dissenting.
The law of Georgia favors the early vesting of remainders “in all cases of doubt,” but not where “a manifest intention to the contrary shall appear.” OCGA § 44-6-66. “[T]his preference for vested interests is only a presumption and will give way to a clear intent to make the interest subject to a contingency.” Verner F. Chaffin, Studies in the Georgia Law of Decedents’ Estates and Future Interests, p. 332 (1978). Because the controlling terms of Watson Usry’s will leave no doubt of his clear intent that his grandchildren must survive their parents to inherit, their remainders are contingent and the preference for early vesting does not apply in this case. Therefore, I dissent to the majority’s affirmance of the trial court’s erroneous ruling.
Item Three of Mr. Usry’s will creates a life estate in his widow and then in those of their children who survived her. Thus, he clearly intended that his children’s interests not vest at his death, but at the death of his wife. With regard to the grandchildren, Item 3 provides: “Upon the death of my last surviving child title in fee simple to said lands shall vest in my grand-children, per stirpes and not per capita.” (Emphasis supplied.) A “fee simple” estate “ ‘is the entire and absolute property in the land; no person can have a greater estate or interest.’ [Cit.]” Houston v. Coram, 215 Ga. 101, 102 (1) (109 SE2d 41) (1959). Thus, Item 3 clearly expresses the testator’s intent that his grandchildren would have no interest in the property until such time as the entire and absolute estate passed to them at the death of the last life tenant.
Despite this clear expression of Mr. Usry’s intent, the majority concludes that what he really meant was for title to pass to his grandchildren at his death and that only possession be postponed until the death of his last surviving child. This is patently erroneous, as title cannot vest both at the time of the testator’s death and then again at the death of the last life tenant. As the majority correctly notes, “there are two vestings of a vested remainder,” a vesting of title and a vesting of possession. (Emphasis supplied.) Crawley v. Kendrick, 122 Ga. 183, 184 (1) (50 SE 41) (1905). However, the issue here is whether the grandchildren’s remainders are vested or contingent. OCGA § 44-6-61. The will does not specify that their interests vest at the testator’s death with possession delayed until the last life tenant dies. The instrument unambiguously provides that the grandchildren take no “title” until that time. One can hold title without possession or possession without title. However, fee simple title in the grandchildren vests either at the time of Mr. Usry’s death or when his last child dies. The will expressly indicates that his children must survive his widow to take a life estate and, by postponing the vesting of title in his grandchildren, implicitly requires that they survive the life tenants. See Ruth v. First Nat. Bank of Atlanta, 230 Ga. 490, 493 *442(197 SE2d 699) (1973).
The importance of Ruth is that the court did look to the will as a whole rather than focusing on the particular words used in the bequest, and determined that the testator’s intention, even though he used the word “absolutely,” was that the bequest was not to vest until the death of the testator or the life tenant, whichever last occurred.
Chaffin, supra at p. 355 (1978). See also Fourth Nat. Bank of Columbus v. Brannon, 227 Ga. 191, 192 (1) (179 SE2d 232) (1971).
The error in the majority’s analysis is that it equates the absence of an express requirement for survivorship as conclusive evidence of the testator’s intent to create vested, rather than contingent, remainders. However, the law favors the early vesting of remainders only in cases of doubt, and no doubt arises simply because the testator did not specifically provide that the remaindermen must survive to take. A postponement of the vesting of title can be the functional equivalent of a survivorship requirement. See Wells v. Ellis, 184 Ga. 645, 646 (1) (192 SE 380) (1937). The applicable rule of construction is to ascertain the testator’s intent based upon a consideration of the entire will and the circumstances surrounding its execution. Timberlake v. Munford, 267 Ga. 631, 632 (481 SE2d 217) (1997). Contrary to the majority opinion, the testator’s will did not provide “for title to vest in his loved ones who survive him.” In Item 8 of Mr. Usry’s will, he expressed only the general intent “to provide for the welfare of my loved ones who survive me. . . .” However, the relevant inquiry is the construction of the specific provisions of the instrument so as to determine how he intended to provide for them. There is a distinction between the expression of a general testamentary intent to provide for survivors, as in Item 8, and a specific provision for the vesting of title in those who survive, as in Item 3. In Item 3, Mr. Usry created life estates for his widow and children, and provided that his grandchildren would not take title until the death of the last surviving child. Thus, he obviously did not intend to provide for the welfare of all of his survivors, since only those children who outlived his widow were to take life estates. Under the majority’s anomalous construction, the remainder to a grandchild who survived Mr. Usry and died before his or her own parent would be vested, but the parent of that grandchild would have no interest unless he or she outlived Mrs. Usry. Based upon the will as a whole, the more reasonable interpretation is that the testator intended all remainders to be contingent upon survival until the time of vesting. Mr. Usry accomplished that intent by expressly providing that his children survive his widow and by specifically providing that title would not pass to his grandchil*443dren until the death of the last life tenant.
The authority cited by the majority does not support its holding. In Witcher v. Witcher, 231 Ga. 49 (200 SE2d 110) (1973), the will did not expressly provide that title would not vest in the testator’s four sons until the death of the widow, but it did specify that, in the event a son predeceased the testator or his widow, the child or children of that deceased son would take the dead parent’s share. Only three sons outlived their mother, and they urged that the effect of the sur-vivorship language was to create contingent remainders so that the widow of their deceased brother took nothing. This Court rejected that construction. Because the testator did not specify when his sons’ interests vested, the will “created a vested remainder interest in a class composed of the testator’s sons” and the survivorship language was intended to “prevent a lapse of the devise to any son who died prior to the testator’s death, leaving a child or children.” Witcher, supra at 51. Thus, that case is entirely consistent with the principle that “words of survivorship shall refer to those survivors living at the time of the death of the testator in order to vest remainders unless a manifest intention to the contrary shall appear.” OCGA § 44-6-66.
Since no language in the will plainly manifested an intention to divest the share of a son who survived the testator but died before the life tenant leaving no children to take the substitutionary gift, the deceased son’s remainder was not divested and therefore descended to his heirs.
Chaffin, supra at p. 351 (1978). Witcher does not hold that, in the absence of any express survivorship language, remainders must be construed as vested. The last sentence of Item 3 of Mr. Usry’s will contains no survivorship language, but it does expressly provide that his grandchildren take no interest until the death of the last of his children. Thus, this case is controlled by the principle that
the language of each particular instrument construed as a whole, showing the intent and purpose of the grantor or testator, must be given effect; and if the instrument creating the remainder should by specific language, consistent with a clear intent of the maker as gathered from the entire instrument, make the remainder itself subject to a contingency, the intent of the maker, if lawful, will control.
(Emphasis in original.) Britt v. Fincher, 202 Ga. 661, 664 (4) (44 SE2d 372) (1947). Compare Miller v. Brown, 215 Ga. 148 (109 SE2d 741) (1959) (will which did not specify time of vesting in remaindermen construed to create vested remainders at time of testator’s death).
The trial court erred in misapplying the preference for early *444vesting so as to violate the testator’s manifest intent to create contingent remainders for his children and grandchildren. Because the majority endorses, rather than corrects that error, I dissent.
Decided October 1, 2001 Reconsideration denied November 5, 2001. Johnston, Wilkin & Williams, Wendell E. Johnston, Jr., William J. Williams, for appellants. Carl H. Hodges & Associates, Carl H. Hodges, Timothy K. King, for appellees.I am authorized to state that Justice Benham and Justice Hines join in this dissent.