(dissenting):
18 Today we decide a case that was not presented to the trial court, not argued to the trial court, not decided by the trial court, and not briefed or argued to this court.1 The majority affirms the judgment of the trial court based on this court's power to "affirm on any ground." The genesis of the "affirm on any ground" approach in Utah is unclear,2 and current statements of the approach are broad enough to encompass a virtual retrial of the case by the appellate court.3 However, it is well established that parties define the parameters of their case and that, except on legal issues, it is improper for the appellate court to substitute its judgment for that of the trial court. See Willey v. Willey, 951 P.2d 226, 230 (Utah 1997) ("It is inappropriate in most instances for an appellate court to disregard the trial court's findings of fact and conclusions of law and to assume the task of weighing evidence and making its own findings of fact."). In my view, application of the "affirm on any ground" approach by the majority in this case amounts to a determination that the record establishes that Jeroldene Bailey is entitled to relief as a matter of law on whatever theory the appellate court feels comfortable with, and nothing the parties may have done or omitted to do and nothing the trial court may have found would affect the outcome. Otherwise, the appellate court would be depriving the parties of one of the most fundamental tenets of *1134due process-notice and an opportunity to be heard. See Dairy Prod. Servs. v. City of Wellsville, 2000 UT 81,%49, 13 P.3d 581 ('The minimum requirements [of due process] are adequate notice and an opportunity to be heard in a meaningful manner.")4
{19 Here, the trial court decided the case that was presented and the majority's "affirm on any ground" approach is inappropriate. Specifically, the majority's affirmance of the trial court relies on evidence from the record, admitted in support of Bailey's claim, and applies it to a completely different claim. As a result, this court is reshaping the relevance and importance of evidence that was presented against Bayles in the earlier proceeding. Such an approach is improper in the present case because, had Bayles been aware that certain testimony was or would become determinative of the different case decided by the court of appeals, his trial strategy and/or his arguments on appeal may have changed dramatically. Similarly, had the trial court heard the case now decided by the court of appeals and the evidence relied upon by the court of appeals in that context, its findings, conclusions, and rulings may have been totally different.5 Therefore, it would "result in injustice to the appellant" for this court to focus on what amounts to a different case in an effort to affirm the erroneous ruling of the trial court. Huntsman, 192 P. at 374. In the case that was tried and appealed, I would hold that the trial court's conclusion that Bayles was stalking Bailey was in error for the following reasons.
120 On July 7, 1998, Bailey, Bayles's ex-wife, filed a verified petition for a protective order against Bayles, and the court granted an ex parte protective order on the same day. The ex parte order was issued pursuant to the Cohabitant Abuse Act which allows the court to issue an ex parte protective order if it appears from the petition that domestic violence or abuse has occurred. See Utah Code Ann. § 80-6-4.2(1) (1999).
€ 21 In order to determine whether the ex parte order should continue as a permanent order, the court held an evidentiary hearing on the petition. Throughout this hearing, the parties were represented by counsel, and Bailey urged the court to focus on the fear of bodily injury prong of each of the conjunctive elements of the stalking statute. See Utah Code Ann. §§ 76-5-106.5 (1999) (defining the crime of stalking),6 & 77-36-1(2)(G) (1999) (stating that stalking is an act of domestic violence). The court was also provided with the citation to and the language from Salt Lake City v. Lopez, 985 P.2d 1259, 1264 (Utah Ct.App.1997) (interpreting the emotional distress prong of section 76-5-106.5), and the court acknowledged the provisions of that case.
122 Presumably rejecting Bailey's urging of the fear of bodily injury prong within the elements of section 7-5-106.5, the court issued a memorandum decision that con*1135tained findings of fact and conclusions of law focusing on the emotional distress prong of the first two of the required elements of the stalking statute, rather than the fear of bodily injury prong of these elements. The memorandum decision contained no findings or conclusions addressing the third required element-whether Bayles's conduct actually caused Bailey to suffer emotional distress or fear of bodily injury-but the court nonetheless ultimately concluded that Bayles had engaged in domestic violence because he had been stalking his ex-wife. Specifically, the court concluded: (1) "[RJlespondent has been stalking petitioner by intentionally or knowingly engaging in a course of conduct directed at petitioner that would cause a reasonable person to suffer emotional distress herself or to a member of her family.7 (2) "The respondent knew or should have known that the above conduct would cause emotional distress to the petitioner...."8
123 Neither party objected to the court's findings and conclusions. Neither party submitted proposed findings and conclusions. Neither party moved the court to amend its findings or make additional findings pursuant to Rule 52(b) of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure. Neither party requested a new trial or amendment of judgment pursuant to Rule 59 of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure, and plaintiff neither cross appealed nor argued affirmance on alternate grounds.
124 Bayles claims that the trial court erred in its application of the stalking statute to the facts found in this case. Legal determinations regarding the trial court's application of the law to the set of facts are reviewed with more deference than the trial court's interpretation of the law. See State v. Farrow, 919 P.2d 50, 58 (Utah Ct.App. 1996); accord State v. Pena, 869 P.2d 982, 939-40 (Utah 1994). Bayles also claims that the trial court erred by not making findings on all the elements of the stalking statute. "In all actions tried upon the facts without a jury ... the court shall find the facts specially and state separately its conclusions of law thereon. . .." Utah R.Civ.P. 52(a).
"Failure of the trial court to make findings on all material issues is reversible error unless the facts in the record are 'clear, uncontroverted, and capable of supporting only a finding in favor of the judgment. The findings of fact must show that the court's judgment or decree "follows logically from, and is supported by, the evidence." The findings 'should be sufficiently detailed and include enough subsidiary facts to disclose the steps by which the ultimate conclusion on each factual issue was reached."
Butler, Crockett & Walsh Dev. Corp. v. Pine-crest Pipeline Operating Co., 909 P.2d 225, 231 (Utah 1995) (citations omitted).
*1136$25 Although the three conjunctive elements of the erime of stalking may be based upon a showing of emotional distress or reasonable fear of bodily injury, the court based its conclusions on the emotional distress prong. This court has stated that "[the emotional distress [prong] is not satisfied by causing mere anxiety or annoyance." Salt Lake City v. Lopez, 985 P.2d 1259, 1264 (Utah Ct.App.1997) (interpreting the element of emotional distress contained in the stalking statute). Furthermore, Lopez requires that "[elmotional distress results from conduct that is 'outrageous and intolerable in that it offends the generally accepted standards of decency and morality'" Id. (citations omitted).
126 Thus, regarding the trial court's ruling on the first element of the stalking statute in light of our ruling in Lopes, the trial court erred in concluding that Bayles engaged in a course of conduct that would cause a reasonable person to suffer emotional distress.9 Here, the court's findings in support of its conclusion that Bayles "intentionally or knowingly engage[d] in a course of conduct directed at [Bailey] that would cause a reasonable person to suffer emotional distress[,]" do not evidence outrageous and intolerable conduct that offends generally accepted standards of decency and morality. Bayles's actions of following Bailey and driving by her house would have been annoying and may have induced anxiety; however, five such instances spread out over a four month period do not support the conclusion that Bayles engaged in a course of conduct that would cause a reasonable person to suffer anything more than mere anxiety or annoyance. Because of our ruling in Lopez, which was well argued before the trial court in this case, I would hold that the court erred in its application of the emotional distress prong of the stalking statute to the findings in this case.
127 In reviewing the trial court's application of the second element of the stalking statute to the facts in this case, the findings support the trial court's conclusion that Bayles knew or should have known that his conduct would cause emotional distress to Bailey. However, the court did not specifically find, in support of this element, that plaintiff suffered from more than anxiety and annoyance, perhaps because plaintiff put on no objective evidence thereof. CJ Hansen v. Mountain Fuel Supply Co., 858 P.2d 970, 973-75 (Utah 1993) (holding that emotional distress requires a showing of either physical symptoms or mental illness); White v. Blackburn, 787 P.2d 1315, 1317-18 (Utah Ct.App. 1990) (finding that emotional distress requires extreme outrageous behavior).
1128 As for the third element of the stalking statute, the court did not make any findings or conclusions regarding whether Bayles's conduct actually caused emotional distress in Bailey or a member of her family. Consequently, the court committed reversible error when it failed to make findings or conclusions regarding this material issue.10 See Butler, 909 P.2d at 231. Furthermore, after a careful review of the record, it is not clear that the facts support only a determination that Bayles's conduct had actually caused Bailey to suffer emotional distress. See id.
129 Notwithstanding the apparent insufficiency of the findings in light of Lopez, a case with which the parties and the trial court were familiar, no one objected to the findings and conclusions, no one provided the trial court with proposed findings and conclusions, no one moved the court to amend its findings or make additional findings pursuant to Rule 52(b) of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure, no one requested a new trial or amendment of judgment pursuant to Rule 59 of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure and plaintiff neither cross appealed nor argued affirmance on alternate grounds. Under the facts and cireumstances of this case, I believe to "affirm on any ground" implicates due process and is inappropriate. Consequently, *1137I would reverse the trial court's order granting Bailey a protective order against Bayles.
. Bailey requested a protective order based on her claim that Bayles was stalking her; therefore, the evidence presented at the hearing, the findings of the trial court, the conclusions of the trial court and the briefs on appeal all focused on Utah Code Ann. § 76-5-106.5 (1999) (the statute defining the crime of stalking).
. See Huntsman v. Huntsman, 56 Utah 609, 192 P. 368, 374 (1920) ("While this court is not bound by the reasons given by the trial court for its conclusions, but may affirm or modify a judgment upon any legal ground appearing in the record, still it is not bound to do so, and ought not to in an equitable proceeding if it might result in injustice to the appellant."); see also Limb v. Federated Milk Producers Ass'n, 23 Utah 2d 222, 461 P.2d 290, 293 n. 2 (1969) ('The law is well settled that a trial court should be affirmed if on the record made it can be.").
. See Goodsel v. Dep't. of Bus. Reg., 523 P.2d 1230, 1232 (Utah 1974).
. I agree with the majority that the Legislature enacted the Cohabitant Abuse Act in an attempt to deal with the serious problem of domestic violence, and I acknowledge the majority's desire to remedy the same. However, the important purposes of the Cohabitant Abuse Act do not trump due process of law. See U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1; Utah Const. art. I, § 7.
. I am also troubled by the majority's reliance on instances of abuse that allegedly occurred anywhere from four to twenty-five years before the petition for a protective order was filed. While the trial court relied on that evidence in support of its conclusion relative to Bayles knowledge or constructive knowledge, the majority, without any opportunity for the parties or the trial court to address the issue, uses the evidence as direct evidence of a substantively different type of domestic violence.
. A person is guilty of stalking who:
(a) intentionally or knowingly engages in a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person:
(i) to fear bodily injury to himself or a member of his immediate family; or
(ii) to suffer emotional distress to himself or a member of his immediate family;
(b) has knowledge or should have knowledge that the specific person:
(i) will be placed in reasonable fear of bodily injury to himself or a member of his immediate family; or
(ii) will suffer emotional distress or a member of his immediate family will suffer emotional distress; and
(c) whose conduct:
(i) induces fear in the specific person of bodily injury to himself or a member of his immediate family; or
(ii) causes emotional distress in the specific person or a member of his immediate family.
Utah Code Ann. § 76-5-106.5 (1999).
. The court based this conclusion on the following findings: >
1. The respondent maintained a visual or physical proximity to [petitioner] on two or more occasions as follows.
A. On June 17, 1998, the respondent drove
slowly by the petitioner as she was getting out of her car to go into the house to have lunch.
B. On May 18, 1998, the petitioner and her husband went to the Old Timers café for lunch. The respondent circled around the restaurant twice and, as the petitioner and her husband left the café, the respondent went to Parley Redds, made a U-turn and followed petitioner and her husband to their employment at the School District office.
C. On March 31, 1998, the respondent followed the petitioner slowly in his truck as she walked home for lunch.
D. On March 13, 1998, the respondent drove by petitioner's' [sic] 6 times. When she and her husband were leaving in the car to go for a ride, the respondent drove by, waiving and honking.
E. On June 10, 1998, Jeff Bailey, husband of the petitioner, was driving from Monticello when the respondent pulled up close behind Mr. Bailey, then pulled alongside him, causing Mr. Bailey to slow down. Respondent drove alongside Mr. Bailey's vehicle at a speed of about 10 mph and then pulled in front of Mr. Bailey and came to a complete stop in the road. Mr. Bailey then pulled out and went around the respondent.
. In support of this conclusion, the court found that there was
[a] stormy marriage of 27 years during which the respondent called the petitioner foul and obscene names on many occasions, physically abused her by slapping her, and threatened her with bodily harm by holding a pistol to her neck in 1975, and by telling her in the opining {sic} day of deer season in the 1990' [sic] that he could kill her any time he wanted.
. This "reasonable person" standard "prevents the finder of fact from establishing its own standard and establishes the requisite objective standard [to provide fair notice of the prohibited conduct]." State v. Ruesch, 214 Wis.2d 548, 571 N.W.2d 898, 905 (1997). Bailey introduced virtually no objective evidence of emotional distress.
. Emotional distress is a material issue because it is one of the elements of the crime of stalking.