dissenting.
Appellant was convicted for committing the offense of burglary of a vehicle. A jury determined his guilt, and assessed his punishment at five years’ confinement in the penitentiary and a fine of $1,000. The Court of Appeals for the Thirteenth Supreme Judicial District, in a unanimous opinion authored by Justice Kennedy, ordered the judgment of the trial court reversed, and remanded the cause to the trial court, see Robles v. State, 628 S.W.2d 267 (Tex.App.1982), because it concluded that the trial court’s charge to the jury was fundamentally erroneous.
The indictment in this cause alleges in pertinent part that appellant “... did then and there with intent to commit theft, enter a vehicle without the effective consent of (the owner)...” [Emphasis Added], The trial court’s charge to the jury instructed the jury it could find the appellant guilty if it found that the appellant “... did break into or enter a vehicle ...” [Emphasis Added.] The Court of Appeals found that this enlargement of the indictment, by the trial court’s unnecessarily putting in the charge the term “break into”, authorized conviction on a theory not set forth in the indictment. It then concluded that this rendered the charge fundamentally erroneous. The authorities it used in so holding were this Court’s decisions of Colbert v. State, 615 S.W.2d 754 (Tex.Cr.App.1980); Young v. State, 605 S.W.2d 550 (Tex.Cr.App.1978); and Garcia v. State, 574 S.W.2d 133 (Tex.Cr.App.1978). We granted the State’s petition for discretionary review to make the determination whether the Court of Appeals was correct in its holding.
Appellant did not complain in the trial court of the court’s charge to the jury, as required by Art. 36.14, V.A.C.C.P. Therefore, his failure to properly object to the charge waived all but fundamental error. See, for example, Cumbie v. State, 578 S.W.2d 732 (Tex.Cr.App.1979). Cf. Article 36.19, V.A.C.C.P.
V.T.C.A., Penal Code, Sec. 30.04, provides, in part, that a person commits the offense of burglary of a vehicle when he either “breaks into” or “enters” a vehicle without the effective consent of the owner with the intent to commit any felony or theft. As previously noted, the State alleged in the indictment that the appellant committed the offense of burglary of a vehicle by “entering” the vehicle. Because the charge enlarged upon this allegation of the indictment, by authorizing the jury to find the appellant guilty if it found that he “did break into” the vehicle, which was not alleged, this unquestionably was error. After careful review, I have concluded that because the trial court authorized conviction on a theory not alleged in the indictment, this error caused the charge to the jury to become fundamentally erroneous. Art. 36.-19, supra. Compare Cumbie v. State, supra; Johnson v. State, 627 S.W.2d 426 (Tex.Cr.App.1982); Peoples v. State, 548 S.W.2d 893 (Tex.Cr.App.1977); Powell v. State, 12 Tex.App. 238 (Tex.App.1882); Sandig v. State, 580 S.W.2d 584 (Tex.Cr.App.1979). Cf. Delgado v. State, 628 S.W.2d 68 (Tex.Cr.App.1982).
I also observe that the error of commission, by enlarging upon the allegation of the indictment, is aggravated by the fact that in the definitional portion of the charge the jury was given the statutory definition for the word “enter”, as follows: “The term ‘enter’ means to intrude any part of the body or any physical object connected with the body,” and was also given a “judge made” or non-statutory definition for the term “break”, as follows: “By the term ‘break’ as used herein is meant the application of actual force to some part of a vehicle, such as the breaking of any glass vent, glass window, or windshield, or any other part of a vehicle, or the breaking or opening of any latch or locking device of a vehicle for the purpose of making entry into a vehicle.” As easily seen, by the above definitions, the two words, “break” and “enter”, are not defined to mean the same thing.
I, therefore, find that because of the error of commission in the charge to the jury, the jury in this instance could have used the non-alleged theory of “break into” in order *19to have convicted the appellant for committing the alleged offense of burglary of a vehicle by entering the vehicle. This is impermissible.
The majority opinion’s reliance upon Cumbie v. State, 578 S.W.2d 732 (Tex.Cr.App.1979), and Payne v. State, 596 S.W.2d 911 (Tex.Cr.App.1980), as authority for its position that the charge is not fundamentally erroneous is misplaced.
In Cumbie v. State, 578 S.W.2d 732 (Tex.Cr.App.1979), upon which the majority opinion relies, this Court expressly stated the following: “A third kind of fundamental error is committed when the charge to the jury authorizes conviction on the theory alleged in the indictment and on one or more other theories not alleged in the indictment.” (734). [Emphasis Added]. This Court in Cumbie further pointed out the following: “The evil of the charge that enlarges on the indictment is that it authorizes conviction on proof different from (and sometimes less than) that required to prove the allegations in the indictment.” (735). In Cumbie, the indictments alleged that the defendant threatened and placed the complainants in fear of imminent bodily injury. However, the court’s charge authorized conviction if the jury found that the defendant threatened and placed the complainants in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. This Court rejected the defendant’s assertion that fundamental error had occurred because of the addition of the phrase “or death,” and held: “That evil is not present in this case, because proof of threatening and placing in fear of death is not different from (or less than) proof of threatening and placing in fear of bodily injury.” (735).
However, in this instance, the appellant was only charged with “entering” the vehicle, and was not charged with “breaking” or “breaking into” the vehicle. The appellant was thus put on notice of one theory of how the offense was committed. The jury, however, was instructed that it could find him guilty if it found that he committed another, unalleged, theory of how the offense could be committed. As the Court of Appeals pointed out in its opinion: “A charge which submits a theory of the offense not pleaded in the complaint is fundamental error.”
The Legislature, when it enacted the statute, mandated at least two distinct ways in which the offense of burglary of a vehicle may be committed: “A person commits an offense if, without the effective consent of the owner, he breaks into or enters a vehicle or any part of a vehicle with intent to commit any felony or theft.” [Emphasis Added] By specifically defining the term “enter” in the statute, but not the term “break into”, I find that the Legislature implicitly, if not expressly, stated that there would be a distinction between the terms “break into” and “enter.” *
Furthermore, in Cumbie, supra, and Payne, supra, contrary to here, the addition in the Cumbie and Payne charges only concerned the entire theory of the way it was alleged the offenses were committed. In Cumbie, the State chose to charge the defendant under V.T.C.A., Penal Code, See. 29.02(2), “intentionally or knowingly threatens or places another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death,” with the indictments not alleging “or death.” However, the charge to the jury added the phrase, “or *20death.” As pointed out in the opinion, the addition did not change the theory of how the offense could have been committed, because “every 'threatening and placing in fear of death’ necessarily includes ‘threatening and placing in fear of bodily injury.” In actuality, the charge added to the State’s burden to prove the theory of the offense that was alleged. The same is true of what occurred in Payne. Again, the particular theory of how the offense was committed was not changed in either Cumbie or Payne by what was added in the court’s charge.
In this cause, however, Y.T.C.A., Penal Code, Sec. 30.04, expressly provides two ways in which the offense of burglary of a vehicle may be committed: “break into” or “enters” a vehicle. In this instance, it was not alleged in the indictment that appellant “broke into” the vehicle, but merely alleged that he “entered” the vehicle. The charge, however, added a theory of how the offense could be committed. Had the Legislature seen fit to state that there was only one way that the offense could be committed, such as “break into” or “enter,” then, of course, the addition in the charge of the non-stated method of how the offense could have been committed would present a question that might be resolvable by what the majority states. However, the Legislature did not see fit to do this.
I have concluded that the majority opinion represents a valiant effort to invoke an idea foreign to our jurisprudence, to-wit: although a defendant is not charged with committing in one of the ways how the offense may be committed, and thus not put on notice of what he must defend against, if the charge to the jury sufficiently instructs them on the non-alleged offense, then there cannot be error in the charge. I wholeheartedly disagree with and reject such a notion.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals should be affirmed, and not reversed. To the failure of the majority to so rule, I dissent.
Implicit in the majority opinion is that a finding that appellant “broke into” the vehicle necessarily requires a finding that appellant “entered” the vehicle, thus rendering harmless the error in including an expanded theory of commission in the court’s charge to the jury. See Cumbie v. State, supra.
However, under both the statutory definition and the definition given in the court’s charge to the jury, “enter” means to “intrude any part of the body or any physical object connected with the body.” (Emphasis added) A finding of “breaking into” would not necessarily require that a part of the breaker’s body, or a physical object connected with the breaker’s body be intruded into the thing broken into. For example, throwing a rock which strikes and shatters a window of a locked automobile would not constitute an “entry”, as such is defined in the charge, even if the rock or shattered glass actually entered the vehicle. I therefore disagree with the majority’s holding that a “breaking into” necessarily constitutes an “entry.”