In Re the Estate of Corrigan

December 23 2014

DA 14-0132
Case Number: DA 14-0132

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2014 MT 337

IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF:

WILLIAM J. CORRIGAN,

Deceased.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Third Judicial District,
In and For the County of Deer Lodge, Cause No. DP 12-20
Honorable Ray J. Dayton, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Robert G. McCarthy, McCarthy Law, P.C.; Butte, Montana

For Appellee:

Bradley J. Luck, Garlington, Lohn & Robinson, PLLP; Missoula, Montana

Vuko J. Voyich, Anderson & Voyich, PLLC; Livingston, Montana

Craig Puccinelli (self-represented); Missoula, Montana

Brian Corrigan (self-represented); Denver, Colorado

Submitted on Briefs: November 26, 2014
Decided: December 23, 2014

Filed:

Clerk
Justice Michael E Wheat delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Mary Helen Corrigan appeals from the order of the Third Judicial District Court, Deer

Lodge County, denying her motion for summary judgment and granting Rebecca Voyich’s

motion for summary judgment. We affirm.

PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND

¶2 The material facts in this case are undisputed.

¶3 Mary Helen Corrigan is the wife of the decedent, William Corrigan, and personal

representative of his estate. Mary Helen and William have three adult children: Rebecca

Voyich, Brian Corrigan, and Craig Puccinelli.

¶4 On February 12, 2003, William opened a traditional IRA account with State Farm.

William designated Mary Helen as the primary beneficiary of the IRA, with Rebecca, Brian,

and Craig (the Adult Children) as secondary beneficiaries. On May 28, 2008, William filed

a Petition for Dissolution of Marriage in the Montana Third Judicial District Court, Deer

Lodge, Montana, naming Mary Helen as respondent. The court issued a Summons and

Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) as required by § 40-4-121(3), MCA. The TRO stated

that William and Mary Helen were prohibited from:

cashing, borrowing against, cancelling, transferring, disposing of, or changing
the beneficiaries of any insurance or other coverage, including life, health,
automobile, and disability coverage held for the benefit of a party or child of a
party for whom support may be ordered.

The TRO provided that it would remain in effect until amended or vacated by the court, and

2
that either party could move the court to amend or vacate the TRO. However, despite the

court’s issuance of the Summons and TRO, William never served either on Mary Helen and

she never made an appearance in the matter. The marriage was never dissolved and the

action was never dismissed by the District Court.

¶5 Almost four years later, on March 9, 2012, William amended the terms of the IRA,

removing Mary Helen as beneficiary and naming the Adult Children primary beneficiaries.

William died on April 11, 2012.

¶6 State Farm contacted the Adult Children about presenting claims as primary

beneficiaries of the IRA. After learning that she was no longer the primary beneficiary,

Mary Helen alerted State Farm that she would make an elective share claim on the IRA

under § 72-2-221, MCA. Litigation ensued and Mary Helen and the Adult Children filed

cross-motions for summary judgment.1 The question at issue was whether Mary Helen could

make an elective share claim on the IRA. Resolution of that issue hinged on whether Mary

Helen was the primary beneficiary of the account. Mary Helen argued that the TRO

prohibited William from altering the beneficiary status of the IRA, and asked the District

Court to void the beneficiary change and to reinstate her as primary beneficiary. The Adult

Children countered that because the TRO was never served on Mary Helen it was invalid and

did not prevent William from effecting a change of beneficiary. The District Court granted

summary judgment to the Adult Children and Mary Helen appealed.

1
Brian and Craig joined Rebecca’s motion for summary judgment and supporting briefs before the
District Court. Both have joined Rebecca’s brief before this Court.
3
¶7 The parties present a single issue for review:

Did the District Court err by refusing to enforce the temporary restraining order and
void the decedent’s change of beneficiary?

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶8 We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Jensen v. State,

2014 MT 118, ¶ 7, 375 Mont. 74, 324 P.3d 1202. We review a district court’s conclusions of

law for correctness. Varano v. Hicks, 2012 MT 195, ¶ 7, 366 Mont. 171, 285 P.3d 592.

DISCUSSION

¶9 Did the District Court err by refusing to enforce the temporary restraining order and

void the decedent’s change of beneficiary?

¶10 Dissolution of marriage in Montana is governed by Title 40, Chapter 4, MCA,

Montana’s enacted version of the Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act of 1974 (UMDA).

Except as otherwise provided, the Montana Rules of Civil Procedure apply to all proceedings

under Title 40, Chapter 4, MCA. Section 40-4-103(1), MCA. Montana Rule of Civil

Procedure 4(t)(1) requires a plaintiff to serve a defendant within three years of filing a

complaint. If the plaintiff does not timely serve the defendant, the district court must dismiss

the action without prejudice. M. R. Civ. P. 4(t)(1).

¶11 When a party files a petition for dissolution of marriage in Montana the Clerk of

District Court must issue a summons with a TRO attached. The TRO:

restrain[s] both parties from cashing, borrowing against, canceling,
transferring, disposing of, or changing the beneficiaries of any insurance or
other coverage, including life, health, automobile, and disability coverage held
for the benefit of a party or a child of a party for whom support may be
4
ordered.

Section 40-4-121(3)(b), MCA. “[A]ny insurance or other coverage” includes individual

retirement accounts. Briese v. Mont. Pub. Emp. Ret. Bd., 2012 MT 192, ¶¶ 25-28, 366 Mont.

148, 285 P.3d 550. The TRO terminates upon order of the court or when the petition for

dissolution of marriage is voluntarily dismissed. Section 40-4-121(9)(b), MCA. The

purpose of the TRO is to “maintain the status quo with respect to all property of the parties.”

Briese, ¶ 25. “This action mitigates the potential harm to spouses and children caused by

the dissolution process itself and ensures that reasonable provision is made for the spouse

and children during the litigation.” Briese, ¶ 25.

¶12 In the District Court, Mary Helen challenged the legitimacy of William’s change of

beneficiary. She argued that the TRO became effective when William filed for dissolution

of marriage and, because it was never dismissed by the court, it prohibited William from

changing the beneficiary designation on his IRA. Mary Helen further argued that our

holding in Briese required the District Court to void William’s change of beneficiary and

reinstate her as primary beneficiary of the IRA. The Adult Children countered that the

District Court correctly refused to void the change of beneficiary because 1) when William

changed beneficiaries the deadline for service of the TRO had passed and it would be

inequitable to void the change, and 2) because Mary Helen was never served with the

Summons or TRO there was no active dissolution upon which the TRO could attach.

¶13 Ruling on cross-motions for summary judgment the District Court acknowledged that

William had failed to serve Mary Helen with the TRO within the three-year service deadline
5
under Rule 4(t)(1), M. R. Civ. P. However, the court found that despite a statutory

requirement that the case be dismissed after the service deadline passed, no dismissal was

issued. The court therefore reasoned that the TRO remained in effect and that William

violated the TRO when he changed beneficiaries on the IRA.

¶14 The court then addressed our decision in Briese. Based on our holding the court

correctly noted that, in certain circumstances, it had the authority to void a change of

beneficiary made in violation of a divorce TRO if equity demanded it.2 In this case, based on

the lack of service and the expiration of the deadline for service, the court concluded that

equity would not support voiding the change of beneficiary. Accordingly, the court granted

summary judgment to the Adult Children.

¶15 We agree with the District Court’s refusal to void the change of beneficiary,

however, we disagree with its reasoning for doing so. We may affirm a district court

decision that is correct regardless of the district court's reasoning in reaching its decision.

PacifiCorp v. State, 2011 MT 93, ¶ 54, 360 Mont. 259, 253 P.3d 847.

¶16 William filed for dissolution of marriage on May 28, 2008. Under Rule 4(t)(1),

M. R. Civ. P., he had until May 28, 2011 to serve Mary Helen. The rule states that if service

is not accomplished within the three years, “the court, upon motion or on its own initiative,

must dismiss [the] action without prejudice.” Rule 4(t)(1), M. R. Civ. P. (emphasis added).

By the time William made his change of beneficiary on March 9, 2012, the deadline for

service had expired. The District Court was required to dismiss the case and the TRO for

6
failure to perfect service after May 28, 2011. The District Court, however, failed to dismiss

either. Nonetheless, we conclude that William’s failure to serve Mary Helen within the three

year deadline rendered the TRO ineffective once that deadline had passed.3

¶17 Mary Helen argues that the District Court erred in refusing to void the beneficiary

change based on our holding in Briese. Her reliance on Briese is misplaced.

¶18 In Briese we considered the appropriate remedy for a violation of a financial TRO

during a divorce proceeding. A deputy sheriff and his wife were in the midst of a dissolution

of marriage, and both were prohibited from altering the disposition of their property by a

TRO. Briese, ¶ 6. While the divorce proceeding was ongoing, the deputy changed the

beneficiary designation on his Sheriff’s Retirement System (SRS) account from his wife to

his minor children. Briese, ¶ 6. A few months later he was killed in the line of duty. Briese,

¶ 6. The wife brought a claim, arguing that the change of beneficiary was invalid. Briese, ¶

2
See infra, ¶¶ 18-19 (discussing Briese).
3
We note that, under the laws of two other UMDA states, the fact that William never served Mary
Helen would render this issue moot because the TRO would not have become effective until the
respondent (Mary Helen) was served. Both Colorado and Minnesota have codified the principle that
a financial TRO in a dissolution action does not apply until it has been served on the respondent.
See Colo. Rev. Stat. § 14-10-107(4)(b)(I) (2014) (“Upon filing of a petition for dissolution of
marriage or legal separation by the petitioner . . . and upon personal service of the petition and
summons on the respondent . . . a temporary injunction shall be in effect against both parties until
the final decree is entered . . . .”); Minn. Stat. § 518.091(b) (2014) (“Upon service of the summons,
the restraining provisions contained in the notice apply by operation of law upon both parties. . . .”).
On the other hand, Arizona (also a UMDA state) has taken the approach that the TRO is effective
upon the petitioner when the action is filed and upon the respondent when she is served with the
TRO. See Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 25-315(3) (2014) (“The preliminary injunction is effective against
the petitioner when the petition is filed and against the respondent on service of a copy of the order
or on actual notice of the order . . . .”).

7
¶19 After determining that the TRO applied to the SRS account, we considered, as a

matter of first impression, the appropriate remedy for violation of a TRO by a decedent.

Briese, ¶ 38. We held that “a court has equitable power to order a return to the status quo

when a party violating a temporary restraining order has died.” Briese, ¶ 41. We then

ordered the district court to void the change of beneficiary. Briese, ¶ 42.

¶20 Mary Helen interprets our holding in Briese as requiring the District Court to void

William’s change of beneficiary. However, in Briese we declined to adopt a rule that would

automatically void any change of beneficiary made by a decedent in violation of a divorce

TRO. Briese, ¶ 41. Rather, we gave the district court the discretionary authority to void

such a change if equitable principles demanded it. Briese, ¶ 41. Nothing in our holding

required the District Court to void the change in beneficiary in this case.

¶21 More importantly, Briese is distinguishable from the instant case because Briese

involved an active and ongoing divorce proceeding where the respondent had been served

with the TRO. Here, William failed to serve Mary Helen within the three years allotted by

Mont. R. Civ. P. Rule 4(t)(1), rendering the TRO ineffective. Our holding in Briese does not

apply to the facts of this case.

CONCLUSION

¶22 Because William did not serve Mary Helen with the Summons and TRO in the three

years allotted for service, his dissolution petition was never placed at issue and the TRO was

rendered ineffective. Therefore, nothing prohibited William from amending his IRA on

March 9, 2012. For these reasons, we hold that the District Court did not err in finding that
8
the Adult Children are the primary beneficiaries of the account and granting summary

judgment in their favor.

¶23 Affirmed.

/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT

We Concur:

/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ JIM RICE

Justice Laurie McKinnon specially concurs.

¶24 It is my opinion that the District Court correctly found that the Temporary Restraining

Order was a valid court order—having never been vacated by a subsequent court order—and

that the District Court correctly applied the equitable principles enunciated in Briese v.

Montana Public Employees’ Retirement Board, 2012 MT 192, 366 Mont. 148, 285 P.3d 550.

I believe the Court errs in concluding, under the authority of M. R. Civ. P. 4(t)(1), that the

TRO was “ineffective” after May 28, 2011.1 Opinion, ¶ 16. In reaching this conclusion, the

Court necessarily imposes an automatic dismissal, without a court order, on any action

beyond the three-year timeframe. We thus ignore that the TRO was a valid court order

1
The Court’s analysis strays, I believe, when we attempt to define a court order as either
“effective” or “ineffective.” A court order may have an effective date, but the use of the term
“ineffective” is imprecise and not accurate. A court order is enforceable until vacated or modified
by a subsequent court order, statute, or law. It does not become “ineffective” by some process of
evolution, osmosis, or the like. To the extent I have used the term “ineffective” in this special
concurrence, it is a reference to the Court’s terminology.
9
which had not been vacated or modified by a subsequent court order and similarly ignore

precedent which specifically states that the language in Rule 4(t) does not “constitute

mandatory language.” Pesarik v. Perjessy, 2008 MT 337, ¶ 17, 346 Mont. 236, 194 P.3d 665

(construing former Rule 4E).

¶25 The Court appears not to comprehend the slippery slope it has created. In concluding

that the TRO was “ineffective,” Opinion, ¶ 16, we are authorizing a litigant to disregard a

valid court order anytime, in the litigant’s judgment, the three-year deadline has passed.

Such an interpretation is inconsistent with not only Rule 4(t), requiring the court to dismiss

an action (which can only be by court order), but also with M. R. Civ. P. 6(b), allowing for

extensions of time even after time has expired, and M. R. Civ. P. 41, setting forth when and

how an action is to be dismissed. As an example of the uncertainty created by our decision

we need only look to the domestic violence statutes. Pursuant to § 45-5-626, MCA, when a

defendant has actual knowledge of the order of protection and is thus bound by the order

even though not served, the Court’s interpretation of M. R. Civ. P. 4(t) would allow the

defendant—who is perhaps evading service—to expect an automatic dismissal after three

years. This dismissal would come without consideration by a district judge of whether the

defendant had knowledge of the order and its content and without consideration of the

underlying circumstances which apparently warranted the need for protection of the victim in

the first instance.

¶26 To begin, the significance of the order issued in this case must be recognized. Section

40-4-121(3), MCA, states: “When the clerk of the district court issues a summons pursuant
10
to this chapter [governing termination of marriage, child custody, and support], the clerk

shall issue and include with the summons a temporary restraining order” which restrains the

parties “from transferring, encumbering, hypothecating, concealing, or in any way disposing

of any property . . . without either the consent of the other party or an order of the court . . .

.” (Emphases added.) The statute requires that the clerk include the temporary restraining

order with the summons that the clerk issues. Section 40-4-121(3), MCA. The validity of

the order is not diminished by the manner in which the Legislature has declared that the

order be issued. It remains enforceable as an order of the court despite being generated by

the clerk. Briese, ¶ 31 (“A temporary restraining order issued under the broad restriction of

[§ 40-4-121(3), MCA] prohibits a party’s attempt to change one of those designated

beneficiaries during the proceeding.”).

¶27 Significantly, § 40-4-121(9), MCA, states that a temporary restraining order issued

pursuant to § 40-4-121(3), MCA, must conspicuously bear the language: “Violation of this

order is a criminal offense under 45-5-220 or 45-5-626.” Notably, the forms that this Court

provides for self-represented litigants in divorce cases bear such notice.2 The applicable

statutory provision for violation of a temporary restraining order states:

A person commits the offense of violation of an order of protection if
the person, with knowledge of the order, purposely or knowingly violates a
provision of any order provided for in 40-4-121 or an order of protection under
Title 40, chapter 15. It may be inferred that the defendant had knowledge of
an order at the time of an offense if the defendant had been served with the

2
These are presently accessible at http://courts.mt.gov/library/topic/end_marriage.mcpx.
11
order before the time of the offense. Service of the order is not required upon
a showing that the defendant had knowledge of the order and its content.

Section 45-5-626(1), MCA (emphases added). The Court’s reasoning is inconsistent.

Although the Court observes that “[t]he TRO terminates upon order of the court or when the

petition for dissolution of marriage is voluntarily dismissed,” Opinion, ¶ 11 (citing § 40-4-

121(9)(b), MCA), we ignore the plain language of these statutory sections requiring that the

order remain in effect until a further order of the court or dismissal. See also M. R. Civ. P.

41. To hold as we do that the TRO was not effective on William, who undisputedly had

actual knowledge of its terms, is contrary to these statutory provisions and the general

principle that orders of the court may not be ignored.

¶28 This Court’s jurisprudence regarding Rule 4(t) has contained numerous contradictions

and “about-faces.” Cynthia Ford, Does It Have to Be This Hard? Rule 41(e) in Montana, 60

Mont. L. Rev. 285, 286 (1999) (discussing former Rules 4 and 41(e)). We partially came to

terms with these contradictions in Pesarik and specifically refused to apply a mandatory

interpretation to the language of the rule. Pesarik, ¶ 17. We reversed the district court for

automatically dismissing an action and instead concluded that other rules, specifically Rule

6(b)(2), allowed for a district court to enlarge the time period for service of process. Pesarik,

¶ 19. An automatic dismissal or deemed ineffective interpretation placed on Rule 4(t) by the

Court undermines Pesarik, if not directly contravenes its holdings, and needlessly confuses

an area of law already difficult for practitioners and litigants. See Ford, supra, at 286.

12
¶29 Our decision to give no effect to a court order which has not been served within the

three-year timeframe and to deem it automatically ineffective or dismissed is similarly at

odds with rules regarding the dismissal of actions. Rule 41(a) provides that the only manner

in which an action may be dismissed without a court order is when there has not been an

answer or motion for summary judgment filed by the opposing party. Consistent with Rule

4(t), Rule 41(2) requires that all other dismissals must be by court order.

¶30 Rule 4(t)(1) provides:

A plaintiff must accomplish service within three years after filing a
complaint. Absent an appearance by defendant(s), the court, upon motion or
on its own initiative, must dismiss an action without prejudice if the plaintiff
fails to do so.

A significant part of the rule’s provisions, omitted from the Court’s analysis, is the absence

of any appearance by defendant(s). An automatic dismissal would preclude any

consideration by a trial court of whether, in fact, a defendant has made an appearance. This

area of law is not always clear and is often a matter in dispute. Our interpretation of Rule

4(t) today would allow for an automatic dismissal when the issue of whether a defendant has

made an appearance should be resolved on the merits.

¶31 The Court faults the District Court for failing to issue an order dismissing the separate

dissolution action at the summary judgment hearing on November 14, 2013. Opinion, ¶ 16.

The Court concludes in the instant probate proceeding that the separate dissolution action

should have been dismissed for failure to perfect service by May 28, 2011. Opinion, ¶ 16.

The Court presumably would require the District Court to issue an order on November 14,

13
2013, dismissing an action as of May 28, 2011—two years earlier—and further, assumes that

the order would be binding on the parties. Apparently, the Court makes such a finding even

though, undisputedly, no party would be served with the order or have actual notice of its

terms on May 28, 2011. Indeed, one party is not even capable of receiving service, because

he is deceased.

¶32 Finally, I am not opposed to the consideration of Rule 4(t) in applying the equitable

principles adopted in Briese. It is my view that the District Court properly observed both

Rule 4(t) and Briese here. See Briese, ¶ 40 (the violation of a restraining order does not

automatically void a beneficiary change; courts have authority to grant some form of relief

through use of their powers of equity). The District Court determined that this case did not

involve a party violating a restraining order during the pendency of an active dissolution

proceeding and that the three-year period for accomplishing service had expired, thus

subjecting the proceeding to dismissal without prejudice. M. R. Civ. P. 4(t)(1).

¶33 I would thus find that the TRO was a valid court order which had not been vacated or

modified by a subsequent court order. I would apply the equitable principles enunciated in

Briese, as did the District Court, to conclude that William’s beneficiary designation should

not be voided. I would not interpret Rule 4(t) to require an automatic dismissal without a

court order since to do so is in direct contravention to other rules of procedure and our

precedent. I specially concur.

14
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON