(concurring)—Because I believe the majority incorrectly analyzes the propriety of the action of the trial court in admitting evidence of the defendant's prior conviction for burglary, but because I believe that error harmless, I concur.
Of late, ER 609(a) has been subjected to considerable critical analysis by Washington courts. Most recently, in State v. Burton, 101 Wn.2d 1, 676 P.2d 975 (1984) and in State v. Jones, 101 Wn.2d 113, 677 P.2d 131 (1984), our Supreme Court has placed significant restrictions on the use of prior convictions as impeachment evidence.
In Burton, the majority, construing ER 609(a)(2), adopts a restrictive definition of the term "dishonesty or false statement" such that admission of evidence of a crime under ER 609(a)(2) now requires that the crime include an element of crimen falsi and bear directly on the propensity of the witness for truthfulness. The basis for this restrictive approach is the general purpose of ER 609—to shed light on the credibility of a witness. As to this general purpose of ER 609, the court states:
The purpose of allowing impeachment by prior conviction evidence is to shed light on the defendant's credibility as a witness. Therefore, prior convictions admitted for impeachment purposes must have some relevance to the defendant's ability to tell the truth. Simply because a defendant has committed a crime in the past does not mean the defendant will lie when testifying. We therefore reject any suggestion that lying is an integral facet of the criminal personality, and thus all prior convictions should be admissible.
(Citations omitted.) Burton, at 7-8. The majority in Burton does however qualify its holding by stating that one purpose for the narrow approach to subsection (a)(2) is to per*817mit continued vitality for the provisions of subsection (a)(1). By its terms this provision does not specifically qualify or restrict impeachment use of prior felony convictions except where the trial court determines that the probative value of those prior felony convictions is outweighed by prejudice to the defendant.
In State v. Jones, supra, the court states at the outset that it intends by the decision to "formulate guidelines for the exercise of discretion under ER 609(a)(1) and determine the appropriate harmless error standard for use under ER 609(a)(1)." Jones, at 114. Later in the opinion the court reiterates that the question before it is one of clarification and delineation of proper standards. Jones, at 118. The court then goes on to state:
At the outset, we reiterate what was previously emphasized in both Burton, and Alexis [State v. Alexis, 95 Wn.2d 15, 621 P.2d 1269 (1980)]. When exercising the discretionary authority granted under ER 609(a)(1), a trial court must bear in mind at all times that the sole purpose of impeachment evidence is to enlighten the jury with respect to the defendant's credibility as a witness. Therefore, prior convictions admitted for the purpose of impeachment must have some relevance to the defendant's ability to tell the truth. Simply because a defendant has committed a crime in the past does not mean the defendant will lie when testifying. In these consolidated cases the State argues that because lying is an integral facet of the criminal personality, all prior convictions are per se admissible. We disagree.
In State v. Alexis, supra, we clearly rejected any per se rule for the admissibility of prior conviction evidence. ER 609(a)(1) requires the exercise of discretion. Moreover, crimes which are not automatically admissible as crimes involving "dishonesty or false statement" under ER 609(a)(2) must have some relevance to the defendant's ability to testify truthfully.
(Citations omitted. Italics mine.) Jones, at 118-19.
The position of our Supreme Court in Jones is clear. Evidence of prior convictions is inherently prejudicial and there are few crimes other than those involving dishonesty or false statement that are probative of a witness's veracity. *818The court states that the most important consideration in this analysis is the necessity of hearing the defendant's side of the story; that the trial court should consider whether the defendant is the only one who can testify in his or her defense; that the more crucial the defendant's testimony is the more crucial it is that the jury not be misled as to his or her credibility. These are identified as the "most important factors." The court then restates what are known as the Alexis3 factors:
(1) the type of crime—crimes of violence are not usually probative of the defendant's propensity to lie[;] (2) the remoteness of the prior conviction—the older the conviction, the less probative it is of the defendant's credibility[;] (3) the similarity of the prior crime—the greater the similarity, the greater the possible prejudiced (4) the age and circumstances of the defendant—was the defendant very young, were there extenuating circumstances?; (5) whether the defendant testified at the previous trial—if the defendant did not testify, the prior conviction has less bearing on veracityd (6) the length of the defendant's criminal record—unnecessarily cumulative prior convictions are more prejudicial. ... In each case the balancing procedure must be followed. Moreover, it is imperative that this balancing process be meaningful.
(Citations omitted. Italics mine.) Jones, at 121-22.
The point of all this is that State v. Jones, supra, does a great deal more than simply require that the balancing process originally articulated in Alexis be set forth on the record. The case underscores the need for that balancing process to be one of weighing the probative value of the evidence with regard to the witness's credibility against the prejudicial effect it will have on the defendant. Further, the crime which resulted in the conviction, evidence of which is sought to be introduced, must involve some element of crimen falsi.
In the instant matter the crime is felony murder; the defense one of diminished capacity due to intoxication *819negating the defendant's ability to form the specific intent necessary to commit the burglary during which the murder of the victim by the defendant's accomplice occurred. Burglary is not a crime involving an element of dishonesty as that term is defined in Burton.
Therefore, the category of crimes involving "dishonesty" is defined to include only those crimes having elements in the nature of crimen falsi, the commission of which involves some element of deceit, fraud, untruthfulness or falsification bearing on the accused's propensity to testify truthfully.
Burton, at 10.
One could argue that a prior conviction for burglary is probative for impeachment in the sense that a defendant who is arguing that he lacked the capacity to form the intent to commit another burglary is more likely than not to have known what he was doing and thus not be telling the truth when he says he did not know.4 I believe the evidence in the instant matter of the prior conviction is of questionable probative value with respect to the defendant's credibility. However, on the other side of the ledger, apart from the similarity between the two crimes, I believe that the prejudicial effect in admitting this evidence was de minimis since the defense was diminished capacity. I am not prepared to say from the perspective of this court that the trial judge abused his discretion in his weighing of the factors of probity versus prejudice.
Moreover, even if one views admission of the prior conviction for attempted burglary as error, the result reached *820by the majority in this case should stand because review of the record reveals the error to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Jones, at 125.
Review denied by Supreme Court November 22, 1985.
State v. Alexis, 95 Wn.2d 15, 621 P.2d 1269 (1980).
UnfortunateIy, this evidence also leads to the prejudicial inference that the defendant acted in conformity with his prior bad behavior. Of course, such evidence is inadmissible unless offered for the purpose of "proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident", ER 404(b), and then only if its probative value as to an essential element of the crime charged outweighs its potential for prejudice. Further, the jury must be properly instructed as to the purpose for which it is admitted. State v. Saltarelli, 98 Wn.2d 358, 655 P.2d 697 (1982). The prejudice to be weighed is the same as that with respect to ER 609: whether the evidence unduly leads the trier of fact to conclude that one who has done it before is more likely than not to have done it again. See State v. Jackson, 102 Wn.2d 689, 689 P.2d 76 (1984).