Plaintiffs challenge the order of the district court prohibiting the news media from reporting Charles Jerome' Gatto’s alleged association with organized crime for the duration of his criminal trial and seek an extraordinary writ from this Court.
The issue presented for our review has become moot since the district court vacated the challenged order following the declaration of a mistrial occasioned by the exposure of jury members to extra-trial information. Nevertheless, the underlying conflict between fair trial and free press remains. Therefore, it is in the public interest that we apply an exception to mootness and reach the merits of the case.1
In their haste to have this matter heard on October 20, 1983, neither party provided the Court with the record or a transcript of the proceedings below. In fact, the trial court had not yet filed its written findings of fact, conclusions of law and order. Nevertheless, since the material facts were not in dispute, the Court permitted the parties to fully present their respective arguments. The Court then took the matter under advisement, with the admonition to counsel to promptly furnish the exhibits received in evidence and the written findings, conclusions and order of the trial court. Those documents were duly filed with this Court on October 21. The Court, persuaded that the protection of Gatto’s right to a fair trial justified the restraint placed upon the news media, by minute entry, denied plaintiffs’ demand for relief. In so doing, this Court modified the order of the trial court to the extent necessary to restrain the dissemination of information concerning Gatto’s indirect as well as direct association or connection with the Mafia or organized crime.2
The pertinent facts furnished by counsel and later by the official record are summarized as follows:
On October 17, 1983, the trial court began the jury selection process in the criminal action entitled State of Utah v. Charles Jerome Gatto (No. CR-82-1069, then pending in the Third District Court of Salt Lake County). Gatto was charged with four counts of felony theft involving investments by ten Utahns in an allegedly bogus gold mine. The presence in the courtroom of a number of members of the news media, representing KUTV, Inc., KSL TV and United Press International among others, prompted the court to discuss with media representatives the effect of anticipated publicity during the trial on the defendant’s right to a fair trial. Alternatives to an order of the court restraining the dissemination of certain information were discussed. At that time, there was some assurance, subject to confirmation, that the media might well adopt a position of voluntary restraint. However, no such confirmation was forthcoming, and the court was later informed that there could be no guarantee that the media would exercise voluntary restraint in its publications or broadcasts. At that time, counsel for the defense moved the trial court to sequester the jury. The motion was denied.
*459The jury was impaneled, and the trial began during the afternoon of October 17. At the end of the day, the court gave the usual admonition to the jury members to insulate themselves from media reports concerning the trial. That evening, at 6:00 p.m., KSL TV reported in its newscast, in addition to various particulars of the trial:
Last year, Gatto and the two sons of alleged Mafia don Joseph Bonanno were charged by the FBI with allegedly operating another phony investment scheme involving patriotic posters.
The FBI alleged, in that case, that the Bonanno brothers and Gatto had used a Salt Lake company for that alleged scam.
On the morning of October 18, prior to resuming the trial, the court conducted a voir dire of the jury and asked the jury members if any of them had heard news reports of the trial or if anyone had told them of news reports or talked to them about such reports. One juror reported that her daughter had viewed a 10:00 p.m. television newscast and had remarked to her mother, “I bet I know what case you’re on.” One of the other jurors related that a fellow teacher had inquired of her, “Are you on the case about the gold mine?” In each instance, the jurors heeded the court’s admonition and declined to discuss the ease.
A Deseret News article dated October 18-19, 1983, reported the progress of the trial and, in addition, stated:
A Utah judge says he will not bar newspapers and broadcasters from reporting on theft suspect Charles Jerome Gatto’s alleged Mafia connections unless such stories result in a mistrial.
Judge Homer Wilkinson denied a defense motion seeking to keep the news media from reporting on possible ties between Gatto and reputed Mafia figure Joseph Bonanno Jr.
The FBI has alleged both Gatto and members of the Bonanno family ran an investment scam in California from a Salt Lake Company.
“I think we have to do away with anything to do with Joseph Bonanno and organized crime because it will taint the jury,” defense attorney Gil Athay told Wilkinson.
Reporters had earlier told Wilkinson they could not formally agree to any suggestion they refrain from reporting the Gatto-Bonanno connection.
Counsel for Gatto moved for a temporary restraining order and order to show cause, which were granted by the court at 5:05 p.m., October 18. Those documents were immediately served upon the various news media that appear in this proceeding as plaintiffs.
On the following morning, October 19, the court again conducted a voir dire of the jury, which disclosed that two additional jurors had had outside contact about the case. One reported that she had been approached by an unknown person just outside the courthouse on the evening of October 18 wanting “to ask [her] a couple of questions.” The juror refused to talk to •the person. A second juror reported that she had received a telephone call from a parent in Montana who had inquired if she was “on the case with the two Mafia guys?” The juror also declined to discuss the case.
Following the above-described voir dire, counsel for Gatto moved for a mistrial. The court denied the motion.
During the afternoon of October 19, the court held a hearing on the motion for preliminary injunction and restraining order. All parties to this proceeding presented evidence and made arguments. The court again requested that the news media voluntarily refrain from publishing or broadcasting information about Gatto during the trial that was not relevant or admissible at trial and that the prosecution stated it had no intention of attempting to place in evidence. The news media declined.
The trial court considered as alternatives to the issuance of a restraining order: (1) defendant’s waiver of a jury trial, (2) se*460questration of the jury, (3) voluntary restraint, and (4) continued admonitions to the jury. The court discounted each of the alternatives, concluding that waiver of the jury was an unreasonable price for Gatto to pay; that sequestration was not a reasonable alternative, not only because of the expected length of the trial (four weeks), with the attendant high costs thereof, and the considerable hardship to the jurors should they be confined for such a long period of time, but also because sequestration at that stage of the trial might well have the effect of causing the jury to question the procedure and thus prejudice them against Gatto; that frequent, strong admonitions to the jury might well have a similar adverse effect upon the jury with resultant prejudice to Gatto; and that voluntary restraint was not to be expected from the media.
The pertinent findings of fact made by the trial court can be summarized as follows:
(1) [Tjhat at least one juror had received information that a trial was in progress that in some manner concerned Mafia figures;
(2) that the news media did not intend to exercise restraint in disseminating reports of defendant Gatto’s alleged connections with the Mafia or organized crime;
(3) that the alleged fact that defendant Gatto has connections with the Mafia or organized crime is not in the public domain, and no fact was presented which indicated a direct or indirect connection between defendant Gatto and organized crime; and
(4) that an association or connection of defendant Gatto with the Mafia or organized crime if brought to the attention of a juror would result in prejudice. Thereupon, the trial court concluded that
a restraining order was appropriate and necessary to protect Gatto’s right to a fair trial and that the news media should be restrained from reporting any alleged connections between Gatto and organized crime. The court then entered the following order:
1. That KUTV, Inc., Kearns-Tribune Corp., the Desert News Publishing Company, KSL TV, KCPX TV, the United Press International and the Associated Press are hereby permanently restrained and enjoined from broadcasting, publishing or otherwise conveying to the public any information concerning the Defendant’s direct connection and/or association with the Mafia and/or organized crime, until such time as the jurors have retired to deliberate in this case.
The issue thus "presented is the same as was addressed in the recent case of KUTV, Inc. v. Conder,3 namely, whether a court may impose short-term, during-trial restraint on publication in the interest of assuring a defendant a fair trial by an impartial jury free from outside influences.
In Conder, the Court exhaustively reviewed the cases that bear upon the issue at hand, and made the observation that the case of Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart4 was the closest United States Supreme Court precedent on its facts. In that case, the Nebraska Supreme Court approved a pretrial order of the trial court that prohibited the press from publishing certain facts about a murder case until after the jury was impaneled. The United States Supreme Court overturned the order because it was issued without a sufficient showing to satisfy “the heavy burden imposed as a condition to securing a prior restraint.”5 In so doing, the Court concluded that it “need not rule out the possibility of showing the kind of threat to fair trial rights that would possess the requisite degree of certainty to justify restraint.”6 In fact, the Court reversed the restraint because the facts did not meet a three-part test involving (1) the extent to which the *461probable publicity threatened the fairness of the forthcoming trial, (2) “whether measures short of an order restraining all publication would have insured the defendant a fair trial,”7 and (3) whether the restraint would, in fact, have achieved the desired protection.
Similarly, this Court, in Conder, recognized that “there may be circumstances where a prior restraint of some sort would be justified in order to assure a defendant a fair trial,”8 but held the order in that case invalid “because it was not accompanied by the procedural formalities and evi-dentiary showings necessary to justify such a restraint.”9
All of the procedural formalities and evidentiary showings that were found to be lacking in Conder are present in this case. The trial court duly apprised the parties of its concern about the effect during-trial publicity would have upon Gatto’s right to a fair trial. The media rebuffed the court’s suggestion that voluntary restraint be exercised and broadly disseminated accounts of Gatto’s alleged underworld connections and associations with organized crime figures, both on the first day of trial and the following day. This prompted the court to issue a temporary restraining order. After notice to the affected media, the court then conducted a full adversary hearing on the motion for preliminary injunction, wherein evidence was taken and exhaustive argument was permitted. The court thereafter ruled that the media was restrained and enjoined from disseminating any information concerning Gatto’s connection with organized crime until such time as the jury had retired to deliberate. This Court’s modification of the trial court’s order was necessary to accomplish the intended purpose of the order and achieve the desired protection, the third test in Nebraska Press, supra. The media was disseminating information of an indirect connection or association with the Mafia by reporting that “Gatto and two sons of alleged Mafia don, Joseph Bonanno, were charged by the FBI with allegedly operating another phony investment scheme.” This information could have had the same prejudicial effect as references to Gatto’s direct connection or association.
The district court’s order, as modified by this Court, is precise and narrowly drawn so as to extend no further than necessary to protect the defendant’s right to a fair trial. The order does not inhibit the reporting of trial events; it only restrains the media from reporting extraneous information of a highly prejudicial nature during an ongoing trial. Furthermore, it is supported by specific findings of fact that meet the three-part test laid down in Nebraska Press: (1) the extent to which the media accounts threatened the fairness of the ongoing trial is clearly demonstrated by the successive voir dire examinations of the jury conducted by the court which revealed that the prejudicial information was reaching the members of the jury; (2) the conclusion reached that voluntary restraint, sequestration of the jury, further frequent admonitions to the jury and waiver of jury trial were not reasonable alternatives is well supported by the facts of this case and does not evidence an abuse of the court’s discretion; and (3) the restraint would reasonably achieve the desired protection, preservation of the integrity of the jury.
The foregoing tests were clearly met by the particular facts of this case. Use of the term “Mafia” in almost any context is a guaranteed attention-getter. The word universally connotes a little-understood but fearsome and sinister underworld association. Use of the term by the media, unrelated as it was in any manner to the facts of the ongoing criminal trial, could only serve to invite even the most sophisticated jurors to conjecture about a defendant who has “Mafia connections.”
In addition, for purposes of our own constitutional direction that “[n]o law shall be passed to abridge or restrain the *462freedom of speech or of the press,” Utah Const, art. I, § 15, we add a fourth test pertaining to during-trial publicity: the degree of public interest in immediate access to the information that the proposed order would deny them for the duration of the trial. In this case, we perceive no significant public interest in immediate access to the sole subject of the restraining order: that Gatto, on trial for theft by deception, had some direct or indirect connection or association with organized crime. This case does not involve the trial of a public official, evidence of official misconduct or connections with organized crime. In those types of cases legitimate public interest is at its highest peak and the right to know could well outweigh competing interests and justify the expense and risk of sequestering the jury.
It is significant that the issue in this case concerns the propriety of during-trial publicity rather than pretrial publicity, the effect of which can be gauged and counteracted at the time the jury is selected. The jury having already been impaneled, the threat to fair trial rights is readily apparent should the jury become tainted by the ongoing dissemination of information pertaining to defendant’s alleged “Mafia connections.”
We view this case as a classic example of a direct confrontation of free-press/fair-trial rights, and the circumstances that gave rise to this confrontation require that an accommodation be reached in favor of the defendant’s due process right to a fair trial.
In order to avoid implying that this precedent could become commonplace, we emphasize that orders imposing any prior restraints on the media can rarely be justified. Whatever their alleged justification, they will not be sustained by this Court unless they are accompanied by suitable written findings, so that the affected media can, if they desire, subject the order to immediate review.
The denial of the request for extraordinary relief is confirmed, and the petition for rehearing of the Court’s order of October 21, 1983, is denied. No costs awarded.
OAKS, HOWE and DURHAM, JJ., concur.. KUTV, Inc. v. Conder, Utah, 668 P.2d 513 (1983).
. The minute entry, dated October 21, 1983, reads as follows:
The Court is persuaded by the findings of the district court that protection of the defendant's right to a fair trial justified the narrowly drawn order issued after notice and hearing in this case. In order to accomplish its purpose, the order is modified to include "... any information concerning the Defendant’s direct or indirect connection and/or association with the Mafia and/or organized crime_”
The relief requested in the Complaint and Petition for an Extraordinary Writ is denied.
This Court’s stay of further proceedings in the criminal action is vacated.
Stewart, J., dissents. Opinions to follow.
. Supra note 1.
. 427 U.S. 539, 96 S.Ct. 2791, 49 L.Ed.2d 683 (1976).
. Id. at 570, 96 S.Ct. at 2808.
. Id. at 569-70, 96 S.Ct. at 2807-2808.
. Id. at 563, 96 S.Ct. at 2804.
. 668 P.2d at 524.
. Id.