Prior to the defendant’s trial in the Superior Court, he was convicted in the Federal Court, under the Volstead Act, upon identically the same state of facts, as here disclosed, and sentenced to pay a fine of $400. Seasonably and in proper manner he set up, as a plea in bar, his former conviction in the Federal Court. His position in this respect is untenable. He has committed two offenses, one against the Government of the United States and the other against the State of North Carolina.
Congress is given power to enforce the XVIII Amendment by appropriate legislation. Rhode Island v. Palmer, 253 U. S., 350. Likewise, the several states, in the exercise of their police power, may enact laws in aid of its enforcement. Vigliotti v. Commonwealth of Pa., 66 L. Ed., (volume not yet published) ; S. v. Muse, 181 N. C., 506. But a conviction in the Federal Court for a violation of the act of Congress, known as the Volstead Act, is no bar to a prosecution in the State courts for a violation of the State laws, because the same act or acts on the part of 'the defendant may constitute a violation of the laws of both sovereign-ties at the same time. Cooley v. The State, 110 S. E. (Ga.), 451, and cases there cited; Lanza et al. v. United States, ........ U. S. (volume not yet published), decided 11 December, 1922.
“The Congress and the several states shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation” is the language of the second paragraph of the XVIII Amendment. The words “concurrent power” are not used here in the setse of denoting or designating the source of the states’ power to legislate on the subject of prohibition, but as indicating that the power of Congress shall not be exclusive. Commonwealth v. Nickerson, 236 Mass., 296. The amendment is a grant of power so far as the Congress is concerned, but not so as to the states. They had the power to legislate on the subject prior to the amendment, and they still have concurrent power with the Congress to enact appropriate legislation for its enforcement. This, it is conceded, apparently gives two meanings to the words “concurrent power,” at one and the same time; but, if so, it is the result of applying them at once to two different legislative bodies — one exercising delegated powers and the *764other reserved powers in the sense the powers of both are spoken of in the Constitution of tbe United States. If tbe use of these words were unavoidable in the first instance, then this dual construction follows either naturally or as a practical necessity. National Prohibition Cases, 253 U. S., 350.
In Railroad v. Fuller, 17 Wall., 560; 21 L. Ed., 710 (opinion by Mr. Justice Swayne), it is said:
“In the complex system of polity, which exists in this country, the powers of government may be divided into four classes :
“(1) Those which belong exclusively to the states.
“(2) Those which belong exclusively to the National Government.
“(3) Those which may be exercised concurrently and independently by both.
“(4) And those which may be exercised by the states, but only until Congress shall see fit to act upon the subject. The authority of the states then retires, and lies in abeyance until thé occasion for its exercise shall recur.” See, also, Ex parte McNeill, 13 Wall., 240.
The power to deal with the subject-matter now in hand would seem to fall in the third class, as stated above. Hence, a conviction under the act of Congress would not preclude a prosecution under the state laws.
No error.