Defense counsel argued that the victim’s statement about the debt was being offered to prove that Martinez “apparently found it more profitable to kill Mr. Sharp than pay him back the $5,000.” Defense counsel noted, in response to the trial court’s question as to when the debt allegation occurred, that the statements were made several weeks prior to the murder. The trial court excluded the drug sale statements and found that the debt issue was “too far removed” and “too remote,” but the court found that Martinez’s threats were admissible as a statement of the declarant’s then-existing state of mind. As discussed below, I believe that the trial court’s finding that the debt issue was too remote was made in response to Rule 11-803(C) and was not a finding related to unfair prejudice, jury confusion, waste of time, or other Rule 11-403 concerns.
{29} Rule 11-801(0) NMRA 2004 defines “ ‘hearsay’ ” as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” “Hearsay is not admissible except as provided by these rules or by other rules adopted by the supreme court or by statute.” Rule 11-802 NMRA 2004.
{30} The testimony pertained to statements that Sharp allegedly made about Martinez owing him money. The testimony thus contains an out-of-court statement made by the declarant, Sharp, that Martinez owed him a debt. Defendant contends that the testimony is not hearsay because he did not offer it for the truth regarding the debt itself, asserting that this was not a trial to enforce the debt. I disagree. Defendant offered Sharp’s statement to prove that Martinez had a motive for killing Sharp: Martinez owed Sharp a debt, and Martinez would rather kill Sharp than repay the money. Defendant did not articulate another purpose for this testimony and explained in several different ways that the testimony could tend to establish that Martinez killed Sharp because of the debt itself; Martinez “wanted to get out from underneath a debt.” I agree with the trial court that the debt testimony was hearsay. Defendant wished to offer the testimony of Sharp’s statements to prove the truth of the matter asserted; if Martinez owed the victim money, he might have had a motive to kill the victim. As the State argues, the victim’s statements regarding the debt must first be believed in order to draw the inference of Martinez’s motive.
{31} Defendant argues that the testimony is admissible because he offered it to establish motive, relying on State v. Alberts, 80 N.M. 472, 474-75, 457 P.2d 991, 993-94 (Ct. App.1969):
Extrajudicial statements or writings may properly be received into evidence, not for the truth of the assertions therein contained, or the veracity of the out-of-court declarant, but for such legitimate purposes as that of establishing knowledge, belief, good faith, reasonableness, motive, effect on the hearer or reader, and many others.
I reject this argument. The principle in Alberts presupposes that the statement is not being offered for the truth of the matter asserted. Alberts did not articulate an exception to the hearsay rule but instead simply reiterated the legitimate uses of non-hearsay evidence. If Alberts permitted the admission of statements which were otherwise hearsay but also established knowledge, belief, good faith, reasonableness, motive, and effect on the hearer or reader, the Alberts principle would swallow the hearsay rule. The quotation from Alberts, upon which the majority also relies, immediately follows the Court’s reaffirmation that hearsay statements are inadmissible: “These authorities [relied upon by the proponent of the testimony] correctly state that the exclusionary effect of the hearsay rule is applicable only when the extrajudicial statements or writings are offered to prove the truth of the matter therein stated.” 80 N.M. at 474, 457 P.2d at 993. Thus, the meaning of the quotation from Alberts relied upon by Defendant is clear when viewed in context; it is merely a re-articulation of the hearsay rule and the fact that statements offered for purposes other than their truth are not hearsay while statements offered for their truth are hearsay. The majority also relies on a treatise, 2 Kenneth S. Broun et al., McCormick on Evidence § 249, at 102 (John W. Strong ed., 5th ed.1999), for the proposition that testimony is not hearsay if offered as circumstantial evidence of the listener’s motive. However, McCormick clarifies that the circumstantial use of such a statement “is not offered for a hearsay purpose because its value does not depend on its truth.” Id. In the present case, Defendant offered the testimony to show that Martinez would rather kill the victim than repay the debt. Defendant could not show his theory of Martinez’s motive without also showing the existence of the debt. By offering the statement to prove the debt, Defendant sought to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the extrajudicial statement. Defendant therefore sought an impermissible testimonial use of the statement as part of his proposed circumstantial use. See id.
{32} Thus, the debt statement is not admissible under Alberts because, even if it is also offered to demonstrate Martinez’s motive, Defendant clearly offered the statement for “the truth of the assertions therein contained.” 80 N.M. at 474, 457 P.2d at 993. The alleged debt itself is the basis for Martinez’s asserted motive; Defendant offered the testimony to prove that the debt existed in order to support a motive for Martinez. While I agree with defense counsel’s assertion that Defendant is not engaging in debt collection, Defendant nonetheless attempted to show that the debt existed in order to infer Martinez’s motive. Defendant argues that
[t]he fact that the jury had to believe there was a debt in order to believed [sic] that Martinez had a motive to murder Sharp does not offend the rule. Even if Martinez and Sharp were mistaken about the existence of the debt, evidence of the argument would be admissible because it is the fact there was animosity between Martinez and Sharp that was at issue, not the legal status of the debt.
However, if Sharp was mistaken or lying, making his statements false, then Martinez would not in fact have owed him a debt, and Sharp’s statements that Martinez owed him money would no longer provide the motive for Martinez to kill him asserted by Defendant. Sharp’s statements that Martinez owed him a debt must be true in order to provide Martinez the motive of Wiling him rather than paying the debt. Thus, the truth of the matter asserted, that Martinez owed Sharp money, is critical to why Defendant offered the statements. If Defendant actually wished to offer them to show animosity, as he now argues for the first time on appeal, aside from the lack of preservation and the failure to make any offer of proof both that Martinez heard the statements and that, as the majority accepts, an argument even occurred, this use of the statements would clearly be cumulative to Rodriguez’s testimony that there was tension between the two men and that Martinez had threatened to kill Sharp. See State v. Marquez, 1998-NMCA-010, ¶ 24, 124 N.M. 409, 951 P.2d 1070 (“[T]he trial court in its discretion may properly exclude cumulative evidence.”).
{33} The majority bases its hearsay analysis on whether Martinez heard the statements. The majority concludes that if Martinez heard the debt statements, then the testimony would be admissible as circumstantial evidence of the motive of the listener. First, as discussed above, I respectfully disagree that whether Martinez heard Sharp’s debt statements is determinative. Defendant did not offer the statements to show how Martinez reacted simply to hearing the statements themselves and did not argue that the testimony would be admissible as circumstantial evidence of the motive of the listener. Instead, Defendant’s sole articulated purpose for offering the statements was to explain why Martinez would have a motive to kill him: by killing the victim, Martinez would not have to repay the debt. Defendant argued that Martinez “apparently found it more profitable to kill Mr. Sharp than pay him back the $5,000.” As a result, if the debt existed, Martinez would be aware of it regardless of whether he heard Sharp’s statements. In addition, Martinez’s hearing the statements would not eliminate the primary .dangers of hearsay, which include a mistaken belief or a lie by the declarant. Even if Martinez heard the statements, he would still not have the motive to kill Sharp in order to avoid the debt if Sharp lied about the debt or mistakenly believed it existed. Unless the statements satisfy an exception to the hearsay rule, they are too unreliable to admit as evidence of their truth, that is, the debt, given the absence of adversarial testing, and the identity of the listener does not increase the statements’ reliability. Because the truth of the debt is inextricably intertwined with the asserted motive and the purpose for which the statements were offered, I believe that it is not dispositive whether Martinez heard the statement.
{34} My second difficulty with the majority’s conclusions is what I view to be an inconsistency with our precedent. In State v. Balderama, 2004-NMSC-008, ¶¶ 46-48, 135 N.M. 329, 88 P.3d 845, the State’s theory of the case was that the defendant murdered the victim in retaliation for a beating the defendant received from the victim’s cousin. In support of this theory, the State sought to admit a statement by the victim to her cousin that the defendant had been holding her against her will for several days. The State countered the defendant’s argument that the statement was inadmissible hearsay by asserting that the statement was not offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted, that the defendant kidnapped the victim, but instead to show the effect on the listener, the cousin. The State argued that the importance of the statement was not dependent on whether it was true; the relevance of the statement was to show what action the listener took upon hearing the allegation of the defendant’s conduct. Despite this argument, the majority summarily held that the statement was hearsay. Id. ¶ 48. I have difficulty reconciling this conelusory rejection of the State’s non-hearsay “effect on the listener” argument with the present matter. Indeed, the State’s argument in Balderama seems to me to be more in line with the principle articulated in Alberts and McCormick than the present ease. In Balderama, the statement was not offered to show that the defendant actually held the victim against her will but was instead offered to show the victim’s cousin’s motivation to beat the defendant. If the victim in that case had been untruthful or mistaken about whether the defendant held her against her will, the statement would still have the same effect upon the listener and give the listener a motive to beat the defendant. Thus, the evidence was admissible and not hearsay to show that a statement had been made and, regardless of its truth, had an effect on the listener.
{35} In contrast, in the ease before us, Defendant’s use of the statements to show Martinez’s motive is not, to me, dependent on whether Martinez heard Sharp make the statements but is instead dependent on whether Defendant offered them for their truth. Even if Martinez did not hear Sharp mention the debt to Campbell and Rodriguez, Martinez, as the alleged debtor who wished to kill rather than repay the money, would necessarily have been aware that he owed Sharp money if the debt actually existed. However, if the debt did not actually exist, then Martinez would not have had the motive ascribed to him by Defendant even if he heard the statement. Defendant’s theory is not that, upon hearing the allegation that he owed Sharp money, Martinez killed Sharp to protect his reputation as one who does not borrow money, in which case it would not matter whether the debt was owed. Defendant does not argue that the accusation of the debt created a motive but that the debt itself did. Thus, if the debt existed, then even if Martinez did not hear Sharp say to Campbell and Rodriguez that Martinez owed him a debt, the motive to kill would still exist based on the debt itself. The hearsay problem is thus not based on who heard the statements but on the statements’ substantive trustworthiness. While in Balderama the State was not concerned with the truth of statement for its proposed use, Defendant’s reliance on the debt statements are wholly dependent on the truth, or existence, of the debt. Defendant wanted to have the jury to believe the assertions of a debt without any indicia of, or opportunity to examine, the reliability of the assertions. This is precisely the danger protected by the hearsay rule.
{36} The hearsay rule prohibits extrajudicial statements offered for the truth of the matter asserted.
The reason for the general rule which excludes hearsay evidence unless it comes within one of the recognized exceptions is basically that the sanction of an oath and the test of cross-examination are absent; and the exceptions to the rule have been fashioned where the statements are made under conditions judged to render them equal in reliability and trustworthiness to those which are made under the sanctions described.
State v. Alvarez, 216 Conn. 301, 579 A.2d 515, 518-19 (1990) (quotation marks and quoted authority omitted); accord State v. Taylor, 103 N.M. 189, 197, 704 P.2d 443, 451 (Ct.App. 1985). The reliability and trustworthiness of Sharp’s statements could not be tested under oath and cross-examination. If the statements were untrue, Martinez’s alleged motive disappears. I conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the debt testimony as hearsay.
{37} I also respectfully disagree with the majority’s assertion that this case would mirror the facts in Alvarez if Martinez heard the statements. The problem in the present ease is greater than whether Martinez heard the statements; the problem is that Defendant never argued that he was offering the testimony to show the effect on the listener. In Alvarez, the declarant told the defendant that he wanted the victim killed because the victim owed the declarant money. 579 A.2d at 520-21. The state argued that the statement was admissible because it was offered to show the effect on the defendant. Id. at 521. This asserted use of the evidence, however, did not end the court’s inquiry. “If the state had offered the statements for the truth of the facts contained therein, the statements would have been inadmissible, unless they fell within an exception to the hearsay rule.” Id. Thus, the court addressed the state’s proposed use of the statements to determine whether it included using the statements substantively for their truth. Id. The court noted that the state intended to show “from the statements that the defendant had a motive to kill the victim” and that “[i]t is not material whether [the declarant] in fact wanted the victim killed or whether in fact the victim owed [the declarant] money.” Id. Thus, even if the declarant had lied about the debt or about wanting the victim killed, the effect on the listener, the defendant, would not have changed, and he still would have had a motive to kill the victim based on his belief, even if false, that the declarant wanted the victim killed. The Alvarez defendant’s motive to kill the victim is not the debt the victim may or may not have owed the declarant but the declarant’s request that the defendant kill the victim. The proponent’s use of the evidence in Alvarez depended only on the fact that the statements were made and not on the truth of the statements’ content. Stated another way, the defendant’s motive to kill was not to avoid repayment of a debt, as Defendant alleges motivated Martinez, or to collect the debt but instead simply to follow the declarant’s directive. The defendant’s motive to kill as a favor to the declarant does not depend on the truth of the matter asserted in the declarant’s statement that the victim owed the declarant money. These facts, while similar to the state’s asserted use of the statement in Balderama, are in marked contrast to the present case. The jury could not have believed that Martinez had a motive to kill Sharp to avoid paying him the debt, Defendant’s only asserted use of the testimony, without also believing that the debt existed. Thus, while the statements in the present ease and Alvarez superficially resemble each other by referencing a debt and implying a motive to kill, it is the proposed use of the evidence in this case that distinguishes it from Alvarez, and this difference is critical for purposes of the hearsay rule, which defines hearsay based on the statement’s proposed use. In fact, in Alvarez, the court noted that the defendant could have requested a limiting instruction directing the jury not to consider the statement for its truth. Id. n. 4; accord 2 Broun et al., supra, § 249, at 102 (“[T]he out-of-court statement will frequently have an impermissible hearsay aspect as well as a permissible nonhearsay aspect.”). In the present case, such a limiting instruction would have been impossible because Defendant’s proposed use of the statements depended entirely on the statements’ truth of the existence of the debt. Thus, I respectfully believe that Alvarez supports my conclusion that the trial court properly excluded the debt statements as hearsay.
{38} Defendant argued to the trial court that even if the debt testimony was hearsay, the testimony falls under an exception to the hearsay rule under Rule 11-803(C), which allows admission of “[a] statement of the declarant’s then existing state of mind ... such as intent, plan, [or] motive.” The plain language of the rule allows admission of a statement by the declarant to show the declarant’s state of mind. I agree with the State’s contention that, while an extrajudicial statement can be used to establish motive, Defendant was instead improperly offering Sharp’s statement about a debt to prove Martinez’s state of mind, not Sharp’s. Sharp was the declarant, not Martinez, so the victim’s statement was not admissible to prove Martinez’s motive under this exception. See State v. Baca, 120 N.M. 383, 389, 902 P.2d 65, 71 (1995) (concluding that “admissibility under [Rule] 11-803(C) should depend upon whether the state of mind itself is of consequence to the determination of the declarant’s conduct”). Rule 11-803(C) has only been applied to admit statements which demonstrate the declarant’s state of mind. E.g., id. at 389-90, 902 P.2d at 71-72.2 Other jurisdictions also apply their analogous rule for statements by the declarant to show the declarant’s state of mind, e.g., Martinez v. State, 17 S.W.3d 677, 688 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000), and courts have rejected arguments similar to Defendant’s proposed use, e.g., Sybers v. State, 841 So.2d 532, 545 (Fla.Dist.Ct. App.) (concluding that out-of-court statements offered under analog Rule 11-803(C) “cannot be used to prove the state of mind or motive of someone other than the declarant”), review dismissed, 847 So.2d 979 (Fla. 2003); People v. Hansen, 327 Ill.App.3d 1012, 262 Ill.Dec. 425, 765 N.E.2d 1033, 1043 (2002) (similar). Thus, the victim’s statement about Martinez’s debt to him is not admissible under Rule 11-803(C) to prove Martinez’s state of mind rather than the declarant’s.
{39} Defendant argues that the trial court excluded the evidence because it found the evidence “too far removed” and “too remote” from the murder, not that it was inadmissible hearsay; thus, Defendant argues that the trial court implicitly found that the evidence was not hearsay. The State asks this Court, if we were to conclude that the trial court found the statement to be inadmissible just because it was too remote, rather than because it found the statement to be hearsay, to affirm the trial court as right for any reason, because the issue was addressed below. As stated above, I believe that the trial court was referring to the state-of-mind exception when it found that the testimony was
too far removed. The trial court explicitly stated that the debt testimony was hearsay, and because the trial court was addressing Defendant’s contention that the statement was admissible under Rule 11-803(C) as an exception to the hearsay rule, it necessarily found that the statement was hearsay. By finding that the issue was too remote, the trial court could have reasonably found that a statement by the victim concerning a debt was too far removed from demonstrating Martinez’s state of mind at the time of the murder. See United States v. Macey, 8 F.3d 462, 467-68 (7th Cir.1993) (concluding that a statement made by the defendant to his employee four hours after directing her not to prepare allegedly false invoices was inadmissible because it was not substantially contemporaneous with the event sought to be proven). After stating that the issue was too remote, the trial court then stated, “However, I will let you bring in the statement of the declarant’s existing state of mind — then existing state of mind. At the time he made the statement about the ride.” In other words, the trial court admitted Martinez’s threat as Martinez’s state of mind, but rejected Defendant’s argument that Sharp’s statements about the debt could be used to show Martinez’s state of mind or motive. As discussed above, I conclude, under Rule 11-803(C), that Sharp’s statements are not admissible to show Martinez’s state of mind. Even if the trial court erred in determining that the statements were too remote to show Martinez’s state of mind based on time rather than finding that the statements can only show the declarant’s state of mind, “ ‘[a] decision of the trial court will be upheld if it is right for any reason.’ ” State v. Trujillo, 2002-NMSC-005, ¶ 15 n. 2, 131 N.M. 709, 42 P.3d 814 (quoted authority omitted). Thus, I agree with the trial court’s determination that the testimony was not admissible under Rule 11-803(C).
{40} Defendant argued at trial that if the debt statements were hearsay they were admissible under Rule 11-804(B)(5), which allows admission of a hearsay statement that has “equivalent circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness” if the trial court determines that the statement is offered as evidence of a material fact, is more probative than other evidence which could be procured, and “the general purposes of the rules and the interests of justice will best be served by admission of the statement.” Defendant failed to meet the requirement in this rule to give notice of the statements’ use in advance of the trial along with the “particulars of’ the statements. Rule ll-804(B)(5)(c). Further, although Defendant had the opportunity to proffer the statements during the hearing and describe the specifics of the statements, he did not do so. Defendant did not argue to the trial court how Sharp’s debt statements had equivalent circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness as required by Rule 11-804(B)(5), see State v. Coffin, 1999-NMSC-038, ¶¶4041, 128 N.M. 192, 991 P.2d 477, and I agree with the State that there is nothing in the record showing that the statements had such guarantees. Thus, I conclude that the debt testimony is not admissible under this exception.
{41} Defendant asserts that the trial court’s exclusion of his witnesses’ testimony is similar to the denial of a defendant’s right to cross-examine a witness and argues that this denied him the right to challenge the prosecution’s main witness and east doubt on his motivation to testify truthfully. However, as the State notes, Defendant never sought to cross-examine Martinez about any debt, and in any case, the right to cross-examine a witness to show bias or motive to lie is limited by the rules of evidence. See Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 295, 93 S.Ct. 1038, 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973) (“[T]he right to confront and to cross-examine is not absolute and may, in appropriate cases, bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.”); State v. Sanders, 117 N.M. 452, 459-60, 872 P.2d 870, 877-78 (1994). Also, Defendant made no argument to the trial court regarding any limitation on his right to cross-examine Martinez; thus, this argument is unpreserved. Finally, the record demonstrates that Defendant cross-examined Martinez regarding his heavy drug use, the inconsistencies in his statements to police, his unlikely ability to make methamphetamine without Sharp’s assistance or a recipe, Martinez’s agreement with the State which earned him probation but no jail time for his involvement in the present matter, his concern for the condition of his vehicle rather than the welfare of Sharp, and the questionable disappearance of the knife, the possible murder weapon, that Martinez used to destroy evidence of the murder, all of which supported Defendant’s theory that Martinez had a motivation to direct blame toward Defendant and away from himself and created doubt as to truthfulness of his testimony. The trial court’s exclusion of unreliable hearsay did not unconstitutionally impede Defendant from challenging the prosecution’s main witness.
{42} Defendant also characterizes his argument as whether he was allowed to present a defense. He contends that the evidence was relevant to prove the guilt of a third party, and relies on Rule 11-402 NMRA 2004 for the proposition that “[a]ll relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by constitution, by statute, by these rules or by other rules adopted by the supreme court.” However, the hearsay rule provides otherwise in the present matter. Defendant appears to argue that, even if the statements are hearsay and do not fall under any exception to the hearsay rule, and are thus inadmissible, the statements should be admitted based on the constitutional right to a fair trial, relying on cases from other jurisdictions. His cases do not support the introduction of otherwise inadmissible evidence based on a defendant’s right to a defense; instead, the courts addressed evidence that was admissible. See, e.g., Moreno v. State, 418 So.2d 1223, 1225 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1982) (holding that because the evidence was “relevant, non-prejudicial, and not inadmissible by any rule of law it should have been admitted”). “Relevance is not the sole criterion of admissibility.” Tome v. United States, 513 U.S. 150, 163, 115 S.Ct. 696, 130 L.Ed.2d 574 (1995). While relevant evidence is generally admissible, the admissibility of hearsay is specifically governed by Rule 11-802. The question here is not whether the victim’s statements about the debt were relevant to the defense theory but whether the testimony was admissible under the hearsay rule. Id. at 164, 115 S.Ct. 696 (“That certain out-of-court statements may be relevant does not dispose of the question whether they are admissible.”).
{43} In Alvarez, 579 A.2d at 517-18, the trial court excluded as hearsay the defendant’s offered testimony of a police officer in which the officer heard an eyewitness say that another individual had committed the crime in question. The defendant argued, as Defendant does in the present matter, that a hearsay statement that establishes that a third party committed the crime is admissible as long as the defendant shows some evidence that directly connects the third party to the crime. Id. at 518. In other words, the defendant argued “that once he had established the relevancy of the statement, he could offer the statement for the truth of the matter asserted therein.” Id. The Connecticut court rejected this argument, recognizing that relevancy is merely the first criterion of admissibility:
Evidence that showed that [a third party], and not the defendant, had shot the victim thus is relevant and would be admissible provided the evidence was not excluded by some other rule or principle of law. The determination that the proffered testimony is relevant, therefore, does not end the inquiry. Contrary to the defendant’s claim, the court must also determine whether the statement falls within any recognized exception to the hearsay rule. In the present case, the trial court determined that it did not.
We have long recognized that a hearsay statement is admissible only if it falls within an exception to the hearsay rule____
... We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by not admitting [the witness’s] proposed testimony as to [the declarant’s] hearsay statement merely because it was relevant.
Id. (footnote and citations omitted). I reject Defendant’s argument that the debt testimony should have been admitted based solely on relevancy when the statements were inadmissible hearsay.
{44} Defendant argues that the “admissibility of third-party evidence” is an issue of first impression and relies on several cases to support his claim that he has a “constitutional right to present a defense” involving third party evidence. As noted above, I agree with the majority’s rejection of this claim and note that the cases upon which Defendant relies do not support a constitutional right to present third party evidence which is otherwise inadmissible. See, e.g., Larimore v. State, 317 Ark. 111, 877 S.W.2d 570, 575-76 (1994) (noting that third-party evidence is “generally recognized as relevant evidence under fundamental standards,” but holding that it may be excluded if its probative value is outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice and concluding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the third party evidence at issue).
{45} The trial court properly allowed Defendant to present testimony supporting his defense theory that Martinez was the murderer by demonstrating the tense relationship between Sharp and Martinez, as well as statements that Martinez wanted to get rid of the victim. Thus, Defendant was properly allowed to present admissible evidence to support his theory of the ease based on Martinez’s death threats toward the victim, the fact that the victim was killed in Martinez’s car, and the fact that Martinez participated in concealing the crime afterward. The only evidence that the trial court excluded and Defendant complains of are the hearsay statements allegedly made by the victim concerning a debt Martinez owed him. As the majority notes, a right to present a defense is subject to the rules of evidence, and Rule 11-802 provides that hearsay is inadmissible.
{46} Finally, even if I agreed that the trial court erred by excluding the testimony, I respectfully believe such error would be harmless. The State presented Aleorta’s testimony that he was Defendant’s friend, acquainted with Martinez, and not acquainted with Sharp or Sedillo prior to January 17. Aleorta testified that he was present at Martinez’s shop on the day of the murder with Sharp, Defendant, Sedillo and Martinez. He stated that he did not see the victim, Defendant, and Sedillo leave the shop, but he testified that Defendant and Sedillo returned in the Blazer. Aleorta, in response to the prosecutor’s question regarding what Aleorta and Martinez did while Defendant, Sedillo and Sharp were gone, replied that he smoked some marijuana, corroborating Martinez’s testimony that he and Aleorta worked on a car briefly then smoked some marijuana together while the others were gone. From this testimony, provided by a friend of Defendant’s as independent evidence, the jury could reasonably draw the conclusion that Martinez was not present when the victim was murdered. Given that Defendant had the opportunity to present evidence that Martinez committed the crime, including death threats, which the jury rejected based on the strength of the State’s evidence against Defendant, I believe that Defendant has not demonstrated that there is a reasonable probability that the exclusion of the debt statements contributed to his conviction. See Rule 11-103(A) NMRA 2004; State v. Apodaca, 118 N.M. 762, 773, 887 P.2d 756, 767 (1994).
. It is assumed that defense counsel intended to refer to Rule 11-804(B)(5) NMRA 2004.
. Further, Sharp's debt statement would be inadmissible if it was offered as "a statement of memory or belief to prove the fact remembered or believed,” under Rule 11 — 803(C). See State v. Gallegos, 92 N.M. 370, 379-80, 588 P.2d 1045, 1054-55 (Ct.App.1978) (concluding thát the comment, "Isn't that the guy that stabbed me?" was a statement of memory and that the trial court did not err in excluding it as hearsay and finding that it did not meet the state of mind exception and noting that the exclusion of statements of memory is necessary to avoid the elimination of the hearsay rule); Shepard v. United States, 290 U.S. 96, 105-06, 54 S.Ct. 22, 78 L.Ed. 196 (1933) ("Declarations of intention, casting light upon the future, have been sharply distinguished from declarations of memory, pointing backwards to the past. There would be an end, or nearly that, to the rule against hearsay if the distinction were ignored.”).