Did the court below commit error in refusing to hear evidence and to find facts, as to the legality of the machines involved in the controversy? We think so, under the facts and circumstances of this case.
Chapter 158, Public Laws 1939, expressly prohibits certain types of slot machines and permits other types of slot machines as lawful. Plaintiff claims his machines are of those types made lawful by this act, whereas defendant officers contend that these machines are illegal and, as such, may he seized and destroyed under C. S., 4435. Plaintiff announced that he was prepared to offer evidence as to the legality of the machines here involved, but, the court below, being of the opinion that it was without jurisdiction to restrain defendants in the enforcement of the criminal law, refused to hear evidence and dissolved the temporary restraining order.
*27In Hinkle v. Scott, 211 N. C., 680, the court presumed that the trial court found sufficient facts, since there were no findings of fact in the judgment and no request for such findings. Here, however, we are not able to indulge in this presumption, as it appears affirmatively in the judgment that “the court did not care to hear evidence as to the legality or illegality of said machines involved in the controversy.” Further, in Hinkle v. Scott, supra, it was pointed out that since the operation of the machines was permitted pending the appeal, no “substantial loss” was caused the owners of the machines; in the instant case the machines were ordered removed from operation and placed in storage pending the appeal, thus resulting in the discontinuance of plaintiff’s business in the county pending the appeal.
Generally, the equitable powers of the courts may not be invoked to prevent the enforcement of a criminal law where the basis of the petition in equity constitutes a valid defense to an indictment for the violation of the law in question. This principle appears in our cases as early as Cohen v. Comrs., 77 N. C., 2 (3), where, in refusing to allow an injunction to restrain town commissioners from enforcing an ordinance, Beade, J., speaking for the Court, pointed out that the plaintiff if injured had redress in an action for damages and declared, “. . . We are aware of no principle or precedent for the interposition of a court of equity in such cases.” In Paul v. Washington, 134 N. C., 363, in declaring that the validity of an ordinance cannot be tested by injunction, the principle that the courts cannot enjoin the enforcement of the criminal law or of municipal ordinances was clearly enunciated; the reason assigned for the rule being that “the State cannot be enjoined from the execution of its criminal laws.” This case was followed with approval, the additional reasons and further citations in support of the rule given, in S. v. R. R., 145 N. C., 495, where, at p. 522, it was stated: “The doctrine may be considered as settled in this State against the right of a court exercising equitable jurisdiction to interfere by injunction with other courts in the due course of administering and enforcing the criminal laws of the State.” This principal was reiterated in Express Co. v. High Point, 167 N. C., 103, where at p. 105, Brown, J., for the Court, wrote: “The courts of this State will not undertake by injunction to enjoin the enforcement of the criminal law. The party charged with crime must make this defense and plead to the indictment, and if convicted, he may, by appeal, bring his case to this Court.”
In Turner v. New Bern, 187 N. C., 541 (548), speaking to the subject, it is said: “The same ruling that an injunction will not lie against the enforcement of a city ordinance when there is a remedy by defense on the trial of an indictment for the misdemeanor for violation of the ordinance or by action for damages, has been récognized in all jurisdictions. *2821 L. R. A., 86, and notes; 38 L. R. A., 328, and notes; and 2 L. R. A. (N. S.), 632, and notes, and in other cases in our own reports. Indeed, the whole matter has been very recently discussed and the same proposition asserted, citing the above and other cases, in Thompson v. Lumberton, 182 N. C., 260, where it is held that ‘The enforcement of the criminal law, whether by statute or valid ordinance, made punishable as a misdemeanor under general statute, cannot be interfered with by the equitable remedy of injunction. When its violation is made a misdemeanor its validity may be tested by the one who is tried for violating it as a matter of defense, and we cannot invoke the equity jurisdiction of the court by an injunction on the ground that his remedy is inadequate, because an incorporated city or town cannot be made liable in damages in such matters.’ It has been often and fully settled that an injunction will not lie against the enforcement of an ordinance that we might well have been content to rest the decision in this case entirely upon that proposition, which has always been asserted and never denied by any decision in this State.” This principle has been approved by the Supreme Court of the United States in R. R. Co. v. Raleigh, 219 Fed., 573, affirmed 242 U. S., p. 15.
It has been the law and custom immemorially to hold as evidence to the trial of a criminal case, pistols, alleged illicit liquor, etc.
N. C. Code, 1935 (Michie), sec. 4435, supra, is as follows: “All justices of the peace, sheriffs, constables and officers of police are hereby authorized and directed, on information made to them on oath that any gaming table prohibited to be used by this article, or any illegal punch-board or illegal slot machine is in the possession or use of any person within the limits of their jurisdiction, to destroy the same by every means in their power; and they shall call to their aid all the good citizens of the county, if necessary, to effect its destruction.”
In Daniels v. Homer, 139 N. C., 219 (225), is the following: “The U. S. Supreme Court further says: ‘It is said, however, that the nets are not in themselves a nuisance, but are perfectly lawful acts of manufacture and are ordinarily used for a lawful purpose. This, however, is by no means a conclusive answer. Many articles, such, for instance, as cards, dice and other articles used for gambling purposes, and perfectly harmless in themselves, but may become nuisances by being put to an illegal use, and in such cases fall within the ban of the law and may be summarily destroyed. . . . The power of the Legislature to declare that which is perfectly innocent in itself to be unlawful, is beyond question. (People v. West, 106 N. Y., 293), and in such case the Legislature may annex to the prohibited act all the incidents of a criminal offense, including the destruction of property denounced by it as a publie nuisance.’ ”
*29Tbe law imposes on sheriffs, constables, and police officers, the duty of taking cognizance of the possession and use of illegal slot machines and other gambling devices, and of seizing and destroying them. Diligent performance of this duty on the part of enforcement officers is to be highly commended and, only by a vigorous assertion of all the lawful means available, may we eradicate this persistent evil. In addition to indictment, the summary processes of the law, which in themselves recognize the unusual character and effect of the evil, must be upheld when applicable, and it should be the duty of the court to encourage, rather than- embarrass, the efforts made by administrative officers to suppress such affronts to public decency, morals and good order.
In this case, however, the plaintiff protests that he is engaged in a lawful business and that the coin-slot devices used are not of an illegal type. The trial judge declined to hear evidence or make any findings of fact, and dissolved the injunction against their seizure, or further molestation of plaintiff’s business.
It does not directly appear from the record that defendants were acting under authority of a warrant or by virtue of any specific criminal prosecution against plaintiff, although defendants answered by way of defense that their action in seizing said slot machines was an official action in the prosecution of their duties as law-enforcing officers. Thus, it may be open to doubt whether defendants have brought themselves squarely within the protection of the principle discussed at some length above. On the other hand, plaintiff has alleged that he has paid taxes to the State on said machines as legal slot machines, that the Attorney-General of North Carolina has given as his opinion that said machines are legal, and that he has been advised that the acts of defendants are “oppressive, prohibitive and confiscatory, and without warrant of law” and “that if defendants are not restrained, this plaintiff will be forced out of business and deprived of his statutory and Constitutional right to sell, distribute, lease and put on location in various places of business for amusement, his property will be confiscated without due process of law and he will be deprived of a lawful business, which he is entitled to pursue.” In thus invoking equity he is supported by numerous cases setting forth the exception to the general rule previously discussed, that exception being that equity will interfere, even to prevent criminal prosecutions, when this is necessary to protect effectually property rights and-to prevent irremediable injuries to the rights of persons. Advertising Co. v. Asheville, 189 N. C., 737; Terrace v. Thompson, 263 U. S., 197; Truax v. Raich, 239 U. S., 33; Note, 25 L. R. A. (N. S.), 193. However, it is the duty of plaintiff who invokes the action of equity to bring himself within the exception to the general rule, this Court having the power to examine the evidence to determine whether the facts are suffi*30•cient to bring him within the protection of the exception. Advertising Co. v. Asheville, supra (739). As the court below has failed to find the facts, this Court is unable to determine whether the instant case falls within the general rule or the exception thereto.
For the reasons given, and to the end that the facts may be found, the cause is remanded.
Error and remanded.