after stating the facts: On cross examination of the plaintiff, the defendant’s counsel proposed to ask the witness if bis attorney, on the trial of the former case in Randolph County, and who is not now appearing for the plaintiff, bad not said in open court that if the evidence was as stated by defendant’s witnesses, the plaintiff bad no case, and further, whether such counsel at said former trial bad not suggested that each side select a man to go to the factory and examine machines, and if found to be as claimed be would take a nonJsuit, and, on return of the men selected, bis then attorney bad not taken the non-suit. The evidence in the proposed testimony was beld incompetent by the trial judge and the defendant excepted. • These declarations were not made at a place nor under circumstances where the plaintiff could be expected or permitted to protest or reply, and derive no force therefore from the fact that the plaintiff may have been present when the statement was made. If beld competent, it must be on the ground that the plaintiff is bound in this instance by the admissions of his attorney.
Admissions of fact by an attorney only bind a client when *324they are distinct and formal and made for ti^e express purpose of dispensing with proof of a fact on the trial, and less formal admissions of counsel at a former trial are not evidence against a client at a subsequent trial. Admissions which occur in mere conversation, though they relate to matters at issue in the case, cannot be received in evidence against a client. Weeks on Attorneys, Sec. 223, citing Wilkins v. Stidger, 22 Cal., 230; Treadway v. County, 40 Iowa, 526; 1 Greenleaf Ev. Sec. 18-6. The admissions sought to be introduced in this case however can hardly be considered admissions of fact at all, but amount only to the attorney’s opinion adverse to his client on facts as reported to him, and are clearly incompetent. Voorhees v. Porter, 134 N. C., 591, 598.
Recurring then to the charge of the court, and it is to this that the remaining exceptions of the defendant are addressed: His Honor properly stated to the jury the obligation of the employer to furnish appliances, etc., reasonably safe and suitable, but in charging the jury in reference to the plaintiffs disobedience of his employer’s orders, we think there was error to the defendant’s prejudice, which entitles it to a new trial.
These orders were said to be that the plaintiff must never clean out the mote box without first stopping the machine, and His Honor left it to the jury to determine whether there was disobedience of such orders, and also whether the same was the proximate cause of the injury.
It is the law in this State that where on the facts admitted or established, the question of the existence or absence of actionable negligence is clear, so that there can be no two opinions among fair minded men in regard to it, then the court must say whether it does or does not exist, and this rule extends and applies not only to the question of negligent breach of duty, but also to the feature of proximate cause. Where, a negligent breach of duty is established, the question *325of proximate cause is almost in all instances for the jury, but it is not always or necessarily so. In this case there can be no two opinions as to the result if plaintiff had obeyed the orders said to have been given him. Every man would say without question, if the plaintiff had obeyed the order and stopped the machine he could have cleaned out the box in perfect safety. There was .conflict of testimony in regard to ■whether such orders had been given, and whether the plaintiff at the time of the injury was acting in violation of them, and this the jury must decide. , But if this is established, then the court should declare and so charge the jury that'this was the proximate cause of the injury, and in failing to do this there was error as stated. This entire matter as to disobedience of orders and its effect should more properly be submitted under the issue of contributory negligence where the-burden of proof can be placed on the defendant as required by the statute.
But on either issue, if it is established 'that the plaintiff was injured by reason of disobedience'of orders in cleaning out the mote box, while the machine was in motion, this, as a matter of law, would be a negligent breach of duty which was the proximate cause of the injury, and the court should so tell the jury. It would be concurrent negligence of the plaintiff, contributing to the injury at the time of impact, which would bar a recovery.
As there is to be a new trial and the parties plaintiff and defendant have presented radically different views as to the true rule for determining the rights of the parties, on the two issues of assumption of risk and contributory” negligence, and the questions are raised by exceptions properly entered, we deem it right to say further that it is accepted law in North Oaroli-na that an employer of labor to assist in the operation of railways, mills and other plants where the machinery is more or less complicated, and more especially when driven by mechanical power, is required to provide *326for bis employees, in the exercise of proper care, a reasonably safe place to work and to supply them with machinery, implements and appliances reasonably safe and suitable for the work in which they are engaged, and such as are approved and in general use in plants and places of like kind and character; and an employer 'is also required to keep such machinery in such condition as far as this can be done in the exercise of proper care and diligence. Witsell v. Railroad, 120 N. C., 557; Marks v. Cotton Mills, 135 N. C., 287.
True, the employee is said to assume all the ordinary risks . incident to the employment, but it is as well established that dangers attributable to the negligence of the master, when material to be considered, are usually classed under the head of extraordinary risks, and these the employee does not assume.
This last principle applies in full force where the conditions of increased hazard, attributable to the master’s negligence, .are not known to the employee or could not be discovered in the exercise of reasonable care. The employee ordinarily has a right to assume that the employer has done his duty. This assumption is not absolute, however, nor held to obtain in the face of real and established facts and where the defects and dangers attributable to the master’s negligence have become known to the employee, and the risks appreciated under certain circumstances; these conditions may be classed with the ordinary risks which the employee does assume.
So far as railways are concerned, their position in reference to assumption of risk by employees has been made the subject of statutory enactment (Private Laws 1897, Ch. 56), and their rights and liabilities in this respect are dependent largely upon the proper construction of the statute, and are not considered or in any way determined in this appeal. But where there has been no legislation, as in the class of cases we are now considering, it has been declared in this State in *327several well considered decisions that where such employer of labor has been negligent in failing to supply his employees with appliances, tools, etc., reasonably safe and suitable for the. work in which they are engaged and such as are approved and in general use, and such negligence is the proximate cause of the injury to the employee, such injured employee shall not be barred of recovery by the fact that he works on in the presence of a known defect, even though he may be aware to some extent of the increased danger.
To have such effect, that is to bring the knowledge of such observed conditions of increased hazard imputable to the master’s negligence, into the class of ordinary risks which the employee is said to assume, the danger must be obvious and so imminent that no man of ordinary prudence, and acting with such prudence, would incur the risk which the conditions disclose. Labatt on Master and Servant, sec. 279a, 296, 297, 298, 298a; Beach on Oont. Neg., Sec. 361; Sims v. Lindsay, 122 N. C., 678; Lloyd v. Hanes, 126 N. C., 359; Patterson v. Pittsburg, 76 Pa. St., 389; Kane v. Railroad, 128 U. S., 95.
In Lloyd v. Hanes, supra, it is held that the distinction is wide between mere knowledge of danger and voluntary assumption of risk. “Assumption of risk is a matter of defence analagous to contributory negligence to be passed on by the jury, who are to say whether the employee voluntarily assumed the risk. It is not enough to show merely that he worked on knowing the danger, but further, it is only where the machinery is so grossly and clearly defective that the employee must know of the extra risk, that he can be deemed to have voluntarily and knowingly assumed the risk.”
In Sims v. Lindsay, supra, it is held “that an operative, by not declining to work at a machine lacking some of the safeguards which he has seen on other similar machines, does not thereby waive all claim for damages from a defective *328machine, unless it be so plainly defective that the employee must be deemed to know the extra risk.”
And in Patterson v. Pittsburg, supra, it is held: “A. The master is bound to furnish and maintain suitable instrumen-talities for the duties required of his servants, and if he does not he is liable for injuries from his negligence. B. If the instrumentality by which the servant is to perform his duty is so obviously and immediately dangerous that a man of common prudence would refuse to use it, the master is not. liable for resulting damages, the servant being in this case guilty of concurrent negligence. C. When the servant, in obedience to the master incurs the risk of machinery which though dangerous is not so much so as to threaten immediate injury or it is reasonably probable may be used safely by extraordinary caution, the master is liable for the resulting injury.” In several of the recent decisions, the standard in such cases is said to be that these risks are never assumed unless the act itself is obviously so dangerous that the inherent probabilities of danger are greater than those of safety.
This is a correct and satisfactory formula sanctioned by the decisions referred to, and in applying the rule to practical litigation the test is whether or not, under the facts and attendant circumstances including the nature of the defect and danger, the risk is one which a reasonable man should incur by continuing to work under existing conditions, and when the matter is for the jury to determine it may be well to submit the case in terms by that standard.
In this connection may be considered, if they existed, assurances of safety by the master as to the particular defect, promises of change reasonably relied upon, special orders given by a superior, apprehensions of discharge, etc., in determining whether this particular risk may be classed as a risk assumed, which will bar a recovery. While this question, under conditions stated, is thus referred to the principles governing contributory negligence, it must not be con*329sidered that all distinction in these features of actions for negligence are done away with. This is neither intended nor to be desired., There are actions for negligence other than those we are now considering in which assumption of risk is a distinct defence, and in cases like the present there may be other sources of contributory negligence imputable to the plaintiff which would bar his recovery, not embraced in the question of assumption of risk. The employee is not absolved, in cases of this sort at least, of all obligation to have a proper care for his own safety and to work with prudence in the presence of known and observed danger, nor is he free to disobey his employer’s orders where such disobedience becomes the proximate cause of the injury, either sole or concurrent. Therefore it may be and frequently is necessary and desirable that these two defences, where they are open to the defendant on the evidence, should be submitted to the jury under separate issues. This matter must be left largely to the discretion of the presiding judge. It is only where the sole default imputable to the employee arises from the fact that he has continued to work in the presence of a known defect and observed danger that the question is immaterial and may be submitted under the one issue or the other.
In his charge on the third issue, His Honor stated that if the jury answered the first issue “yes” they would have found the defendant guilty of continued negligence, and in that event they would answer the third issue “no.” In this there was error. It is not true as an abstract proposition, nor is it the law of this case, that the defense of contributory negligence is not available to the defendant in an action of this character. As we have just said, an employee in cases of the kind we are now considering is not absolved from all obligation to behave with reasonable prudence and discretion, and if he is negligent and such negligence is declared to be the proximate cause of the injury, he is barred of recovery.
In charging the jury on the third issue that the defense *330of contributory negligence was not permissible in case the jury should find in response to the first issue that the negligent failure of the defendant to furnish proper appliances in general use was the proximate cause of the injury, His Honor below who tried this case was no doubt misled by the opinion in Orr v. Telegraph Co., 132 N. C., 691, in which the principle of Greenlee’s case and Troxler’s case is apparently extended to all cases where there was a negligent failure by the employer to furnish proper tools and appliances. In Orr’s case, there were the issues of negligence, contributory negligence and assmnption of risk. The only negligence imputed to the defendant was in not furnishing proper .appliances with which to do hazardous work, and the only default imputed to the plantiff by way of defense was in going on with' the work with such appliances as he had and with every opportunity to know and observe both the defect and the danger. Under a proper charge, the court, on the issue as to assumption of risk, gave the defendant the benefit of the only phase of this defense which was open to him on the testimony, and having done this, there was no call to make any further ruling on the question of contributory negligence.
If however, it was intended by Orr’s case to decide that in any and every instance where there is a defective appliance negligently furnished by the employer, which becomes the proximate cause of an injury, the defense of contributory negligence is thereby withdrawn, then the court does not think that the case in this respect was well decided. There is nothing here said which must in any way be construed as indicating a doubt as to the wisdom and correctness of the Greenlee and Troxler cases, or a desire to modify or question them. They were both cases where there was a failure on the part of the railroad company to supply automatic couplers for the operation of their trains. The occupation was one of imminent peril which these automatic *331couplers well nigh entirely remove, and at a moderate cost. Tbe failure to supply them was causing extended and ever increasing disaster. Thousands of men throughout all portions of the country were being killed or maimed for life, and conditions were so alarming as to become a matter of national concern and the subject of national legislation. In the presence of such conditions the Supreme Court of North Carolina in advance of the operative effect of the national statute, announced the principle in Troxlers case as follows: “Reason, justice and humanity, principles of common law, irrespective of congressional enactments and Interstate Commerce Commission regulation, require the employer to furnish the employee safe modern appliances with which to work, in place of antiquated, dangerous implements, hazardous to life and limb, and the failure to do so, upon injury ensuing to the employee, is culpably continuing negligence on the part of the employer, which cuts off the defense of contributory negligence and negligence of a fellow servant, such failure being the causa causans. It is negligence per se in any railroad company to cause one of its employees to risk his life and limb in making couplings which can be made automatically without risk.”
These opinions could be well justified and upheld on the ground that a failure to correct an evil of this magnitude when it could be, accomplished so effectually at an insignificant cost, was such a reckless and wanton disregard of the lives and safety of employees as to amount to an'intentional wrong against which contributory negligence is no defense. They have, however, been approved and accepted as decisions eminently just and proper in applying the principles of the law of negligence to new and changing conditions, and can be upheld and supported both by reason and precedent.
A notable incident of like kind will be found in the case of Smith v. Baker, House of Lords Appeal Gases, (1891) at page 325, in which it was declared, contrary to the gener*332ally accepted doctrine at tbe time, that the mere fact that the plaintiff undertook and continued in the employment with full knowledge and understanding of the danger arising from the systematic neglect to give him warning, did not preclude 'the employee from recovering and the evidence would justify the finding that the plaintiff did not voluntarily undertake the risk of the injury and that the action was maintainable. While these decisions are fully approved and will no doubt be further applied in cases of like peril and circumstance, it was never intended to hold that the principles therein declared were to be applied to any and every failure of employers to provide safe and suitable appliances to such an extent as to shut off all consideration of contributory negligence on the part of employees.
In the case we are now considering and in all cases of like kind, the correct way to determine the rights of parties litigant is to submit the case of the defendant’s obligation and responsibility on the issue of negligence and under the law as here declared. If defense is made that the injured employee has assumed the risk by working on in the presence of a known defect and observed danger, but in the honest effort to discharge his duty, this of itself shall not bar his recovery unless the instrumentality or appliance or machine is so obviously and immediately dangerous that no man of common prudence would continue in the work and incur the risk, in which case the risk may be said to have been assumed, and the question is to be determined on the principle of concurrent, contributory negligence, and can be submitted either on the issue as to assumption of risk or contributory negligence as may be most desirable. In case there is other negligence attributable to the plaintiff which may be the sole or concurrent proximate cause of his injury, as when he acts in disobedience of his employer’s orders in cases where obedience would have prevented the injury, this can be submitted *333under a separate issue of contributory negligence, and tinder proper rulings addressed to questions of this character.
The defendant is always entitled to have both phases of defense presented when there is evidence to justify it, except where changed by legislation or in cases like those of Greenlee and Troxler, supra; and whether they shall be presented under one or two issues must be left largely to the legal discretion of the presiding judge.
There were several specific prayers for instruction made by the defendant, in which it was contended that assumption of risk should be considered as conclusively established in all cases where there was knowledge of a defective machine and the danger incident thereto, and some of the authorities cited would seem to support that contention. As we have endeavored to show, the position is not well taken, and we think the correct way to try this case is in accordance with the rules .herein declared. '
Eor the error above pointed out there must be a new trial and it is so ordered.
New Trial.