dissenting.
¶ 11 I respectfully dissent from my colleagues’ opinion. By concluding “land ... sold subject to a roadway easement” creates a presumption of “an intent to dedicate th[at] roadway to public use,” ¶ 7 supra, the majority has created a rule inconsistent with Arizona’s jurisprudence requiring that the intent to dedicate property for public use be clear and unequivocal.
¶ 12 The dedication of property for public use may be accomplished either by statute or common law. Pleak, 207 Ariz. 418, ¶ 8 & n. 1, 87 P.3d at 834 & n. 1. Neither party suggests a statutory dedication occurred here. Thus, I confine my analysis to common law dedication, which “has two general components — an offer by the owner of land to dedicate and acceptance by the general public.” Id. ¶ 21. As the majority correctly notes, “[n]o particular words, ceremonies, or form of conveyance is necessary to dedicate land to public use; anything fully demonstrating the intent of the donor to dedicate can suffice.” Id. Thus, a dedication may be made in a recorded deed or by “sale of lots referencing a recorded plat containing the dedication.” Id. ¶ 23. “The burden of proof to establish a dedication is on the party asserting it.” City of Phoenix v. Landrum & Mills Realty Co., 71 Ariz. 382, 386, 227 P.2d 1011, 1013 (1951). And the “[pjroof of facts necessary to constitute dedication must be ‘clear, satisfactory and unequivocal.’ ” Mocho, 8 Ariz.App. at 149, 444 P.2d at 440, quoting 23 Am.Jur.2d Dedication § 79 at 65.5
¶ 13 Here, Turigliatto conveyed the easternmost parcel by warranty deed, attached to which was an exhibit stating the conveyance was “subject to the existing road” as shown on an unrecorded survey map dated October 25,1994. He subsequently conveyed *334the center parcel together with “[a]n easement for ingress, egress and utilities” over his retained twenty acre parcel to the west, but “subject to an undefined easement as shown” on the 1994 survey map, which was recorded with the deed as an exhibit to it. Finally, Turigliatto conveyed the westernmost parcel but “except[ed] therefrom” the road over it, while also conveying “an easement ... for ingress, egress and public utilities” over the road within the parcel’s boundaries.6 The road is described on the survey map only as an “Existing Graded Road.” Nothing in the language of any of the three deeds or the survey suggests the road was then open to public traffic,7 nor does it express any intention that it be in the future. I am aware of no Arizona case finding or presuming a valid public dedication based on such language. See, e.g., Pleak, 207 Ariz. 418, ¶¶ 2, 22, 87 P.3d at 833, 837 (finding valid offer to dedicate where survey granted roadway easement “ ‘to the public’ ”); Evans v. Blankenship, 4 Ariz. 307, 313, 314-15, 39 P. 812, 812-13 (Terr.1897) (finding dedication of land described as “ ‘Public Grounds’ ” on plat); Lowe, 217 Ariz. 642, ¶¶ 3, 16, 177 P.3d at 1215, 1218 (noting “no dispute” that valid dedication offer made when deed stated roadway was “‘CONVEY [ed] unto THE PUBLIC’”); see also Hunt, 216 Ariz. 114, ¶¶ 3, 14, 163 P.3d at 1067, 1069 (describing easement as granted “to the general public” and noting no dispute whether valid dedication offer made).
¶ 14 But the majority departs from Arizona’s general rule that a public dedication clearly must be shown, concluding we must presume dedication because the property in question is a road. In so doing, the majority shifts the burden to the Dorseys to demonstrate otherwise, and appears to ignore our supreme court’s statement that “[djedication is not presumed nor does a presumption of an intent to dedicate arise unless [such intent] is clearly shown by the owner’s acts and declarations.” Landrum & Mills Realty Co., 71 Ariz. at 386, 227 P.2d at 1013; see also Mocho, 8 Ariz.App. at 149, 444 P.2d at 440. There is no language in any of the three deeds or the survey map clearly expressing any intent on Turigliatto’s part to dedicate the road to the public.
¶ 15 The majority cites several cases to support its conclusion that we may presume a public dedication occurred here. I do not view any of them as providing support for that proposition or so holding. For example, in Hunt, Division One of this court did not address whether circumstances there would permit a presumptive dedication of an easement for public use, see 216 Ariz. 114, ¶ 14, 163 P.3d at 1069, but only whether a clear offer to dedicate had been adequately accepted, id., and whether the dedication served a proper public use. Id. ¶ 17. Moreover, the court in Hunt described the easement as having been dedicated “to the general public,” id. ¶ 3, observing there was no dispute “that a valid offer to dedicate [had been] made.” Id. ¶ 14. Hunt therefore specifically does not address the precise issue before us — whether Turigliatto made a valid offer, or expressed the intent, to dedicate the road to the public.
¶ 16 The majority relies on the court's statement in Hunt that a road, “by its very nature invites public use unless the dedicator’s intent was otherwise.” Id. ¶ 17. But that statement was relevant only to the court’s rejection of the appellant’s argument the road did not serve a proper public use because it was only used “by travelers to a finite number of properties.” Id. The majority thus has taken the statement out of context. The appellant’s argument in Hunt was based on Mocho, where this court determined a parking lot was not “a proper subject of dedication” because it was unlike streets or parks, which are “by [their] very nature ... public placets]” and therefore properly could be dedicated to the public. 8 Ariz.App. at 150, 444 P.2d at 441. At most, Mocho stands for the proposition that a *335street, unlike a parking lot, may be dedicated to the public, not that a street is necessarily open to public use. A street unquestionably may be privately owned. Nothing in Hunt or Mocho stands for the proposition that public dedication of a road would be presumed without specific accompanying acts or language “fully demonstrating the intent of the donor to dedicate” the easement. Pleak, 207 Ariz. 418, ¶ 21, 87 P.3d at 837.
¶ 17 The majority’s reliance on Leidendeker is similarly misplaced. There, citing Blankenship, the supreme court stated, “the mere act of surveying land into lots, streets, and squares by the owner, and the recordation of such plat, constituted an offer to dedicate,” which is deemed accepted when the land is sold. Leidendeker, 81 Ariz. at 213, 303 P.2d at 535. But in both Leidendeker and Blankenship, there was language on the recorded plat clearly designating the areas dedicated to the public. See Leidendeker, 81 Ariz. at 214, 303 P.2d at 535 (designating land on plat “to the public for park and public building purposes only”); Blankenship, 4 Ariz. at 313, 39 P. at 812 (designating area as “‘Public Grounds’”). Thus, like Hunt, the issue in both Leidendeker and Blankenship was not whether a valid offer to dedicate had been made, but instead whether the offer had been accepted. See Leidendeker, 81 Ariz. at 214, 303 P.2d at 535; Blankenship, 4 Ariz. at 314-15, 39 P. at 812-13. Neither case suggests, much less holds, that merely recording a deed or survey map referring to or describing a roadway easement, without more, dedicates that roadway to public use. Neither ease contradicts Arizona’s rule that public dedication must be clear and unequivocal.8 See Mocho, 8 Ariz.App. at 149, 444 P.2d at 440. Indeed, the court in Leidendeker noted that sale of lots with reference to a plat containing lots and roadways constituted “an immediate and irrevocable common law dedication of areas delineated thereon for public purposes.” 81 Ariz. at 213, 303 P.2d at 535. Because nothing on any of the three deeds Turigliatto gave or on the survey map covering his forty-acre parcel constitutes language clearly expressing an intent to delineate the road for a public purpose, there was no dedication.9 Although Leidendeker and Blankenship both addressed situations in which the relevant documents explicitly expressed the intent to dedicate, I do recognize that other Arizona eases have concluded, without any analysis or discussion of the specific language used in the deeds or plat, a public dedication occurs when roads are marked on a recorded plat. In Drane v. Avery, 72 Ariz. 100, 102, 231 P.2d 444, 445 (1951), overruled on other grounds by Chadwick v. Larsen, 75 Ariz. 207, 254 P.2d 1020 (1953), our supreme court stated:
It is well settled in this jurisdiction that the making and recordation in the county recorder’s office of a city addition plat, showing lots, blocks, dimensions thereof and width of all streets coupled with sales or lots therein, constitutes a ‘dedication’ of such streets, and use thereof by purchasers of lots and the general public constitutes sufficient acceptance of the dedication, by which fee in the dedicated property passes to the county in trust for the public and the described uses.
See also Thorpe v. Clanton, 10 Ariz. 94, 100-01, 85 P. 1061, 1062 (Terr.1906). The supreme court also noted, however, that it was undisputed there had been “a valid and effective dedication of the street [in question] to public use.” Drane, 72 Ariz. at 102, 231 P.2d at 445. However, to the extent Drane may be read as finding a valid offer to dedicate *336exists based solely on the recording of a plat showing roads, the basis for such a reading has been overruled, at least implicitly, by our supreme court’s more recent statement of the law in Pleak that dedication may be made by the “sale of lots referencing a recorded plat containing the dedication.” 207 Ariz. 418, ¶ 23, 87 P.3d at 837. As the court explained in Pleak, a recorded plat must contain an explicit dedication to be effective. The survey map recorded here does not.
¶ 18 But, even assuming that merely recording a plat showing lots and roads demonstrates an intent to dedicate to public use any road shown on that plat, and further assuming that the survey map referred to in the deeds to the three parcels Turigliatto conveyed here is equivalent to the “city addition plat” addressed in Drane, each of Turigliat-. to’s three deeds clearly indicates an intent contrary to, and inconsistent with, a public dedication of the road. As explained above, Turigliatto transferred both the eastern and central parcels subject to an easement over them. Although the deeds do not explicitly identify Turigliatto’s remaining parcels as the beneficiaries of that easement, the law presumes they are. See Restatement (Third) of Property (Servitudes) § 2.5 emt. a (“In the absence of circumstances indicating some other intent, the normal inference is that the parties intend to burden or benefit the estates or other interests they own in the property.”); see also Barrett v. Harris, 207 Ariz. 374, ¶ 15, 86 P.3d 954, 959 (App.2004) (“Absent law to the contrary, we look to the Restatement for guidance.”); Squaw Peak Cmty. Covenant Church of Phoenix v. Anozira Dev., Inc., 149 Ariz. 409, 412, 719 P.2d 295, 298 (App.1986) (“If the language [of a deed] is ambiguous, a reasonably convenient and suitable way across the servient land is presumed to be intended.”). That Turigliatto sought to. reserve, for himself, an easement over the property he was conveying clearly suggests he had no intent that the road be open to the public. Had he intended a public dedication of the road by these deeds, the language in them retaining an easement for the benefit of his retained parcels would have been superfluous — his remaining parcels, as well as the rest of the world, would have benefitted from a public dedication of the road. In a similar vein, for the westernmost parcel, Turigliatto’s deed excepted the road from the conveyance of the parcel and granted that parcel an easement over the road, which he apparently retained in fee simple. Had his intention been to dedicate the road to the public, there would have been no reason to grant the western parcel an easement over it.
¶ 19 “The intention of the owner to set aside lands or property for the use of the public is the foundation and life of every dedication.” Allied Am. Inv. Co. v. Pettit, 65 Ariz. 283, 287, 179 P.2d 437, 439 (1947). “ ‘It is not a trivial thing to take another’s land, and for this reason the courts will not lightly declare a dedication to public use.’ ” Mocho, 8 Ariz.App. at 150, 444 P.2d at 441, quoting Shia v. Pendergrass, 222 S.C. 342, 72 S.E.2d 699, 702 (1952). Acts purportedly effecting a dedication to the public, such as recording a plat showing lots and roads, “ ‘must not be consistent with any construction other than that of a dedication.’ ” Id., quoting Shia, 72 S.E.2d at 702. Thus, because Turigliatto’s deeds clearly express an intent contrary to a public dedication of the road, the fact that the survey map was recorded cannot constitute evidence he intended to dedicate the road for public use.
¶ 20 Although I recognize that “no magic words are required to dedicate land to public use,” Hunt, 216 Ariz. 114, ¶ 13, 163 P.3d at 1069, here, there were no words, “magic” or otherwise, in either Turigliatto’s deeds or the survey map that could in any way be interpreted to express an intention to dedicate the road to the public. Nor is there anything in the record suggesting he acted contemporaneously with the intent to do so. No Arizona authority holds, as does the majority here, that the mere fact that a road easement is granted or reserved in a recorded conveyance raises a legal presumption the easement has been dedicated for public use. Such a holding is contrary to Arizona’s rule that the “[p]roof of facts necessary to constitute dedication must be ‘clear, satisfactory and unequivocal.’ ” Mocho, 8 Ariz.App. at 149, 444 P.2d at 440, quoting 23 Am.Jur.2d Dedication § 79 at 65. I would therefore reverse the *337trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Kadlec and Howell.
. Although Mocho purports to quote 23 Am. Jur.2d Dedication § 79, that section does not exist, and the quoted language does not appear in another section. Several other jurisdictions, however, have articulated the same standard. See, e.g., Robinson v. Town of Riviera, 157 Fla. 194, 25 So.2d 277, 278 (1946); Village of Joppa v. Chicago & E. Ill. R.R. Co., 51 Ill.App.3d 674, 9 Ill.Dec. 131, 366 N.E.2d 388, 392 (1977); Trever v. City of Sterling Heights, 53 Mich.App. 144, 218 N.W.2d 810, 812 (1974); Falco Lime, Inc. v. City of Vicksburg, 836 So.2d 711, V54 (Miss.2002); Watson v. City of Albuquerque, 76 N.M. 566, 417 P.2d 54, 56 (1966).
. Thus, Turigliatto apparently retained ownership in fee simple of the road over the westernmost parcel.
. The road connects at either end to apparently public thoroughfares, thereby providing the three property owners egress to the public roads. But that alone does not permit an inference that Turigliatto intended that members of the public traveling these public roads have the right to cross the three privately owned parcels.
. The majority also relies on 26 C J.S. Dedication §§16 and 19. To the extent those sections suggest a public dedication may be presumed in these circumstances, they are inconsistent with Arizona law. We must therefore disregard them.
. The majority asserts in n. 2, supra, that, under the Dorseys’ interpretation of the easement, they would have no right to traverse the western twenty-acre parcel, suggesting it would not have been "reasonable for Turigliatto to impose such a restriction without informing the purchaser of the property that this was his intent.” But the Dorseys plainly have the right to use the road on the western parcel because it was specifically granted in the original conveyance of the central parcel. Further, they clearly may use the road over the eastern parcel because their parcel was a portion of the dominant estate that was benefit-ted by the reservation of the easement over the eastern parcel. This arrangement appears perfectly reasonable, and nothing about it suggests Turigliatto intended the road to be open for public use.