Supreme Court of Louisiana
FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE NEWS RELEASE #009
FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
The Opinion handed down on the 19th day of February, 2016, is as follows:
PER CURIAM:
2015-B -1453 IN RE: CHRISTINE M. MIRE
Upon review of the findings and recommendations of the hearing
committee and disciplinary board, and considering the record,
briefs, and oral argument, it is ordered that Christine M. Mire,
Louisiana Bar Roll number 29352, be and she hereby is suspended
from the practice of law for one year and one day. It is further
ordered that all but six months of the suspension shall be
deferred. Following the active portion of the suspension,
respondent shall be placed on unsupervised probation for two
years. As a condition of probation, respondent is ordered to
attend and successfully complete the Louisiana State Bar
Association’s Ethics School. The probationary period shall
commence from the date respondent and the ODC execute a formal
probation plan. Any failure of respondent to comply with the
conditions of probation, or any misconduct during the
probationary period, may be grounds for making the deferred
portion of the suspension executory, or imposing additional
discipline, as appropriate. All costs and expenses in the matter
are assessed against respondent in accordance with Supreme Court
Rule XIX, § 10.1, with legal interest to commence thirty days
from the date of finality of this court’s judgment until paid.
WEIMER, J., dissents and assigns reasons.
GUIDRY, J., concurs in part, dissents in part and assigns
reasons.
HUGHES, J., dissents and assigns reasons.
02/19/16
SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
NO. 2015-B-1453
IN RE: CHRISTINE M. MIRE
ATTORNEY DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDING
PER CURIAM
This disciplinary matter arises from formal charges filed by the Office of
Disciplinary Counsel (“ODC”) against respondent, Christine M. Mire, an attorney
licensed to practice law in Louisiana.
UNDERLYING FACTS
Count I – The Keaty Matter
By way of background, Judge Phyllis Keaty presided over family law
matters in the 15th Judicial District Court during the time in question.1 Respondent
regularly practiced family law in the 15th JDC at this time. 2
In one such case, McNabb v. McNabb, respondent represented Stanford
McNabb. Against respondent’s advice, Mr. McNabb filed a pro se motion to
recuse Judge Keaty on grounds of bias and incompetence. On September 15,
2009, Judge Keaty recused herself in the McNabb matter, but did not assign
reasons for her recusal.
Meanwhile, respondent had several other family law matters pending before
Judge Keaty, including Hunter v. Hunter. In that matter, respondent represented
1 Judge Keaty has since been elected to the Court of Appeal, Third Circuit.
2 The formal charges involve events that occurred in 2009. Respondent was admitted to the
practice of law in Louisiana in 2004.
Kenneth Hunter in a child custody, visitation, and support proceeding involving his
former wife, Cheri Coussan Hunter. In a hearing on July 20, 2009, Judge Keaty
made a disclosure on the record regarding the extent of the relationship between
herself and her family and Ms. Coussan and her family. Respondent and opposing
counsel both stated that there were no objections to Judge Keaty’s disclosure, and
the hearing proceeded.
Mr. Hunter subsequently became concerned that Judge Keaty was biased in
favor of his former wife. In addition, respondent discovered additional
connections between Judge Keaty’s family and the Coussan family which she felt
made Judge Keaty’s earlier disclosure inadequate. Therefore, Mr. Hunter
instructed respondent to file a motion to recuse Judge Keaty. In a chambers
conference on September 17, 2009, respondent, at the request of her client,
presented Judge Keaty with a motion to recuse. The motion alleged three grounds
for recusal: (1) Judge Keaty failed to fully disclose the extent of the relationship
between herself and her family and Ms. Coussan and her family; (2) Judge Keaty
indicated that she would not follow the law regardless of the evidence presented at
trial [relating to the use of Worksheet “B” in shared custody arrangements]; and (3)
the manner in which the case had been handled, the rulings made, and the
deference given to Ms. Coussan over Mr. Hunter all manifested a bias or prejudice
toward Ms. Coussan.
During the chambers conference, Judge Keaty was insistent that the parties
and Mr. Hunter’s prior attorney were fully aware of the circumstances of her
relationship with the Coussan family, as she stated that she made those disclosures
in earlier proceedings. Judge Keaty took the motion to recuse under advisement
and stayed the proceedings.
The following day, September 18, 2009, respondent e-mailed Judge Keaty’s
court reporter and requested that she prepare the transcript of three hearings in the
2
Hunter matter, including the July 20, 2009 hearing. When respondent received the
transcript of the hearing, she claimed it contained a statement which had not been
made at the hearing. 3 Respondent ultimately obtained the court reporter’s tapes
and had them analyzed, but the court never made any factual findings regarding
any alleged alterations to the hearing transcript.4
Meanwhile, in the McNabb case, respondent had appealed a ruling made by
Judge Keaty prior to her recusal. On November 13, 2009, Chief Judge Ulysses
Gene Thibodeaux of the Court of Appeal, Third Circuit signed an order directing
the clerk of the 15th JDC to prepare a proffer of Mr. McNabb’s motion to recuse
filed August 18, 2009 and Judge Keaty’s order of recusal signed September 14,
2009. The order concluded that “[t]he panel on the merits shall determine whether
the proffer is properly before the Court on appeal.” The court of appeal panel
consisted of Judges Thibodeaux, Peters, and Painter.
Respondent and Mr. McNabb estimated that approximately 90% of the
March 31, 2010 oral argument was spent discussing Judge Keaty’s post-judgment
recusal, and whether this action necessitated a de novo review by the court of
appeal of all of her rulings, as respondent argued. However, the court of appeal
affirmed Judge Keaty’s ruling on April 21, 2010, finding the standard of review
was manifest error because “the motion to recuse was not timely made, and … has
no bearing on this appeal.” Moreover, in a concurrence, Chief Judge Thibodeaux
stated:
3 In this additional language, Judge Keaty purportedly explained that her son employed Ms.
Coussan’s sister.
4 Prior to producing the tapes, the court reporter, through counsel, filed a lawsuit, captioned
“Motion for Protective Order, Restriction of Scope of Discovery, In Camera Inspection, and for
Postponement of Discovery Date,” against Mr. Hunter. Subsequently, the court reporter and
respondent had reached a stipulation that a duplicate copy would be made of the audio tape from
the court reporting equipment. The ultimate disposition of the court reporter’s lawsuit is unclear.
However, the record indicates that in January 2010, Judge Herman Clause consolidated the court
reporter’s suit with the Hunter domestic proceeding and ordered that Judge Keaty be recused in
Hunter “due to community interest.”
3
While the recusal issue is mentioned in this appeal, the
record is bereft of any evidence of its relationship to the
specific issues in this dispute. We are not aware of the
contents of the motion to recuse nor does the record
contain the Order of Recusal. I have my concerns, but
the issue simply is not properly before us. [Emphasis
added; citations omitted.]
Respondent filed an application for rehearing, pointing out that the motion to
recuse and the order of recusal were both in the record because the court of appeal
had ordered the record supplemented with them. The court of appeal denied
rehearing on May 26, 2010.
Respondent and Mr. McNabb thought that the court of appeal had simply
been mistaken in its original statement that the motion to recuse and order of
recusal were not in the record. However, once the court of appeal denied
rehearing, respondent and Mr. McNabb became convinced that something had
occurred which was “more difficult to explain.”
Respondent and Mr. McNabb drafted a writ application to this court which
stated the following:
This case personifies the double edged sword of Justice.
This case highlights the unfavorable consequences of the
legal profession – incompetence and/or corruption of its
members. Undeniably, the people who are elected to
uphold the higher purpose of the law sometimes go their
own way and believe that the people’s vested power is
their own. The general public assumes that the vast
majority of our legal community believes that no one
does more harm to the legal system than one who has the
name and rank of honor while he/she acts perversely.
Unfortunately, this case also exemplifies an additional
and more horrifying issue – the tolerance and
indifference of other judges, the Court of Appeals and
other officers of the court who did nothing to help the
financial and emotional pain of family law litigants and
the most innocent of all victims – Stanford McNabb’s
children. [Emphasis in original.]
***
The corruption and/or incompetence of attorneys and
judges in this case is not only a systemic problem; it is an
4
opportunity for reparation for Stanford McNabb and
everyone who was victimized by a system designed to
protect their rights. …
***
Stanford McNabb drives past Judge Phyllis M. Keaty’s
billboards and signs which advertise her desire to be the
next member of the lower court which recently issued a
decision contrary to the panels’ [sic] statements at oral
argument, the record, and the law. … Although the
lower court which affirmed the egregious actions of the
trial court is the same court Judge Keaty is actively
campaigning to sit upon, Stan did not presume
wrongdoing. Rather, Stan presumed that the lower
court’s opinion was a mistake since it was contrary to the
panels’ [sic] statements at oral argument. However,
when the rehearing was denied, a mistake became
difficult to defend. This Honorable Court should
consider this case from the vantage point of a litigant or
outside third party. There are two plausible explanations:
1.) The lower court inadvertently issued an opinion
written prior to oral argument. When Stan gently alerted
them to the fact that the Motion and Order of Recusal
was part of the record, the panel was confused and/or did
not remember the oral argument of the matter and
therefore again inadvertently denied rehearing; or 2.) The
lower court wants to cover up the egregious actions of
the trial court so it cannot be used in the current election.
Either way this Court’s active intolerance of such
incompetence and/or corruption is essential to restore
integrity to the judicial system. …
Respondent attached a copy of the Hunter CD as an exhibit to Mr.
McNabb’s writ application, claiming that the inaccuracy of the transcripts of
family court proceedings was not unique to Mr. McNabb’s case. Ultimately, this
court did not consider the writ application in the McNabb case as it was not timely
filed. McNabb v. McNabb, 10-1506 (La. 10/1/10), 45 So. 3d 1087. Despite being
put on notice by the ODC of concerns with the language in the writ application,
respondent circulated a copy of same by e-mail to her friends and colleagues in the
Lafayette Bar.
The ODC alleged that respondent’s conduct violated the following
provisions of the Rules of Professional Conduct: Rules 3.1 (meritorious claims and
5
contentions), 3.2 (failure to make reasonable efforts to expedite litigation), 3.5(d)
(a lawyer shall not engage in conduct intended to disrupt a tribunal), and 8.2(a) (a
lawyer shall not make a statement that the lawyer knows to be false or with
reckless disregard as to its truth or falsity concerning the qualifications or integrity
of a judge). 5
Count II – The Weinstein Matter
Attorney John Weinstein represented Andrea Guillory and her then-husband,
Doug Guillory, in a Chapter 13 bankruptcy matter filed in 2006. In October 2011,
Mr. Weinstein filed a disciplinary complaint against respondent based on her
failure to promptly disgorge $6,839.50 paid to her by Ms. Guillory, despite
numerous court orders to do so.
By way of background, in September 2008, Ms. Guillory hired respondent to
represent her in ancillary divorce matters, paying a total fee of $6,839.50.
Respondent failed to obtain the bankruptcy judge’s approval to undertake the
representation and collect the fee.
On November 11, 2009, Mr. Weinstein wrote to respondent attempting to
recover the funds improperly paid by Ms. Guillory. When respondent failed to
respond, Mr. Weinstein filed a motion with the bankruptcy court to turn over the
funds. On January 12, 2011, following a hearing on the matter, Judge Robert
Summerhays ordered respondent to disgorge the entire fee within twenty days.
When respondent failed to do so, Mr. Weinstein filed a contempt proceeding on
February 11, 2011. On March 22, 2011, respondent was held in contempt and
5 The ODC made additional allegations of misconduct and rule violations in the Keaty matter in
reference to another case handled by respondent, Hindelang v. Hindelang. Concerning
Hindelang, the ODC alleged that respondent failed to advise her client of settlement offers, made
false allegations that the opposing counsel altered documents, and misrepresented to the judge
that she had not filed for a continuance. However, after considering the testimony and evidence
presented at the formal hearing, the hearing committee found that the ODC failed to prove these
allegations and rule violations by clear and convincing evidence. The ODC did not object to the
committee’s findings of fact or conclusions of law; thus, this opinion does not address these
additional allegations.
6
again ordered to disgorge the full fee, plus $100 per day for each day after April 5,
2011 that the fee was not fully paid. In response, respondent sought to appeal the
two orders to the United States District Court. On August 3, 2011, United States
District Court Judge Rebecca Doherty dismissed the appeal because the appeal of
the January 12, 2011 order was not timely filed and respondent failed to properly
move for leave to appeal the March 22, 2011 order.
On August 25, 2011, respondent sent Mr. Weinstein a check in the amount
of $6,839.50 that contained a note on the memo line stating “full payment &
settlement of pending claims.” Mr. Weinstein would not accept the check and
demanded an additional $14,100 because of the $100 per day sanction ordered by
the bankruptcy judge in the March 22, 2011 order.
When respondent did not respond, Mr. Weinstein had the March 22, 2011
order made executory in the 15th JDC and filed a total of three judgment debtor
rules. Respondent failed to fully cooperate in the first two judgment debtor rules
and was assessed with court costs and ordered to pay $500 in attorney’s fees.
In the meantime, respondent moved to have the March 22, 2011 order of the
bankruptcy court vacated, which motion was ultimately denied by the bankruptcy
judge in an order dated May 10, 2012. At that time, the bankruptcy judge also
ordered respondent to pay Mr. Weinstein $30,639.50 by May 14, 2012, with an
additional $5,000 sanction imposed if respondent failed to do so. Respondent
attempted to appeal this decision to the United States District Court, but the appeal
was denied, with Judge Doherty noting that respondent “failed to properly and
timely comply with the governing rules of appeal.” The judge also noted:
This Court, as well as the bankruptcy court’s having
already spent an inordinate amount of time and judicial
resources sifting through deficient and inappropriate
filings as well as expending the time and judicial
resources to create and review the full record of her
regrettable conduct before the bankruptcy court, and
noting both appeals involved matters of sanctions for her
7
failure to comply with the bankruptcy court’s orders, this
Court concludes dismissal of the appeal for failure to
timely file an appellate brief is justified. [Emphasis in
original.]
Having not obeyed the May 10, 2012 order, respondent was sanctioned an
additional $5,000. Respondent finally paid the entire $35,639.50 in October 2012,
almost two years after the original order to disgorge the fee.
The ODC alleged that respondent’s conduct violated the following
provisions of the Rules of Professional Conduct: Rules 1.15(d) (failure to timely
remit funds to a client or third person), 3.1, 3.4(c) (knowing disobedience of an
obligation under the rules of a tribunal), and 8.4(d) (engaging in conduct
prejudicial to the administration of justice).
DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS
In November 2013, the ODC filed formal charges against respondent.
Respondent answered the formal charges, essentially denying any misconduct.
The matter then proceeded to a formal hearing conducted by the hearing committee
over the course of five days in August and September 2014.
At the hearing, one of the primary issues was whether respondent’s
allegations of “incompetence and/or corruption” in the legal profession was
supported by the alleged alteration of the hearing transcript in the Hunter matter.
Respondent presented the testimony of Joel Wax. Mr. Wax is a co-owner of the
company which sells the For The Record (“FTR”), the digital recording system
used in the 15th JDC. He examined the CD of the July 20, 2009 hearing and
testified the disc itself had not come directly from an FTR recorded machine. He
could not say where it did come from, just that it was not recorded on the FTR
system, because the files on the CD were not in FTR format (wav files). Instead,
8
there were different types of audio files, including Windows media files, which
could not possibly have come from the FTR machine that way:
A. The CD that I looked at had been altered as far as the
– I don’t know how they were altered or who altered
them or whatever, but I do know that some of the audio
files that were on there, it was kind of like salt and
peppered with different types of audio files that were on
there, not just the files that would come from FTR, from
my recorder.
***
A. … I saw a few wav files in there and then I’d see like
a group of Windows Media Player files in there and then
it would go back to wav files so it was kind of like
scattered a little bit. …
Q. They were interspersed with the wav files –
A. Yes, sir.
Q. – and DOS files?
A. Right. From what I can remember.
Q. And that it is just impossible to come off of the
machine that way?
A. Very much so. Impossible.
***
Q. … [W]hat you observed on the CD, did it suggest to
you the possibility of alteration from the original content
from the FTR machine?
A. It looked like it had been altered. Yes. But I’m not
sure.
***
Q. I guess the possibility existed on the CD that you
observed – the possibility existed that there was some
splicing or maybe a piece of audio had been sandwiched
in between two other pieces?
A. Yes, sir. From what I saw.
Q. All right. But you didn’t reach a conclusion one way
or the other as to whether that happened, did you?
9
A. It looked like to me that it had been arranged
differently. Yes.
***
Q. You said you could tell that a portion had been
spliced?
A. Correct.
Q. Is there any way that within the file you can tell the
dates of the – but you didn’t ascertain whether the
different segments had different dates?
A. I did – I did see most of the wav files did have a date,
but I didn’t particularly see the Windows Media files
with a date related to it. That’s one of the things that
really got my attention. First of all, we don’t create
Windows Media files to begin with so I didn’t really
examine them as well as I did the wav files because I’m
more particular with the wav files than I am with the
Windows Media files.
So as soon as I saw the Windows Media files I knew that
something had been you know tampered with more or
less.
Q. I see. So the Windows Media file could not have
come from the FTR?
A. No, ma’am.
Q. Period?
A. Period.
Respondent also called Brian Butcher, who provided her with the CD of the
transcript he duplicated from the court reporter’s tapes. As Mr. Butcher explained
it, the court reporter provided him with two forms of media, an audio cassette tape
and digital media. The recordings on the media overlapped each other. Mr.
Butcher’s job was to take the two recordings, find the point where they overlapped,
and make them into one continuous piece of audio:
A. I made them into one contiguous file that could be
played from beginning to end and I would imagine that
there was a – at the edit point you probably heard a little
10
difference in audio because it was two different
microphones that were recording.
Q. So if someone said that that tape had been spliced,
would that be accurate?
A. That would be probably accurate, yes.
Mr. Butcher then converted the digital files from their original formats into
MP3 format and placed this onto a CD, which he provided to respondent.
Mr. Butcher found the exact same audio at some point toward the end of the
first media, and near the beginning of the second media. Therefore, he opined that
at least this section had been recorded on the same day. Mr. Butcher was asked on
cross-examination whether he added a section of audio during the editing process
relating to Judge Keaty’s disclosure, and Mr. Butcher said that he did not splice in
any disclosure, nor was anything missing from the CD “unless there was
something missing to begin with before I got it.” Under questioning from the
members of the Committee, Mr. Butcher explained that it was his understanding
that the digital recorder in the courtroom was not working, so the backup recorder
started via audio cassette tape and then was switched to the digital recorder once it
began functioning again. What he spliced together were the cassette tape and the
digital recording at the point they overlapped. Mr. Butcher emphasized that his
splice did not delete any material; it added matter.
Judge Keaty testified that although she had no independent knowledge of the
splicing of the audio tape, she was aware that the tape was spliced when it was
copied because she “read it about in some of the papers. And it was spliced – they
had to take out – sometimes I’d be having a hearing and another hearing – I’d take
out another hearing in between, like in the middle. … That’s all I know about
splicing.” 6 However, on cross-examination, Judge Keaty was presented with the
6 In her lawsuit, the court reporter represented that the audio tape respondent sought contained
a multitude of closed family court hearings.
11
minutes from the July 20, 2009 docket, and she admitted that the Hunter case was
the only case on the docket that day.
Hearing Committee Report
After considering the evidence and testimony presented at the hearing, the
hearing committee made the following factual findings:
The Keaty Matter – With respect to the writ application and other filings, the
committee concluded that respondent went too far. Without any factual basis,
respondent alleged in the McNabb writ application filed with this court that the
case “highlights the unfavorable consequences of the legal profession—
incompetence and/or corruption of its members…” Respondent also suggested
that the “incompetence and/or corruption” is not unique to the McNabb case. At
the time the writ application was filed, Judge Keaty was campaigning for a seat on
the Third Circuit Court of Appeal. In apparent reference to this fact, the writ
application stated, “Although the lower court which affirmed the egregious actions
of the trial court is the same court Judge Keaty is actively campaigning to sit upon,
Stan did not presume wrongdoing.” After making this wholly gratuitous comment,
respondent then suggested that one possible reason for the Third Circuit Court of
Appeal’s decision unfavorable to her client was that “[t]he lower court wants to
cover up the egregious actions of the trial court so it cannot be used in the current
election.” Respondent not only filed this writ application with this court, but she
also e-mailed a copy to her friends and colleagues. Under these circumstances, the
committee found that respondent violated Rules 3.1, 3.2, 3.5(d), and 8.2(a) of the
Rules of Professional Conduct.
The Weinstein Matter – The committee found that Ms. Guillory hired
respondent to represent her in divorce proceedings while Ms. Guillory and her
husband were in an active Chapter 13 bankruptcy proceeding. Respondent
12
admitted that she failed to obtain proper approval from the bankruptcy court to
undertake the representation.
Accordingly, on January 12, 2011, the bankruptcy judge ordered respondent
to disgorge the entire fee of $6,839.50 she received from Ms. Guillory within
twenty days of the order. When respondent failed to disgorge the fee within the
time period ordered, Mr. Weinstein filed a motion for contempt. At the related
hearing held on March 16, 2011, respondent claimed she had not received notice of
the written order and had not been furnished with a draft of the order prior to its
submission to the bankruptcy judge, although she was present at the hearing when
the judge ordered her to disgorge the fee. The committee found respondent’s
testimony to be credible because the bankruptcy court’s apparent procedural rules
do not require a draft order to be circulated before it is signed by the judge and
signed orders are not served in hard copy but served electronically pursuant to the
federal PACER system. Respondent was not a PACER participant. At the
hearing, respondent indicated she wanted to appeal the earlier order, but the
bankruptcy judge explained that the appeal delays are jurisdictional and, thus, an
appeal would be untimely. Considering the circumstances, the judge again ordered
disgorgement of the fee but gave respondent additional time to comply without
sanctions.
The committee found respondent’s initial failure to pay the order of
disgorgement excusable because of her apparent belief that the order had not yet
been signed by the time she received the contempt citation. However, upon
learning of the jurisdictional nature of the deadline for appeal, respondent should
have obeyed the order immediately. Instead, she refused to return the fee, even
after the judge extended the time.
Despite knowing an appeal would be untimely, respondent continued her
efforts to avoid returning the fee. She filed a motion to vacate, which was denied
13
by the bankruptcy judge. Then she appealed to the United States District Court,
which appeal was dismissed.
After the bankruptcy court-ordered sanctions had increased respondent’s
obligation approximately five-fold, Mr. Weinstein sought to have the bankruptcy
court order made executory in the 15th JDC and provoked a judgment debtor
examination of respondent. According to the minutes of this proceeding,
respondent failed to fully cooperate in the judgment debtor examination and was
ultimately assessed with court costs and ordered to pay attorney’s fees of $500.
In light of these factual findings, the committee determined that respondent’s
tactics in the Weinstein matter crossed the line, causing a delay in Ms. Guillory’s
Chapter 13 bankruptcy estate’s receipt of the funds ordered returned and causing
respondent to be assessed with approximately $28,000 in penalties. The committee
then determined that respondent violated the Rules of Professional Conduct as
alleged in this matter.
In assessing the baseline sanction for respondent’s misconduct, the
committee determined that, in the Keaty matter, respondent’s derogatory
statements about the judges were false and were made with reckless disregard for
the truth. Furthermore, the frivolous allegations of incompetence and/or corruption
were prejudicial to the effective administration of justice and were intended to
disrupt and delay. In the Weinstein matter, the committee determined that
respondent’s failure to timely remit the funds was inexcusable after she learned the
appeal deadline had passed, and she delayed the return of the fee by some two
years.
The committee further determined that respondent knowingly and
intentionally violated duties owed to the legal profession and the legal system. Her
conduct caused injury, including unnecessary waste of judicial and professional
14
resources. After considering the ABA’s Standards for Imposing Lawyer
Sanctions, the committee determined that the baseline sanction is suspension.
In aggravation, the committee found a pattern of misconduct and multiple
offenses. In mitigation, the committee found the absence of a prior disciplinary
record, inexperience in the practice of law (admitted 2004), and the imposition of
other penalties or sanctions.
After also considering this court’s prior jurisprudence addressing similar
misconduct, the committee recommended respondent be suspended from the
practice of law for nine months, with six months deferred, followed by a two-year
period of supervised probation with the condition that she obtain two additional
continuing legal education (CLE) hours in ethics and two additional CLE hours in
professionalism.
The public member of the committee dissented and would recommend that
respondent be suspended from the practice of law for one year and one day, with
no time deferred.
Both respondent and the ODC filed an objection to the hearing committee’s
report and recommendation. While the ODC concurred in the committee’s
findings of fact and conclusions of law, it objected to the recommended sanction as
too lenient. Respondent objected to the committee’s factual findings and
recommended sanction, arguing that the charges against her should be dismissed.
Respondent also objected to a portion of the cost statement.
Disciplinary Board Recommendation
After review, the disciplinary board determined that the hearing committee’s
factual findings are supported by the record and are not manifestly erroneous. As
such, the board adopted same. The board also determined that the committee
15
correctly applied the Rules of Professional Conduct and adopted the committee’s
findings that respondent violated the rules as follows:
Respondent’s unsupported, sweeping, and repeated accusations in the
McNabb writ application that the judiciary is incompetent and/or corrupt violated
Rules 3.1 and 3.5(d). Respondent also violated Rule 3.5(d), as well as Rule 3.2, by
filing numerous, unfounded motions to recuse Judge Keaty and by filing repeated
appeals in Ms. Guillory’s bankruptcy case. Respondent violated Rules 1.15(d) and
3.4(c) when she failed to timely disgorge the fee as ordered by the bankruptcy
judge in Ms. Guillory’s case. Respondent violated Rules 8.2(a) and 8.4(d) by
accusing both district and appellate court judges of being incompetent and/or
corrupt and suggesting that their decisions were driven by political gain.
Additionally, respondent violated Rule 8.4(d) because she caused all parties undue
expense and effort in both the family court proceedings and the bankruptcy court
proceedings and frustrated the legal system by prolonging the underlying legal
matters.
The board then determined that respondent knowingly, if not intentionally,
violated duties owed to the legal profession and the legal system. Her litigation
tactics caused significant harm in that her clients’ cases were unduly drawn out,
and she wasted judicial, professional, and financial resources. She also harmed the
legal profession by filing a writ application with this court suggesting that the
judiciary is “incompetent and/or corrupt.” Based on the ABA’s Standards for
Imposing Lawyer Sanctions, the board determined that the baseline sanction is
suspension. The board adopted the aggravating and mitigating factors found by the
committee. Additionally, the board found the aggravating factor of refusal to
acknowledge the wrongful nature of the conduct to be present.
After further considering this court’s prior jurisprudence addressing similar
misconduct, the board recommended that respondent be suspended from the
16
practice of law for one year and one day, with six months deferred, followed by a
two-year period of unsupervised probation with the condition that she attend the
Louisiana State Bar Association’s Ethics School. Additionally, the board
recommended that respondent be assessed with all costs and expenses of these
proceedings.
Two board members dissented and would recommend respondent be
suspended from the practice of law for one year and one day, with no time
deferred.
Both respondent and the ODC filed an objection to the disciplinary board’s
recommendation. Accordingly, the case was docketed for oral argument pursuant
to Supreme Court Rule XIX, § 11(G)(1)(b).
DISCUSSION
Bar disciplinary matters fall within the original jurisdiction of this court. La.
Const. art. V, § 5(B). Consequently, we act as triers of fact and conduct an
independent review of the record to determine whether the alleged misconduct has
been proven by clear and convincing evidence. In re: Banks, 09-1212 (La.
10/2/09), 18 So. 3d 57. While we are not bound in any way by the findings and
recommendations of the hearing committee and disciplinary board, we have held
the manifest error standard is applicable to the committee’s factual findings. See
In re: Caulfield, 96-1401 (La. 11/25/96), 683 So. 2d 714; In re: Pardue, 93-2865
(La. 3/11/94), 633 So. 2d 150.
Turning first to the Weinstein matter, the hearing committee made a factual
finding that respondent’s tactics were improper and caused a delay in the receipt of
funds by Ms. Guillory’s Chapter 13 bankruptcy estate. These factual findings are
supported by the record and are not clearly wrong.
17
We now address the allegations of misconduct in connection with the Keaty
matter. In essence, these allegations arise from language used by respondent in the
McNabb writ application, in which she referred to “incompetence and/or
corruption” of the members of the legal profession and averred the court of appeal
wanted “to cover up the egregious actions of the trial court so it cannot be used in
the current election.”
The ODC asserts these statements represent a violation of Rule 8.2(a) of the
Rules of Professional Conduct. In contrast, respondent argues that she is not guilty
of violating Rule 8.2(a) because her statements were protected speech under the
First Amendment and therefore this court cannot sanction her for these statements.
In In re: Simon, 04-2947 (La. 6/29/05), 913 So. 2d 816, we discussed Rule
8.2(a), stating:
Because this rule proscribes only statements which the
lawyer knows to be false or which the lawyer makes with
reckless disregard for the truth, it comports with the First
Amendment's guarantee of free speech. See Garrison v.
Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64, 85 S.Ct. 209, 13 L.Ed.2d 125
(1964).
In Simon, this court relied on its earlier opinion in Louisiana State Bar Ass’n
v. Karst, 428 So.2d 406 (La. 1983), which interpreted DR 8-102(B), the
predecessor of Rule 8.2(a). The Karst court adopted an objective standard, rather
than a subjective standard, in analyzing whether a statement is knowingly or
recklessly false and hence a violation of the rule:
In our opinion, DR 8-102(B) is violated when an attorney
intentionally causes accusations to be published which he
knows to be false, or which, with the exercise of ordinary
care, he should know to be false. The rationale for DR 8-
102(B) appears in Ethical Consideration 8-6, the
pertinent part of which provides:
Adjudicatory officials, not
being wholly freed to defend
themselves, are entitled to
receive the support of the Bar
against unjust criticism. While
18
a lawyer as a citizen has a
right to criticize such officials
publicly, he should be certain
of the merit of his complaint,
use appropriate language, and
avoid petty criticisms, for
unrestrained and intemperate
statements tend to lessen public
confidence in our legal
system. Criticisms motivated
by reasons other than a desire
to improve the legal system are
not justified.
This provision clearly illustrates that it is not the
genuineness of an attorney's belief in the truth of his
allegations, but the reasonableness of that belief and
the good faith of the attorney in asserting it that
determines whether or not one has "knowingly" made
false accusations against a judge within the meaning of
DR 8-102(B). Consequently, where it is shown that an
attorney knew, or in good faith should have known, of
the falsity of his accusations, that attorney's
unsubstantiated, subjective belief in the truth of those
accusations, however genuine, will not excuse his
violation of DR 8-102(B). [Emphasis added.]
Courts of other states have reached similar conclusions, and have almost
universally disciplined attorneys under an objective reasonableness standard. See
In re Cobb, 838 N.E.2d 1197 (Mass. 2005) (quoting from In re Terry, 394 N.E.2d
94 (Ind. 1979); agreeing with majority view and rejecting New York Times
subjective or actual malice test); see also U.S. Dist. Court for Eastern Dist. of
Washington v. Sandlin, 12 F.3d 861 (9th Cir. 1993) (although language of Rule
8.2(a) is consistent with constitutional limitations placed on defamation actions by
New York Times, “because of the interest in protecting the public, the
administration of justice, and the profession, a purely subjective standard is
inappropriate”); Florida Bar v. Ray, 797 So. 2d 556 (Fla. 2001) (purely subjective
New York Times standard is inappropriate in attorney disciplinary proceedings); In
re Graham, 453 N.W.2d 313 (Minn. 1990) (“the standard for determining actual
malice must be objective when dealing with attorney discipline. We reach this
19
conclusion because of the interests attorney discipline serves”); Office of
Disciplinary Counsel v. Price, 732 A.2d 599 (Pa. 1999) (subjective approach
unworkable because lawyer “would always be in the position of defending an
allegation, no matter how scurrilous, on the ground that he believed it to be true”);
cf. State ex rel. Oklahoma Bar Ass’n v. Porter, 766 P.2d 958 (Okla. 1988) (lawyer
who declared that judge “showed all the signs of being a racist” could not be
disciplined for engaging in conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice or
adversely reflected on fitness to practice; lawyer established objectively reasonable
basis for his belief, and record was devoid of attempt to show that his statements
were false); Smith v. Pace, 313 S.W.3d 124 (Mo. 2010) (holding that before lawyer
can be found guilty of criminal contempt for what is written in a pleading, there
must be a finding that the lawyer’s statements were made with actual knowledge of
their falsity or that the statements were in fact false and were made with reckless
disregard of whether they were true or false).
Applying the standards set forth in Simon and Karst, we find respondent’s
actions violate Rule 8.2(a). Specifically, we conclude the objective evidence
establishes respondent either knew her statements were false or made them with
reckless disregard for the truth.
Respondent relies heavily on the purportedly corrupted audio tape from the
Hunter hearing as providing support for her assertions of incompetence and
corruption of the legal profession. We acknowledge there is evidence in the record
of these disciplinary proceedings indicating that the court reporter’s tapes may
have been spliced as a result of a malfunction of the court reporter’s machine.
However, we see no evidentiary support for respondent’s implication that Judge
Keaty or any person, either through incompetence or corrupt intent, added
substantive statements to the official transcript which were not contained in the
original hearing. Ordinary experience suggests that equipment can often
20
malfunction without any underlying incompetence or intentional corruption. Thus,
in the absence of any objective supporting evidence, respondent acted with a
reckless disregard for the truth when she referred to “incompetence and/or
corruption” of the members of the legal profession in pleadings filed in this court.
Even more disturbing is respondent’s statement that the court of appeal
“wants to cover up the egregious actions of the trial court so it cannot be used in
the current election.” Through the testimony of the judges of the court of appeal
panel, the ODC proved this statement was objectively false. Respondent points to
no evidentiary support whatsoever for her contention that the judges of the court of
appeal intentionally altered their judgment to protect Judge Keaty. Regardless of
the genuineness of respondent’s belief, the objective facts in the record support the
conclusion this statement was made with either knowledge of its falsity or reckless
disregard for the truth.
Having found evidence of professional misconduct, we now turn to a
determination of the appropriate sanction for respondent’s actions. In determining
a sanction, we are mindful that disciplinary proceedings are designed to maintain
high standards of conduct, protect the public, preserve the integrity of the
profession, and deter future misconduct. Louisiana State Bar Ass’n v. Reis, 513
So. 2d 1173 (La. 1987). The discipline to be imposed depends upon the facts of
each case and the seriousness of the offenses involved considered in light of any
aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Louisiana State Bar Ass’n v.
Whittington, 459 So. 2d 520 (La. 1984).
We find that respondent knowingly and intentionally violated duties owed to
the legal profession and the legal system. Her conduct caused injury, including an
unnecessary waste of judicial and professional resources. The applicable baseline
sanction is suspension. The record supports the aggravating and mitigating factors
found by the committee as modified by the board.
21
Turning to the issue of an appropriate sanction, we find guidance from the
cases of In re: Simon, 04-2947 (La. 6/29/05), 913 So. 2d 816, and In re: Octave,
10-1515 (La. 10/1/10), 45 So. 3d 160. In Simon, an attorney made knowingly false
statements concerning the qualifications or integrity of several judges. For this
misconduct, we imposed a six-month suspension from the practice of law, with all
but thirty days deferred, with the condition that the attorney attend the Louisiana
State Bar Association’s Ethics School. In Octave, an attorney failed to comply
with several bankruptcy court orders, including failing to pay court-ordered
sanctions, failed to maintain a proper client trust account, and failed to remit funds
owed to third-party medical providers. For this misconduct, we suspended the
attorney from the practice of law for two years.
Respondent’s misconduct in the Keaty matter is substantially similar to the
misconduct in Simon. Respondent’s misconduct in the Weinstein matter is similar
to Ms. Octave’s failure to comply with several bankruptcy court orders. However,
unlike Ms. Octave, respondent paid all sanctions, and she did not engage in
additional misconduct. These facts suggest that a lesser sanction than that imposed
in Octave is warranted for respondent’s misconduct in the Weinstein matter.
Considering this case law, we cannot say that the board’s recommended
sanction is inappropriate. Accordingly, we will adopt the board’s recommendation
and suspend respondent from the practice of law for one year and one day, with six
months deferred, followed by a two-year period of unsupervised probation with the
condition that she attend Ethics School. We will further impose all costs of these
proceedings against respondent.
DECREE
Upon review of the findings and recommendations of the hearing committee
and disciplinary board, and considering the record, briefs, and oral argument, it is
22
ordered that Christine M. Mire, Louisiana Bar Roll number 29352, be and she
hereby is suspended from the practice of law for one year and one day. It is further
ordered that all but six months of the suspension shall be deferred. Following the
active portion of the suspension, respondent shall be placed on unsupervised
probation for two years. As a condition of probation, respondent is ordered to
attend and successfully complete the Louisiana State Bar Association’s Ethics
School. The probationary period shall commence from the date respondent and the
ODC execute a formal probation plan. Any failure of respondent to comply with
the conditions of probation, or any misconduct during the probationary period, may
be grounds for making the deferred portion of the suspension executory, or
imposing additional discipline, as appropriate. All costs and expenses in the matter
are assessed against respondent in accordance with Supreme Court Rule XIX, §
10.1, with legal interest to commence thirty days from the date of finality of this
court’s judgment until paid.
23
02/19/19
SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
NO. 15-B-1453
IN RE: CHRISTINE M. MIRE
ATTORNEY DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS
WEIMER, J., dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. In this matter, we are called on to evaluate the rights
guaranteed to this attorney pursuant to the First Amendment to the United States
Constitution1 and Article 1, § 7 of the Louisiana Constitution entitled “Freedom of
Expression”2 to engage in speech regarding public officials who serve as judges. In
evaluating the rights afforded this attorney to freely engage in speech, we are not
required to believe the allegations lodged about the judges or question the integrity of
these judges. In dissenting, I do not question the integrity of these judges. However,
we are required to evaluate the totality of the facts in this record to determine if there
is an objective factual basis for the attorney to have made the allegations. In
performing this evaluation, we must not create an environment in which an attorney,
who is duty-bound to report concern about our judicial system, will become too timid
in lodging a concern due to fear of being disciplined.
In the family law matter, the respondent is charged with breaching the Rules of
Professional Conduct for filing a writ application in this court that allegedly contained
“offensive and inaccurate criticism of four members of the Louisiana Judiciary,” i.e.,
1
“Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ... .” U.S. Const.
amend. I.
2
“No law shall curtail or restrain the freedom of speech or of the press. Every person may speak, write,
and publish his sentiments on any subject, but is responsible for abuse of that freedom.” La. Const. art.
I, § 7.
a district court judge and three members of an appellate court panel. Although
respondent is charged with misconduct in connection with a bankruptcy matter for
which the majority devotes a paragraph of discussion,3 it is apparent from the
majority’s opinion that the respondent’s efforts to recuse Judge Keaty from handling
Mr. Hunter’s case, as well as respondent’s criticisms in the writ application filed in this
court on behalf of another client, Mr. McNabb, are the majority’s greatest concern.
The majority refers to the recusal efforts and the writ application criticisms as “the
Keaty matter,” based on the name of the district court judge, though appellate court
judges were also criticized in the writ application. For simplicity, I will also refer to
these aspects of this disciplinary case as “the Keaty matter.”
In this fact-intensive case, the majority has failed to account for some key
evidence in the Keaty matter. Part of respondent’s defense against the charge that she
filed an unfounded motion to recuse Judge Keaty from Mr. Hunter’s case included
pointing out that Keaty Real Estate had contracted to sell separate property of Mrs.
Hunter that was the subject of a pending community property reimbursement claim.
Judge Keaty’s Personal Financial Disclosure Form revealed that the Judge has an
interest in Keaty Real Estate of Colorado, which has the same address as Keaty Real
Estate. Ultimately, another judge ordered Judge Keaty recused from the Hunter matter
“due to a “community interest.’” This evidence regarding a potential connection
between Keaty Real Estate business interests and Mrs. Hunter was unrefuted.
Evidence did indicate Judge Keaty amended her financial disclosure form.
The majority also turns to “[o]rdinary experience” to explain that the respondent
should not have suspected anything nefarious regarding the audio recording of Judge
3
See In re: Mire, 15-1453, slip op’n at 17, for the majority’s discussion of the bankruptcy case, which
it refers to as “the Weinstein matter.”
2
Keaty’s explanatory statement of her relationship with Mrs. Hunter’s family. In re:
Mire, 15-1453, slip op’n at 20-21 (La. ___/___/16). However, in resorting to
“[o]rdinary experience,” the majority again overlooks unrefuted evidence specific to
this case. The recording was not simply spliced, as the majority suggests, but material
was added in a recording format that was not available with the court’s recording
software.
The majority holds that respondent’s statements regarding the judiciary must be
justified by “any objective supporting evidence,” else those statements are
sanctionable under Rule 8.2(a) of the Louisiana Rules of Professional Conduct. See
In re: Mire, slip op’n at 18, 21. Assuming for the sake of argument that such is the
correct standard,4 respondent provided unrefuted evidence that satisfies the standard.
By applying a standard that essentially examines whether there was objective support
for respondent to criticize the district court, I believe that a reasonable person could
justifiably disbelieve that the court’s recording equipment went haywire at the exact
moment of Judge Keaty’s purported disclosure. The attorney’s expressed doubt in
the veracity of Judge Keaty’s claim of having made an explicit disclosure of a
connection with the opposing litigant emerges not merely from the low odds of such
a coincidence, but from the fact that the respondent had proof that the ultimate
4
The applicable rule in Louisiana is Rule 8.2 of Louisiana’s Rules of Professional Conduct, which tracks
Model Rule of Professional Conduct 8.2. Model Rule 8.2 was promulgated by the American Bar
Association (ABA), after the Supreme Court, in Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64 (1964), held that
statements critical of judges made by a district attorney could only be “the subject of either civil or criminal
sanctions” if the statements were “false” and “made with the high degree of awareness of their probable
falsity demanded by New York Times [v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 270 (1964)].” See Margarett
Tarkington, Comment, The Truth Be Damned: The First Amendment, Attorney Speech, and Judicial
Reputation, Geo. L.J., 97, 1567, 1568-69 nn. 1-5 and accompanying text (2009) (which contains the
history of Model Rule 8.2). The commentator further notes there is a significant disconnect between the
ABA’s originally intended standard and the application of Model Rule 8.2 by courts across the country.
See Id., 1569 nn. 5-6 and accompanying text.
3
sources of the district court’s transcript were spliced together from source material
that was inconsistent with the court’s digital recording equipment.
The respondent is also charged with misconduct in connection with this
language from the writ application: “Although the [appellate] court which affirmed the
egregious actions of the trial court [i.e., Judge Keaty’s Division] is the same court
Judge Keaty is actively campaigning to sit upon, Stan [McNabb, respondent’s client]
did not presume wrongdoing.” The majority overlooks that the quoted statement is
actually truthful, in that Judge Keaty was campaigning for a seat on the appellate court
at the time.
The charges against the respondent also called the respondent to account for
this statement in the writ application: “The corruption and/or incompetence of
attorneys and judges in this case is not only a systemic problem; it is an opportunity
for reparation for Stanford McNabb and everyone who was victimized by a system
designed to protect their rights.” While inflammatory and unprofessional (a topic
discussed further below), this statement is grounded in law inasmuch as this court is
constitutionally tasked with guarding against judicial misconduct. See La. Const. art.
V, § 25(C).
I must emphasize that the relevant inquiry regarding the respondent’s conduct
does not require me, or any judge applying it, to accept the respondent’s accusations
as true. Indeed, the standard does not even require me to question my assumption that
all judiciary members involved are honest, eminently competent, and motivated by the
noblest intentions, an assumption applicable to each of the judges in this matter. The
standard the majority describes is focused entirely on the respondent’s statements and
whether there is objective support for those statements. For those statements, the
record amply provides unrefuted, objective support.
4
In addition to the anomalies with the court’s recordings, Judge Keaty further
heaped doubt onto this situation by testifying there had been some redaction of the
recordings to remove material from other hearings held the same day as that in
question. Judge Keaty recanted this testimony when confronted with the court’s
minutes. Ultimately, Judge Keaty admitted that there were no other hearings held the
day in question. Therefore, objectively, there should have been nothing to redact from
the recordings.
Viewing the entirety of these circumstances, there was ample evidence for a
reasonable attorney to question the recusal motion in the Hunter case. Indeed,
recapping and viewing the totality of the following uncontested points reveals a broad,
objective basis for respondent’s criticisms:
• Respondent represented Mr. Hunter in a family law matter. A transcript
indicated that Judge Keaty disclosed that the sister of Mr. Hunter’s ex-wife (the
opposing party), was employed by Judge Keaty’s son. Neither respondent nor
Mr. Hunter recalled Judge Keaty previously disclosing those facts on the
record.
• Respondent did not make any allegations at the time, but instead simply
sought the audio recordings of the hearing during which Judge Keaty claimed
to have disclosed that her son employed the opposing party’s sister.
• The court reporter was initially very defensive about turning over the audio
recording.
• Later, the court reporter went on the offensive and filed suit to enjoin the
respondent from obtaining the tapes.
• Respondent was able to prove that the recordings had been altered.
5
• Judge Keaty testified that there had been some redaction of the recordings to
remove material from other hearings held the same day as that in question.
• Judge Keaty ultimately recanted her testimony when confronted with court
minutes. Judge Keaty admitted that there were no other hearings held the day
in question.
• Although Judge Keaty denied her Personal Financial Disclosure Form was
inaccurate, she later filed an amended form.
• Judge Keaty was ordered recused from the Hunter case “due to a ‘community
interest.’”
Although a broad basis for criticism existed, that is not to say that as an officer
of the court, respondent should have made the remarks in her writ application filed in
this court. Because respondent satisfied the standard the majority imposes (i.e.,
respondent provided “objective supporting evidence” (In re: Mire, slip op’n at 21)
to rationalize her remarks), I find that respondent’s remarks were unprofessional but
do not rise to the level requiring disciplinary sanctions.
Similarly, the respondent’s remarks related to the appellate court judges was
ill-conceived, but not unfounded by “any objective supporting evidence.” During oral
argument, the appellate court focused on whether Judge Keaty’s recusal required de
novo review of her earlier rulings on the merits, as respondent argued. One member
of the appellate panel even signed an order directing the district court to send, as a
proffer, the motion to recuse and Judge Keaty’s order of recusal. However, in later
denying relief to respondent’s client, the same member of the panel indicated in a
written concurrence that Judge Keaty’s recusal was cause for “concern[],” but that
contents of the motion and order to recuse were unknown. Testimony in respondent’s
disciplinary case ultimately confirmed that the appellate panel was, in fact, aware of the
6
contents of those documents. The panel decided not to consider the proffer of the
motion and order to recuse when ruling on the merits of the case before it. Perhaps
the concurrence could have been better worded to distinguish what the panel actually
knew from what it found it could permissibly consider, but as worded, respondent had
“objective supporting evidence” to question that the appeal had been addressed
appropriately.
Unlike the criticisms of Judge Keaty, which as noted above amounted to
unprofessional remarks by respondent, the respondent’s actions could more aptly be
described as questioning. Respondent actually urged this court to question what
transpired from this objective view: “This Honorable Court should consider this case
from the vantage point of a litigant or outside third party.”
The “objective supporting evidence” the respondent marshalled in defense of
the charges against her distinguishes this case from the recent decision in In re
McCool, 15-0284 (La. 6/30/15), 172 So.3d 1058. In contrast to the instant case,
discipline was warranted in In re McCool because the “respondent [could] not even
lay claim to holding a reasonable belief in the veracity of some of her most significant
criticisms” of two judges. Id., 15-0284 at 4, 172 So.3d at 1086 (Weimer, J.,
concurring in part, dissenting in part).
Another important and related point overlooked by the majority, just as much
as the objective evidence in this case, is the legal principle that speech supported by
objective evidence is constitutionally protected. Recalling that Louisiana’s Rule 8.2(a)
tracks ABA Model Rule 8.2(a) verbatim (see n.2, supra), the following is a statement
of black-letter law, indicating that Rule 8.2(a) is to be applied within constitutional
limits, as follows:
7
Because judges and public law officers are public officials, false
statements about them cannot be prohibited or punished unless the
speaker knows them to be false or makes them with “reckless disregard”
for the truth. See New York Times v. Sullivan, 176 U.S. 254 (1964).
Accordingly, Model Rule 8.2(a) reduces the restrictions on a lawyer’s
speech to their appropriate constitutional limits, effectively incorporating
the New York Times standard into Rule 8.2(a).
2 GEOFFREY C. HAZARD, JR., W. WILLIAM HODES, & PETER R. JARVIS, THE LAW
OF LAWYERING § 67.2 (4th ed. 2015) (footnote omitted).
Notwithstanding these constitutional limits, the Office of Disciplinary Counsel
has taken the position that, as the members of the legal profession, “we can never
allow ourselves to tarnish the image of our profession by accepting the use of language
like that employed by the Respondent.” (Initial brief of Disciplinary Counsel, p. 11.)
This position is both constitutionally untenable and unwise. As the Supreme Court has
observed, judicial efforts to squelch criticisms of the judiciary can result in worse
outcomes than any criticism itself could:
The assumption that respect for the judiciary can be won by shielding
judges from published criticism wrongly appraises the character of
American public opinion. For it is a prized American privilege to speak
one’s mind, although not always with perfect good taste, on all public
institutions. And an enforced silence, however limited, solely in the name
of preserving the dignity of the bench, would probably engender
resentment, suspicion, and contempt much more than it would enhance
respect.
Bridges v. State of California, 314 U.S. 252, 270-71 (1941) (footnote ommitted).
Building on Justice Black’s observation in Bridges, I add that failing to observe
constitutional limitations on Rule 8.2(a) can only have a chilling effect on the duty of
lawyers to report judicial misconduct pursuant to Rule 8.3(b).5 That is, even though
5
Rule 8.3(b) of the Rules of Professional Conduct provides:
A lawyer who knows that a judge has committed a violation of the applicable rules of
judicial conduct that raises a question as to the judge’s honesty, trustworthiness or fitness
for office shall inform the Judiciary Commission. Complaints concerning the conduct of
federal judges shall be filed with the appropriate federal authorities in accordance with
8
lawyers are protected against retaliation for reporting judicial misconduct in good
faith,6 lawyers are likely to question the efficacy of that protection if the judiciary
accords lawyers’ constitutional right to free speech no protection.
In a similar vein, as I have recently noted, “because of the adversarial nature of
our system of justice, criticism of judges is an expected part of the judicial system.
… The appeals process actually requires parties–and the lawyers who represent
them–to identify and criticize the aspects of judicial decisions with which they
disagree.” In re McCool, 15-0284 at 1, 172 So.3d at 1085 (Weimer, J. concurring
in part, dissenting in part). Furthermore, because respondent is charged with
misconduct for her questioning and criticizing the judiciary in a writ application filed
in this court, it is worth recalling that one of this court’s considerations for granting a
writ is the occurrence of a “Gross Departure From Proper Judicial Proceedings.” La.
Sup. Ct. Rule X, § 1(a)(5). Questioning and/or criticizing judges is inherently expected
as part of this court’s writ consideration process.
However, this court and the judiciary at large, has a justifiable expectation that
a lawyer’s questioning and criticism will be respectful. Here, respondent did not
always conform to that expectation. Had respondent stuck to the facts and avoided
the inference through the questions she posed that inappropriate motives lay behind
the judges’ handling of her client’s case, I dare say no one could accuse her of acting
federal laws and rules governing federal judicial conduct and disability.
6
A lawyer’s protection from retaliation for bringing a complaint of judicial misconduct stems from a
judge’s duty to “comply with the law and … act at all times in a manner that promotes public confidence
in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary.” La. Code of Judicial Conduct, Canon 2(A). “As used in
this Code, ‘impartiality’ or ‘impartial’ denotes absence of bias or prejudice in favor of, or against, particular
parties … .” Id.
9
unprofessionally (let alone accuse her of transgressing any sanctionable rule of
professional conduct).
As to sanction, as earlier noted, I find respondent acted in an unprofessional
manner in the Keaty matter, but did not transgress the sanctionable provisions of the
Rules of Professional Conduct. Regarding the bankruptcy case (i.e., the Weinstein
matter), the majority fails to give sufficient weight to the mitigating factors it has found,
while disregarding the role of the hearing committee which, unlike this court’s majority,
did not find the aggravating factor of refusal to acknowledge the wrongful nature of
respondent’s conduct. See In re Pryor, 15-0243, p. 8 (La. 9/1/15), 179 So.3d 566,
__ (“Unlike the disciplinary board and this court, the hearing committee was not
disadvantaged by the review of a cold record and is in a superior position to observe
the nuances of demeanor evidence not revealed in a record.”) (Quoting In re Bolton,
02-0257, p. 7 (La. 6/21/02), 820 So.2d 548, 553.).
The hearing committee found, as a mitigating factor, that respondent was
inexperienced in the practice of law when she failed to obtain the approval of a
bankruptcy court to charge a fee in a divorce proceeding while her client was in
bankruptcy. This occurred less than four years after respondent was admitted to
practice. Her lack of prior discipline was also found to be a mitigating factor. The
record is indeed devoid of other disciplinary matters from the time of respondent’s
admission to practice in 2004. The hearing committee further found, as a mitigating
factor, that the bankruptcy court sanctioned respondent, noting that the bankruptcy
court’s sanctions resulted in respondent personally paying “approximately $28,000 in
contempt penalties in addition to disgorgement of the approximately $7,000 fee.”
Not only is the bankruptcy court’s sanction weighty in its own right, but it is
important to note that respondent is not charged with failing to return an unearned fee.
10
Therefore, it is reasonable to infer that respondent earned her $7,000 fee, which she
ultimately had to refund, in addition to $28,000 in sanctions. For a lawyer such as
respondent, who was inexperienced in the practice of law when she failed to obtain the
approval of a bankruptcy court to charge the fee in a divorce proceeding, it is also
reasonable to infer that respondent has learned a costly lesson. The importance of
seeking bankruptcy court approval when a client is in bankruptcy and the need for
promptly complying with bankruptcy court orders have no doubt made an indelible
impression on the respondent’s personal finances, and are, therefore, likely to have
made a similar impression on how respondent views her professional duties. Also,
one district court judge testified favorably to respondent’s truthfulness. The judge
explained that he never experienced any instance of respondent being dishonest and
was dismissive of statements suggesting respondent should be regarded as dishonest
because those statements did not comport with the judge’s actual experience with the
respondent.
As a final factor bearing on the appropriate sanction, although the hearing
committee did not specifically address the respondent’s character and reputation, I am
persuaded by testimony of witnesses–as well as by the stipulated testimony of an
attorney, who is a state senator and a former United States Attorney–that respondent
is honest and trustworthy. In fact, respondent was fully vetted and was offered a
position as an Assistant United States Attorney, although respondent was unable to
accept the position. Thus, there is evidence of respondent having a favorable
reputation.
To recap, in the Keaty matter, I find that respondent was at times
unprofessional, by acting contrary to what lawyers should and should not do, but
respondent did not transgress a sanctionable Rule of Professional Conduct. Finding
11
the bankruptcy court’s sanction adequately serves the goals of the lawyer disciplinary
system in making the client whole again and deterring future misconduct, and
considering the other mitigating factors, I would sanction respondent no further. See
Louisiana State Bar Ass’n v. Reis, 513 So.2d 1173, 1177-78 (La. 1987) (noting that
disciplinary proceedings are not primarily to punish the lawyer, but are designed to
maintain high standards of conduct, protect the public, and deter future misconduct).
Thus, I respectfully dissent.
12
02/19/16
SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
NO. 2015-B-1453
IN RE: CHRISTINE M. MIRE
ATTORNEY DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDING
GUIDRY, J., concurs in part, dissents in part, and assigns reasons.
I would impose a suspension of less than one year and one day.
02/19/16
SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
NO. 2015-B-1453
IN RE: CHRISTINE M. MIRE
ATTORNEY DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS
HUGHES, J., dissenting
Alteration of the transcript of a recorded judicial proceeding is a serious,
perhaps criminal, matter. This court does justice no favor by punishing the
whistle-blower. As pointed out by Justice Weimer, the majority manages to avoid
the hard evidence that the alteration in this case was no accident or “malfunction”.
I concur with Justice Weimer’s dissent.
In Re Christine M. MIRE
Court: Supreme Court of Louisiana
Date filed: 2016-02-19
Citations: 197 So. 3d 656, 2016 La. LEXIS 228
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