In the Interest Of: F.J.G.M.

Third District Court of Appeal
State of Florida

Opinion filed July 20, 2016.

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No. 3D15-546
Lower Tribunal No. 15-15127
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In the Interest of:
F.J.G.M., a minor child,
Appellant.

An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Cindy S.
Lederman, Judge.

Law Office of Liza R. Galindo, P.A., and Liza R. Galindo, for appellant.

Before ROTHENBERG, SALTER, and EMAS, JJ.

On Motion for Rehearing and Request for Written Opinion

ROTHENBERG, J.

Upon F.J.G.M.’s motion for rehearing and request for a written opinion, we

deny F.J.G.M.’s motion for rehearing. We, however, grant F.J.G.M.’s request for
a written opinion; withdraw this Court’s August 12, 2015 per curiam opinion citing

to In re K.B.L.V., 176 So. 3d 297 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015), and In re B.Y.G.M., 176

So. 3d 290 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015), and affirming the trial court’s order denying

F.J.G.M.’s private dependency petition; and issue the following opinion in its

stead.

On or about February 2, 2015, Cenia Yaquelin Guifarro, F.J.G.M.’s mother

(“the mother” or “his mother”), who resides in Miami, Florida, filed a private

petition, seeking an adjudication finding her minor son, F.J.G.M., dependent as

defined in section 39.01(15) of the Florida Statutes. If adjudicated dependent,

F.J.G.M. becomes eligible for a Special Immigrant Juvenile (“SIJ”) status visa

under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(27)(J) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, and

ultimately to obtain permanent immigration status in this country. The petition is

based solely on abandonment by F.J.G.M.’s father since F.J.G.M.’s birth in 2003,

and the threat that if F.J.G.M.’s petition were denied, he would be deported back to

Honduras. The trial court summarily denied the mother’s private petition for

adjudication of dependency. We affirm because abandonment by the man the

mother claims is F.J.G.M.’s father is too remote, see In re S.A.R.D., 182 So. 3d

897, 902-03 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016); In re K.B.L.V., 176 So. 3d at 299; In re

B.Y.G.M., 176 So. 3d at 293; and there is no claim that F.J.G.M. was abandoned,

abused, or neglected by his mother.

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 Based on the petition and a sworn affidavit, it is alleged that F.J.G.M. was

born in Honduras on February 1, 2003. At the time of F.J.G.M.’s birth, his mother

was not married, no man was named as F.J.G.M.’s father on his birth certificate,

and his mother did not name any man as F.J.G.M.’s father when she applied for

public assistance. F.J.G.M.’s mother has stated that she believes that Alexis

Escobar (“Escobar”) is the probable father, and Escobar has acknowledged

paternity during these dependency proceedings.

When F.J.G.M. was two years old, he and his mother began living with his

mother’s good friend, Seydi Cayo. In 2005, his mother left F.J.G.M. in the care of

Ms. Cayo, and his mother went to the United States to obtain work to support

F.J.G.M. The record does not reflect whether F.J.G.M.’s mother entered the

United States legally or illegally, however, she acknowledges that she has always

maintained a close and meaningful relationship with F.J.G.M. She called him

regularly and regularly sent him money in order to support his needs. F.J.G.M.

lived with and was cared for by Ms. Cayo until he left Honduras and illegally

entered the United States on July 1, 2013 through the Texas border. F.J.G.M. was

subsequently released to his mother by the Office of Refugee Resettlement.

F.J.G.M. continues to live with and is being cared for by his mother and there is no

allegation or evidence that she has ever abandoned, abused, or neglected F.J.G.M.

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The mother merely wants her son to live with her in the United States, and

F.J.G.M. wants to remain in the United States.

ANALYSIS

A. The Immigration Act

The Immigration Act of 1990 (“the Act”) created a category of “special

immigrants” who are entitled to obtain permanent immigration status in this

country. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(27). One such category is for undocumented/illegal

youths who are under the protection of a state juvenile, family, or probate court.

Id. at § 1101(a)(27)(J). To qualify for an SIJ visa, the minor must be a juvenile

immigrant who is present in the United States, and

(i) who has been declared dependent on a juvenile court located
in the United States or whom such a court has legally committed to, or
placed under the custody of, an agency or department of a State, or an
individual or entity appointed by a State or juvenile court located in
the United States, and whose reunification with 1 or both of the
immigrant’s parents is not viable due to abuse, neglect,
abandonment, or a similar basis found under State law;
(ii) for whom it has been determined in administrative or
judicial proceedings that it would not be in the alien’s best interest to
be returned to the alien’s or parent’s previous country of nationality or
country of last habitual residence; and
(iii) in whose case the Secretary of Homeland Security consents
to the grant of special immigrant juvenile status[.]

Id. (emphasis added).

“The SIJ provisions of [the Act] were enacted in 1990 to protect abused,

neglected, or abandoned children who, with their families, illegally entered the

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United States.” Yeboah v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 345 F.3d 216, 221 (3d

Cir. 2003). “Rather than being deported along with abusive or neglectful parents,

or deported to parents who had abandoned them once in the United States, such

children may seek special status to remain in the United States.” Id.

In 2008, Congress eliminated the requirement that the child be eligible for

long-term foster care, see 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(27)(J)(i), and added language

requiring the inability of the child to be reunited with “1 or both” parents because

of “abuse, neglect, abandonment, or a similar basis” under state law. Id.

Thus, the procedure for obtaining SIJ status is a two-step procedure. First,

the child must petition a state juvenile court to obtain an order finding that the

child has satisfied certain state dependency criteria. This order is a predicate

before a child can submit his or her application for SIJ status. The juvenile court

does not make an immigration determination. In re Marcelina M.-G. v. Israel S.,

112 A.D. 3d 100, 109 (N.Y. App. Div. 2013). If the child obtains an order from a

state juvenile court finding him dependent and the juvenile court issues a best

interest order, he can then apply for SIJ status, which, if obtained, will permit the

child to apply for adjustment of status under 8 U.S.C. § 1255 in an effort to obtain

legal permanent residency and, eventually, United States citizenship. 8 U.S.C. §

1255.

As the Third Circuit Court of Appeals noted in M.B. v. Quarantillo, 301

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F.3d 109, 114 (3d Cir. 2002), “[b]eing granted such status is, of course, quite

advantageous to an alien.” For example, SIJ status provides exemption from

deportation on certain grounds, including being present in the United States

illegally. 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B-C). A juvenile granted SIJ status is deemed “to

have been paroled into the United States” for purposes of discretionary adjustment

of his status “to that of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence.” 8

U.S.C. § 1255(a), (h)(1), and certain grounds of inadmissibility do not apply

(including unlawful entry into the United States), and other grounds may be

waived by the Attorney General. 8 U.S.C. § 1255(h)(2); 8 U.S.C. § 1182. As is

obviously apparent, obtaining an order of dependency and SIJ status allows the

child who entered the United States or stayed in the United States illegally to jump

to the front of the line ahead of those who are attempting to immigrate to the

United States lawfully and permits the child to bypass many of the requirements

established for regular legal immigration.

The instant petition, like so many, is an attempt to expand the stated purpose

of the Act. As stated earlier, “[t]he SIJ provisions of [the Act] were enacted in

1990 to protect abused, neglected, or abandoned children who, with their families,

illegally entered the United States.” Yeboah, 345 F.3d at 221 (emphasis added).

These provisions allow such children to seek SIJ special status to remain in this

country “[r]ather than being deported along with the abusive or neglectful

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parents, or deported to parents who had abandoned them once in the United

States.” Id. (emphasis added). The purpose of the Act is not to provide exemption

from deportation to children who forgo legal immigration migration to the United

States and illegally enter the United States in search of a better life or to be

reunited with a family member who came to the United States legally or illegally.

As this Court noted in In re S.A.R.D., this attempt to expand the stated

purpose of the Act not only encourages illegal immigration,1 it places a very

difficult burden upon the state courts tasked with reviewing these private

dependency petitions and making dependency determinations. In re S.A.R.D., 182

So. 3d at 901.

B. Chapter 39

The instant petition was filed under Chapter 39 of the Florida Statutes,

which pertains to proceedings relating to children. Chapter 39 defines a dependent

child, in part, as one who has been “abandoned, abused, or neglected by the child’s

parent or parents or legal guardians.” § 39.01(15)(a), Fla. Stat. (2015). Because

the petition was filed as a private petition with no services being sought, the

1 Those who are closer to the immigration problem than this Court have observed
that, in recent times, the SIJ law has resulted in the placement of children at great
risk of assault, rape, kidnapping, and death as they are being smuggled into the
United States. See U.S. v. Nava-Martinez, 2013 WL 8844097 *4 (S.D. Texas
2013). Worse yet, “[drug] cartels control the entire process.” Id. The Courts of
this State should be loath to favor the expansion of any law that puts children at
great risk of assault, rape, kidnapping, and death as they are being smuggled into
the United States.
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Department of Children and Families (“DCF”) declined to appear. DCF is now

appearing in these cases.

After review, the trial court summarily denied the petition. Before

addressing the merits, we take this opportunity to respond to the dissent. In the

instant case on rehearing, and in In re B.R.C.M., 182 So. 3d 749 (Fla. 3d DCA

2015), Judge Salter has dissented from this Court’s affirmance of the trial court’s

orders declining to find the minor child dependent based on the trial court’s failure

to conduct an evidentiary hearing and to make specific findings of fact. From a

procedural standpoint, we note that the failure to conduct an evidentiary hearing

below has not been preserved for appellate review. No objection was raised in the

trial court, and in fact, the issue has not been raised by the appellant either on

direct appeal or in his motions for rehearing and rehearing en banc. On the merits,

while we conceptually agree that an evidentiary hearing may be necessary in some

cases, we conclude that no evidentiary hearing was needed in this case because the

mother’s petition and affidavit failed to state a sufficient legal basis for the relief

sought. We also agree that orders which include specific factual findings and legal

conclusions will generally assist this Court with our review and in some cases may

be necessary. Although, we do not find that such an order was required in the

instant case because there were no factual issues in dispute and, based on the

alleged facts, F.J.G.M. is not a “dependent” child as defined in section

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39.01(15)(a), we strongly urge trial courts to issue such orders in the future.

C. Abandonment by F.J.G.M.’s father

The instant petition seeking an adjudication of dependency is based solely

on abandonment by F.J.G.M.’s father. There is no claim nor evidence of

abandonment, abuse, or neglect by the mother. In fact, the evidence establishes the

opposite.

Section 39.01(1), Florida Statutes (2015), defines “abandonment” as:

[A] situation in which the parent or legal custodian of a child or, in the
absence of a parent or legal custodian, the caregiver, while being able,
has made no significant contribution to the child’s care and
maintenance or has failed to establish or maintain a substantial and
positive relationship with the child, or both.

Although Escobar has acknowledged paternity and it is undisputed that he

abandoned F.J.G.M. since his birth in 2003, we conclude, as this Court has

previously concluded in other cases, that abandonment by Escobar over thirteen

years ago is too remote to serve as a basis for dependency, especially since the

mother has continued to support F.J.G.M., ensured that he was cared for in

Honduras, and presently supports and cares for F.J.G.M. in the United States. See

In re S.A.R.D., 180 So. 3d at 903 (finding that abandonment by the father ten years

before S.A.R.D.’s departure for the United States was too remote); In re K.B.L.V.,

176 So. 3d at 299 (finding that the abandonment of the seventeen-year-old child by

his father since he was eight months old was too remote).

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 F.J.G.M. was also not at a substantial risk of imminent abuse, abandonment,

or neglect when his mother filed the petition. When the petition was filed,

F.J.G.M. was living with and being cared for by his mother in Miami. There are

no allegations that F.J.G.M. has been abandoned, abused, or neglected by his

mother or that he is in substantial risk of abuse, neglect, or abandonment by his

mother.

Because abandonment by F.J.G.M.’s father is too remote and there was no

evidence presented that there is a substantial risk of abuse, neglect, or

abandonment by F.J.G.M.’s mother, we conclude that the trial court correctly

denied the petition on the basis of abandonment by the father. There clearly is not

a substantial risk of abuse, neglect, or abandonment by F.J.G.M.’s mother while

F.J.G.M. lives in the United States as he has been placed with his mother who is

supporting and caring for him. There was also no evidence introduced that there

exists a substantial risk of abuse, neglect, or abandonment by his mother if

F.J.G.M. is deported back to Honduras as the evidence reflects that, although

F.J.G.M.’s mother has lived in the United States since 2005, she maintained a close

relationship with F.J.G.M. throughout, called him regularly and paid for his care

and support.

CONCLUSION

The allegations and supporting affidavit in this case failed to establish

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abandonment as defined in section 39.01(1). The trial court, therefore, did not err

by failing to conduct an evidentiary hearing, and it properly summarily denied the

petition for dependency. Even if Escobar is F.J.G.M.’s father, abandonment by

Escobar thirteen years ago is too remote. More importantly, F.J.G.M. has not been

abandoned, neglected, or abused by his mother and there is no imminent

substantial risk that she will do so in the future. Although F.J.G.M. does not meet

Florida’s dependency criteria, which may preclude a finding under the Act that he

qualifies for SIJ status, and which may have allowed F.J.G.M. to jump to the front

of the line and ahead of those who are attempting to immigrate to the United States

lawfully, whether F.J.G.M. is ultimately permitted to remain in the United States is

a determination entrusted exclusively to Congress. We and the trial courts can

only perform the tasks assigned to us in a consistent and lawful manner.

Affirmed.

Emas, J., concurs in result.

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 In re F.J.G.M.
Case No. 3D15-546

SALTER, J. (dissenting from written opinion and from denial of the

motions for rehearing and rehearing en banc).

I respectfully dissent from the majority’s written opinion, and from the

denial of the appellant’s motion for rehearing and rehearing en banc.

This appeal from the summary denial of a twelve-year-old immigrant

juvenile’s “private petition” for dependency was decided without oral argument.

Our per curiam affirmance with citations to two recent decisions of this Court2 was

issued days before the Supreme Court of New Jersey issued what is, in my view, a

comprehensive and balanced opinion addressing the important issues in these

“special immigrant juvenile” (SIJ) cases. See H.S.P. v. J.K., 121 A.3d 849 (N.J.

2015). Other states have also issued thoughtful opinions on the unique issues

2In re B.Y.G.M., 176 So. 3d 290 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015); In re K.B.L.V., 176 So. 3d
297 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015).

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posed when federal immigration policies intersect with state dependency criteria

and procedures in SIJ cases.3

While I joined in the citation per curiam affirmance initially, I am now

persuaded that F.J.G.M.’s sworn petition has alleged a prima facie case that should

not be summarily denied in the circuit court and then affirmed, as here, on the basis

of the two decisions that involved different claimants, claims, and appellate

records. In addition to the helpful decision in H.S.P., recent decisions by other

Florida District Courts of Appeal are in conflict on these issues, and this apparently

prompted the Supreme Court of Florida to accept review in the SIJ case of O.I.C.L.

v. Department of Children & Families, 169 So. 3d 1244 (Fla. 4th DCA 2015),

review granted, No. SC15-1570 (Fla. Oct. 30, 2015) (oral argument heard Feb. 2,

2016).

The recent motions for rehearing and rehearing en banc in this and other SIJ

cases have also raised an important, unsettled legal issue that has arisen in such

cases: is the abandonment of a child by a parent for many years subject to the same

“remoteness in time” analysis that Florida courts have applied to temporally

remote acts of abuse or neglect? Our decision in In re K.B.L.V., 176 So. 3d 297

(Fla. 3d DCA 2015), stated:

3See, e.g., In re Estate of Nina L. ex rel. Howerton, 41 N.E.3d 930 (Ill. App. Ct.
2015); Simbaina v. Bunay, 109 A.3d 191 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2015).

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 In the absence of a continuing threat of harm, however,
incidents of alleged abuse found too remote in time will generally not
support a dependency adjudication. See, e.g., In re K.V., 939 So. 2d
200, 202 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006) (where instances of domestic violence
in the presence of the child were too remote in time to support an
adjudication of dependency); B.C. v. Dep’t of Children & Families,
846 So. 2d 1273, 1274 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003) (stating that “[i]n order to
support an adjudication of dependency, the parents’ harmful behavior
must be a present threat to the child”).

Id. at 299 (alteration in original).4

In the cited cases, however, the acts alleged to warrant an adjudication of

dependency were acts of domestic violence alleged to constitute “abuse,” not the

act of abandonment. In In re K.V., the father was alleged to have engaged in

domestic violence and abuse against the grandmother. 939 So. 2d at 201. In B.C.,

two instances of domestic violence between the father and his former wife that had

occurred two years before the petition for dependency was filed were found

insufficient to constitute “imminent” harm to the child. 846 So. 2d at 1276. I can

find no Florida case holding that long-term abandonment by a parent for many

years is too remote for consideration as a danger and imminent harm to a child, or

that, as a matter of law, long-term abandonment cannot support an adjudication of

dependency with respect to the abandoning parent.

4 This Court’s decision in In re B.Y.G.M., decided the same day, also cited the
same two cases for the “too remote to serve as a basis for dependency” conclusion.
176 So. 3d at 293.

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 Another important change in the treatment of SIJ petitions has occurred as a

result of the Department of Children and Families’ (DCF’s) decision to review the

petitions and to take a position in the trial court and on appeal. That policy was not

in place on February 20, 2015, when F.J.G.M.’s amended petition was considered

by the trial court. F.J.G.M.’s amendment to his petition, filed before the hearing in

the case, alleged that DCF services should be considered “since the minor has

previously threatened to take his life due to the separation he endured from his

mother,” and “since the minor has not been with either of his parents since the age

of two years, DCF services might be necessary to ease reunification with the

mother and help the minor cope with the abandonment from his father.”5 The

amended petition also alleged that Honduras was subject to a United States

Department of State warning based on a “critically high” level of crime and

violence, that F.J.G.M. was already the respondent in an Immigration Court

removal action, and that he had no parent or other caretaker in Honduras to rely

upon if deported to that country.

DCF did not investigate or respond to those allegations, and they were not

addressed in the trial court’s brief hearing or its short order denying the petition

5 Although F.J.G.M. was released to his mother in Miami by the Office of Refugee
Resettlement in August 2013, he had not lived with her from the time he was two
years of age until he was ten. His biological father filed a written acknowledgment
of paternity and consent to F.J.G.M.’s dependency petition, certifying that he had
in fact abandoned F.J.G.M.

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without adjudicative findings. In this appeal, DCF filed a “Notice of the

Department’s Position” explaining that it would not participate in the appeal

because “The Department did not assert its party status, did not appear as a

litigating party in the trial court, and did not take a position in the underlying

proceedings on the issue of whether the Appellant proved the statutory

requirements for dependency.”

These recent developments, the number of such cases, and the recent shift

away from individualized adjudication is detailed in my dissent in another such

case, In re B.R.C.M., 41 Fla. L. Weekly D36 (Fla. 3d DCA Dec. 30, 2015). For

the sake of brevity, I rely upon the analysis in that dissent but do not repeat it here.

F.J.G.M.’s petition seeks an adjudication that would assist him in applying

for SIJ status under federal immigration law,6 but that is not a proper basis for

dismissing or denying the petition. As detailed in H.S.P., findings of fact and an

adjudication of an immigrant juvenile’s claims as to each parent are appropriate.

An evidentiary hearing (rather than a four-minute,7 non-evidentiary hearing and

summary denial), together with specific written findings and conclusions, will also

allow meaningful appellate review.

6 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(27)(J); see also § 39.5075, Fla. Stat. (2015).
7 This is the time according to the hearing transcript.

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 I have not concluded that F.J.G.M.’s amended petition should be granted,

because his allegations are still subject to proof at an evidentiary hearing. At this

procedural point, however, I would reverse and remand the amended petition to

permit DCF to consider and take a position on F.J.G.M.’s allegations. I would

direct the trial court to conduct an evidentiary hearing on remand and issue written

findings on the allegations of dependency as to each parent.

For these reasons, I respectfully dissent from the written opinion issued by

the majority today, and from the denial of F.J.G.M.’s motions for rehearing and

rehearing en banc.

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