dissenting:
I respectfully dissent. Acacia Academy was not Casey ' K.’s ' “then-current educational placement” for purposes of the “stay-put” provision of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), 20 U.S.C. § 1415(j).
As the court notes, the IDEA requires states that accept federal funding for the *514education of disabled children to provide them with a “free appropriate public education,” the specific components of which are established in the child’s Individualized Education Program (IEP), which is Reevaluated at least annually. 20 U.S.C. §§ 1400(d)(1)(A) and 1414(d). A child’s IEP assesses his educational needs, identifies achievement goals, and specifies the special education and related services to be provided in furtherance of those goals. Id. The Act calls for a collaborative process between parents, teachers, and special education administrators in the development of a disabled child’s IEP and the determination of his educational placement. 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d). The Act requires states to establish an impartial administrative hearing process for the resolution of parental complaints, guarantees certain minimum procedural safeguards, and provides for judicial review. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(a)-(i). The so-called “stay-put” provision, at issue here, provides that during the pen-dency of administrative and judicial proceedings conducted pursuant to the Act, “the child shall remain in the then-current educational placement of such child.” 20 U.S.C. § 14150).
The IDEA does not define the term “educational placement.” As a general matter, “ ‘educational placement,” as used in the IDEA, means educational program' — -not the particular institution where that program is implemented.” White v. Ascension Parish Sch. Bd., 343 F.3d 373, 379 (5th Cir.2003). The IDEA’S implementing regulations require that the “placement decision” be made by a “group of persons, including the parents, and other persons knowledgeable about the child, the meaning of the evaluation data, and the placement options.” 34 C.F.R. § 300.552(a)(1). The child’s placement “is based upon the child’s IEP,” 34 C.F.R. § 300.552(b)(2), and the “IEP Team” must consider the unique strengths and needs of the child and the options available for his education. 20 U.S.C. §§ 1414(d)(1)(A), (B); 20 U.S.C. §§ 1414(d)(2), (3).
This circuit has adopted a contextual approach to determining a child’s educational placement for purposes of the stay-put obligation. Bd. of Educ. of Cmty. High Sch. Dist. No. 218 v. Ill. State Bd. of Educ., 103 F.3d 545, 548-49 (7th Cir.1996). We said in Illinois State Board of Education that the meaning of the term “educational placement” in the Act’s stay-put provision “falls somewhere between the physical school attended by a child and the abstract goals of a child’s IEP.” Id. at 548. Determining the scope of stay-put in individual cases is “something of an inexact science,” one that depends upon the context and facts of each case, considered against the purposes of the IDEA. Id. at 548-49.
For example, we noted in Illinois State Board of Education that in expulsion cases a child’s “educational placement” generally means his school, so that “a change of school is interpreted as a change in placement.” Id. at 549. In the expulsion context, interpreting “educational placement” to mean the child’s school of attendance “is in keeping with [the] original purpose of the Education of the Handicapped Act: Congress passed the act to prohibit schools from excluding from the classroom difficult disabled students.” Id. (citing Honig v. Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 309-10, 108 S.Ct. 592, 98 L.Ed.2d 686 (1988)). On the other hand, “[wjhere fiscal concerns cause a student to be transferred, the courts focus not on the school, but on the child’s general educational program. This looser interpretation of placement is appropriate because the concern is not whether the school is attempting to rid itself of a disabled child or that a disabled student has been placed in an inappropriate school.” Id.
*515The court’s analysis in this case sidesteps a determination of Casey’s “then-current educational placement” and overlooks certain core requirements of the IDEA and some important facts underlying Casey’s present attendance at Acacia. Educating disabled children outside of public school is strongly disfavored under the IDEA; the Act contains a “mainstreaming” presumption, requiring that disabled children be educated in the least restrictive environment and in school with nondisabled students “[t]o the maximum extent appropriate.” 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(5)(A); see also Honig, 484 U.S. at 311, 108 S.Ct. 592; Board of Education v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 202-03, 102 S.Ct. 3034, 73 L.Ed.2d 690 (1982). The Act provides that “removal of children with disabilities from the regular educational environment occurs only when the nature or severity of the disability of a child is such that education in regular classes with the use of supplementary aids and services cannot be achieved satisfactorily.” Id. (Emphasis added). The IEP Team’s placement decision must be made in conformity with this statutory “least restrictive environment” requirement and must ensure that “the child is educated in the school that he or she would attend if non-disabled” unless the child’s educational program “requires some other arrangement.” 34 C.F.R. §§ 300.552(a)(2), (c).
Of course, parents are free to reject an IEP and the educational placement offered by their local educational agency (LEA) and enroll their child in the private school of their choice, as Casey’s parents did here. But this is at the parents’ owm expense — at least initially. The IDEA specifically provides that local educational agencies are not required to pay for the education of a child enrolled in private school by his parents without the consent of or referral by the LEA: “This subchap-ter does not require a local educational agency to pay for the cost of education ... of a child with a disability at a private school-or facility if that agency made a free appropriate public education available to the child and the parents elected to place the child in such private school or facility.” 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(10)(C)(I) (Emphasis added). The Act provides for the possibility of reimbursement for a unilateral parental private school placement, but only if a “court or hearing officer finds that the agency had not made a free appropriate public education available to the child in a timely manner prior to [the unilateral private school] enrollment.” 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(10)(C)(ii). A school district obviously has no stay-put obligation under § 1415Q) to pay for the unilateral parental private school placement until the reimbursement claim is decided in the parents’ favor.
Together, these provisions in the IDEA and its implementing regulations operate to establish this predicate for a private school “educational placement”: there must first be a determination that the LEA either cannot or has not fulfilled its obligation to provide a free appropriate public education to the disabled child in the public school. This determination is made by the LEA itself, through the IEP process (in which case it makes the private school placement), or by a hearing officer or a court, where the LEA and the parents disagree about the appropriateness of the placement proposed by the IEP Team. A unilateral private school placement by a child’s parents does not become the child’s “then-current educational placement” for purposes of stay-put unless and until the LEA acknowledges that' mainstreaming in the public school is inappropriate or a hearing officer or court determines that the LEA has failed to timely provide a free *516appropriate public education.1
Neither of these things has occurred here. The administrative process initiated by Casey’s parents after they enrolled him at Acacia was aborted by the March 4, 2004, settlement agreement between the parents and the elementary district. As the court notes, because Casey would soon turn fifteen and become the responsibility of the high school district, the elementary district made a prudential litigation decision: it agreed to pay Casey’s tuition and transportation costs at Acacia from February 19, 2004, to May 12, 2004, his fifteenth birthday, when responsibility for his education would transfer to the St. Anne Community High School District.
Importantly, however, the elementary district continued to maintain that it could provide a free appropriate public education to Casey at St. Anne Grade School pursuant to the IEP that his parents had rejected — in other words, that Casey could be successfully “mainstreamed.” The settlement agreement restated the district’s position in this regard and contained the standard nonadmission of any liability or violation of federal or state law. The agreement called for an interim IEP to be developed for Casey at Acacia for purposes of carrying out the terms of the settlement and to comply with the IDEA for the short duration of the agreement but did not purport to effectuate a private “educational placement” for Casey at Acacia. An IEP meeting was convened on March 25; the IEP document reflects that the purpose of the meeting was limited to the “settlement agreement” and establishes an IEP termination date of May 12, 2004, “per agreement between Parents & District.” The section of the IEP that would ordinarily contain the IEP team’s evaluation of the least restrictive environment for the child’s education — -which requires an explanation of the team’s consideration and rejection of all public school “mainstreaming” options before private school placement is considered — is left blank, except for a notation that placement at Acacia was “as per agreement.”
Accordingly, the settlement agreement and the limited term IEP developed in its aftermath did not amount to a private school educational placement under the IDEA for purposes of triggering the stay-put obligation. No hearing officer or court *517has determined that the elementary district failed to timely provide Casey with a free appropriate public education before Casey’s parents enrolled him at Acacia or that private school was appropriate. See 20 U.S.C. § 1421(a)(10)(C)(ii). Pursuant to the settlement agreement, Casey’s parents withdrew their administrative reimbursement claim against the elementary district; it was never adjudicated on its merits. Nor has the LEA determined that because of the nature and severity of Casey’s disability, a free appropriate public education cannot be satisfactorily provided in the regular public school environment. See 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(5)(A).
The short-term IEP put in place pursuant to the settlement agreement was hardly the result of a bona fide IEP process of the deliberative sort contemplated by the statute and regulations. It was a financial expedient, not a reasoned educational placement decision. There was never any consideration of available placement options or the least restrictive environment for Casey’s education; that Casey would be schooled at Acacia was a foregone conclusion given his parents’ unilateral decision to place him there. The elementary district consistently maintained that it was willing and able to provide Casey with a free appropriate public education and never conceded that the private school was appropriate as a least restrictive educational placement. See Mayo v. Balt. City Pub. Schs., 40 F.Supp.2d 331, 334 (D.Md.1999) (“BCPS agreed to pay Thur-ston’s tuition but did not agree that it was unable to provide a free, appropriate public education to Thurston or that Norbel [a private school] was an appropriate placement for Thurston.”).
Thus, Casey’s attendance at Acacia remains as it was: a unilateral decision by parents to send their child to private school. It cannot be invoked by Casey’s parents as his “then-current educational placement” for purposes of the high school district’s stay-put obligation in connection with the present dispute. The elementary district’s temporary and conditional acquiescence in the parents’ unilateral action cannot constitute- an “educational placement” for purposes of the stay-put requirement. The statutory injunction prevents deviation from an educational program arrived at through the intricate and . deliberative IEP process while parental challenges to proposed changes in that program are worked out. Here, however, it is the child’s parents who altered the status quo: Casey’s parents rejected his eighth grade IEP, withdrew him from the public school, enrolled him in private school, and are now seeking to have their unilateral action recognized as an “educational placement” for purposes of the stay-put obligation in connection with their dispute with the high school district. This turns stay-put on its head. See Monticello Sch. Dist. No. 25 v. George L., 102 F.3d 895, 905 (7th Cir.1996) (“The ‘stay put’ provision is meant to preserve the status quo during such due process hearings. However, the parents’ analysis of that provision would reverse that concept and create a new, permanent ‘stay put’ for a unilateral [private school] placement.”).
The temporary IEP now invoked by Casey’s parents for purposes of the stay-put obligation was put in place not by a collaborative educational evaluation but pursuant to a limited financial settlement. “Payment and placement are two different matters.” Zvi D. v. Ambach, 694 F.2d 904, 908 (2d Cir.1982). It is unclear to me why such a stop-gap financial compromise should be considered an “educational placement” at all, much less the child’s “then-current educational placement” for purposes of stay-put; the agreement and the interim IEP expired on May 12, 2004. *518The court’s application, of the stay-put requirement to this unilateral parental private school enrollment conflicts with the IDEA’S explicit preference for mainstreaming, its elaborate IEP process, and its proviso that private school costs need not be reimbursed until certain factual predicates are either admitted or proven to the satisfaction of a hearing officer or a court.
Other courts have held that a unilateral parental private school placement becomes a child’s “then-current educational placement” for purposes of the stay-put requirement only after there has been an administrative determination that the private school plácement is appropriate. See Clovis Unified Sch. Dist. v. Cal. Office of Admin. Hearings, 903 F.2d 635, 641 (9th Cir.1990); Zvi D., 694 F.2d at 906-07; see also Mayo, 40 F.Supp.2d at 333-34; Saleh v. District of Columbia, 660 F.Supp. 212, 215 (D.D.C.1987). I agree with the decisions of these courts.
It is- true that in its argument before this court,- the high school district focused primarily on the legal- effect of Casey’s transfer from the elementary school district to the separate high school district. However, the school district did assert (albeit as a secondary argument and less completely than I have explained here) that Acacia cannot be considered Casey’s “then-current educational placement” for purposes of stay-put because it was a unilateral parental private school placement, because it violated the IDEA’S “mainstreaming” requirements, and because it was a short-term settlement expedient and not the product of an IEP process that determined its appropriateness. Accordingly, I cannot agree with the court that the school district failed to argue this issue.2
Regarding the legal effect of the inter-district transfer, I agree with the reasoning of Johnson v. Special Education Hearing Office, 287 F.3d 1176, 1181-82 (9th Cir.2002), that a transfer of responsibility from one distinct educational agency to another has relevance for stay-put analysis.3 Illinois has promulgated regulations *519governing interdistrict transfers, which generally require the receiving district to implement the former district’s IEP until it develops one of its own. See 23 Ill. Adm.Code 226.50(h). However, for the more fundamental reasons discussed above, I conclude that Acacia is not Casey’s “then-current educational placement” for purposes of the stay-put obligation under § 1416(j).
. Thus, the court's reference to “giving the parents a free ride” because "otherwise they might be timid about trying to enforce their statutory right to a free private education” some-what overstates the matter. See supra p. 511. There is no generalized right to a free private education under the IDEA. The IDEA guarantees a "free appropriate public education”; parents who unilaterally enroll their child in private school have a right to reimbursement of private school costs if a hearing officer or court determines that- the LEA failed to provide a "free appropriate public education.” There is no "free ride” in this situation because the school district has no obligation to pay on a reimbursement claim until it has been adjudicated in the parents' favor. It is a separate question whether parents can be required to "reimburse” a school district that pays on a private school reimbursement claim that has been adjudicated against it by a hearing officer but is later overturned — perhaps not, for the reasons stated by the court. Id. But this does not mean that parents have a right to have their unilateral private school decision recognized as a stay-put placement (triggering the school district's obligation to pay) before its appropriateness has been adjudicated by a hearing officer. There is no such private school "free ride” under the IDEA. Moreover, the right to private school reimbursement, once adjudicated’, does not go on indefinitely, but only while the school district is noncompliant (or acknowledges its inability to comply) with its obligation to provide a "free appropriate public education.” See Sch. Comm. of the Town of Burlington v. Dep’t of Educ., 471 U.S. 359, 371-74, 105 S.Ct. 1996, 85 L.Ed.2d 385 (1985); Monticello Sch. Dist. No. 25 v. George L., 102 F.3d 895, 905-06 (7th Cir.1996).
. I acknowledge the inconsistency in the high school district's argument, which is noted by thé court: the district asserted that Acacia is not Casey's “then-current educational placement” under what it called "traditional stay-put analysis,” but also suggested that the elementary school district would have been re- • quired to finance Casey's continued education at Acacia under stay-put had Casey remained under the elementary district’s jurisdiction.
. At’ issue in Johnson v. Special Education Hearing Office, 287 F.3d 1176 (9th Cir.2002) was the application of the stay-put provision . where responsibility for a disabled child's education shifted from one educational agency to another because of the child's age. Johnson involved a preschool child who, while under the age of three, received special education services pursuant to a program established and implemented by a regional public educational agency. Id. at 1178. When the child turned three, the responsibility for his education transferred from the regional agency to the local school district; the local district developed an IEP that used the same goals, objectives, and services as the child's previous program with most, but not all, the same service providers (the child’s tutors were the same, but the local district substituted its own supervisors). Id. at 1179-82. The child's parents were dissatisfied and initiated a due process hearing; they also filed a stay-put request with the administrative hearing office asserting entitlement to exactly the same service providers as under the regional agency's educational program. The administrative hearing office adopted the local school district's interpretation of the stay-put obligation in this situation and issued a stay-put order requiring the district to implement the regional agency’s program except that the district "need not utilize the same vendors who provided services under that [program].” Id.
The parents filed for injunctive relief in district court. The district court denied relief *519and the Ninth Circuit affirmed. Id. The court noted that when responsibility for a child’s education shifts from one educational agency to another, “the status quo necessarily changes.” Id. at 1181. The court held that where a disabled child “transitions between educational agencies,” the transferee district "can meet the requirements of the ‘stay-put’ provision by providing [a] comparable educational placement.” Id. at 1181. The hearing office’s stay-put order was consistent with the statute because it “maintained the stability of [the child’s] educational program as contemplated by the ‘stay-put’ provision, while taking into account the reality of a shift in responsible educational agencies.” Id. at 1182. Because the educational program developed by the local school district was comparable to that which had been provided by the regional agency (only the plan supervisors were different), “the ‘stay-put’ order correctly determined [the child's] 'then current educational placement' ” for purposes of § 1415(f). Id. at 1182.