NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS SEP 1 2023
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 22-10208
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. Nos.
2:21-cv-02155-APG-EJY
v. 2:20-mj-01041-EJY-1
MARK DAVID GALLOWAY,
MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Nevada
Andrew P. Gordon, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted August 23, 2023**
San Francisco, California
Before: BUMATAY, KOH, and DESAI, Circuit Judges.
Mark Galloway (“Galloway”) appeals his conviction for operating a motor
vehicle while under the influence of alcohol in the Lake Mead National Recreation
Area, in violation of 36 C.F.R. § 4.23(a)(1) and 16 U.S.C. § 3. We affirm.
1. Sufficient evidence supports Galloway’s conviction. A conviction
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
under 36 C.F.R. § 4.23(a)(1) requires the government to prove that the defendant
“(1) was operating a vehicle; (2) while under the influence of alcohol; (3) to a
degree that rendered him incapable of safe operation.” United States v. Stanton,
501 F.3d 1093, 1099 (9th Cir. 2007). Galloway challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence as to the third element. Galloway relies on the testimony of the arresting
officer, National Park Service Ranger Dylan Romine (“Romine”), that Romine
would immediately pull over someone who was driving dangerously or was
incapable of safe operation but did not immediately pull Galloway over. However,
a reasonable factfinder could still find that Galloway was driving while intoxicated
at a level rendering him “incapable of safe operation.” 36 C.F.R. § 4.23(a)(1).
Viewed in the light favorable to the verdict, the evidence of Galloway’s driving
and post-stop behavior, such as pulling down his pants, along with Galloway’s
performance on the field sobriety tests and the rangers’ observations that Galloway
had alcohol on his breath and was slurring his speech, support such a finding.1
2. Galloway also contends that the rangers violated his Fourth
Amendment rights by conducting a seizure that exceeded the scope of a Terry stop
and was not supported by probable cause. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).
1
Even though Galloway challenges the admission of some of this evidence, we
“assume that the evidence at trial was properly admitted” when reviewing the
sufficiency of the evidence. United States v. Freeman, 498 F.3d 893, 908 (9th Cir.
2007) (quoting United States v. Vizcarra-Martinez, 66 F.3d 1006, 1009 (9th Cir.
1995)).
2
Galloway does not contest that the rangers had reasonable suspicion to stop his
vehicle at the outset, based on the report that Galloway was leaving the site of a
physical domestic violence altercation and may have had a firearm. See id. at 19–
22. Under the circumstances, ordering Galloway out of the vehicle with guns
drawn did not convert the stop into a de facto arrest. See, e.g., United States v.
Jacobs, 715 F.2d 1343, 1345–46 (9th Cir. 1983) (per curiam); United States v.
Greene, 783 F.2d 1364, 1367–68 (9th Cir. 1986).
We need not decide whether handcuffing Galloway, or any of the rangers’
subsequent actions (including prolonging the stop), took the stop outside the scope
of Terry because the rangers had probable cause to arrest Galloway for driving
under the influence by the time they handcuffed him. Galloway’s driving patterns,
which Romine observed for five to six minutes, coupled with Galloway’s behavior
after he was stopped, would permit “a prudent person . . . [to] conclude[] that there
was a fair probability” that Galloway had been driving under the influence. United
States v. Lopez, 482 F.3d 1067, 1072 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v.
Smith, 790 F.2d 789, 792 (9th Cir. 1986)).2
3. Galloway has not shown that the purported misinformation Romine
gave Galloway about the consequences of refusing a chemical breath test
2
Galloway argues that any probable cause dissipated after the rangers received a
report from another ranger who had spoken to Galloway’s wife, but that report had
no bearing on the existence of probable cause for driving under the influence.
3
constitutes a due process violation. Unlike the cases on which Galloway relies,
Galloway did not refuse a test, was not charged with refusing a test, and is not
challenging a refusal-based charge or sentence. See United States v. Harrington,
749 F.3d 825, 827–30 (9th Cir. 2014) (reversing a conviction for refusing to
submit to a test because it was “fundamentally unfair to convict Harrington on the
refusal charge when he was told time and again that his refusal to submit to a blood
alcohol test was not in itself a crime, even though it was”); Roberts v. Maine, 48
F.3d 1287, 1291–92 (1st Cir. 1995) (finding that imposition of a mandatory jail
sentence for refusal to take a blood alcohol test was fundamentally unfair).
Galloway has not shown how receiving accurate information about the
consequences of refusal would have affected his conviction under 36 C.F.R.
§ 4.23(a)(1). Galloway has also not demonstrated or argued that his right to
counsel had attached at the time of the refusal. Therefore, we reject Galloway’s
arguments based on Romine’s statement that refusing to do a test without a lawyer
would constitute a refusal.
4. Even assuming that Romine’s testimony about the results of the
horizontal gaze nystagmus (“HGN”) field sobriety test was improperly admitted,
any error was harmless. See United States v. Martin, 796 F.3d 1101, 1105 (9th Cir.
2015) (“Even if an evidentiary ruling was incorrect, we will vacate a conviction
only if that ruling ‘more likely than not affected the verdict.’” (quoting United
4
States v. Pang, 362 F.3d 1187, 1192 (9th Cir. 2004))). Based on the strength of the
evidence and the magistrate judge’s statements in rendering the verdict, the
government has met its burden to show harmlessness by a preponderance of the
evidence. See id. Therefore, we do not decide whether the trial court abused its
discretion in admitting Romine’s testimony.
AFFIRMED.
5