delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case has been re-argued, and upon reconsideration-the majority of the Court are decidedly of opinion that the judgment of the Court below ought to be reversed, ídstead of being affirmed, as was done upon the first argument.
The action was brought by the plaintiff, the present appellant, as assignee of William R. Weaver and Charles H. Harris, contractors for and doing the work of paving and curbing of streets, in the City of 'Baltimore, in the partnership name of William R. Weaver and Company, against the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, to recover a balance of $9,000, alleged to be due the assignors on contracts executed by them, and which was by said contractors assigned to the plaintiff. The city occupies *29the position of a mere stake-holder, and defends for the Hatiopial Farmers and Planters' Bank of Baltimore, that hank 'claiming, and having received, the fund under a prior assignment to that made to the plaintiff, — the hank having indemnified the city against the result of this suit.
The plaintiff was defeated in his right to recover, upon the application of the general principle in the law of partnership that applies in cases of trading or commercial partnerships, hut not in cases of non-trading partnerships. Hence Weaver as partner was held by the Court to he general agent of the firm, with power, by implication, to act for and hind the firm in all matters as fully as a trading partner could do, including the power to borrow money, to make and pass promissory notes, and to pledge the assets of the partnership as collateral secm-ity for money borrowed, even though it was without the knowledge of his co-partner, and the money was in fact applied to his own use. This is the principle of the instruction given hy the Court to the jury, at the instance of the defendant, and it is also the principle of the ruling of the Court on the proffer of evidence by the plaintiff, as set out in the second bill of exception. In both of these rulings we think there was error.
The partnership here is not claimed or asserted to be a trading or commercial partnership in any proper sense of the term; nor is there any the least pretence to assert that there was any express authority from the co-partner Harris to Weaver to borrow the money of the bank, and to make and pass the promissory notes of the firm, payable to the hank or order, and at the same time to pledge by assignment the assets of the firm as collateral security fim the money thus borrowed; nor is there any pretence to say that those acts of Weaver were ever ratified by Harris. But the defendant relies alone upon an implied authority, supposed to result from the relation of *30the partner and what is asserted to he the necessity of the business. There was no proof, however, of the manner of conducting the business, nor as to any necessity for the exercise of power to borrow money to carry it on, nor as to any custom or usage in the manner of raising funds for the due prosecution of the work under contracts such as those made and performed by this firm. No such question was put to the jury; but the Court simply assumed as matter of law that there was, in such cases, an actual necessity for the exercise of the power to borrow money to enable the firm to perform the contracts, and therefore there was authority, by implication, in each of the partners to borrow money, make notes, and pledge the property of the partnership as collateral security, in the name and on account of the firm. This we do not understand to be the law, in regard to-partnerships of the character of - the one in question. The text writers of the highest authority, as do also many decided cases, maintain a doctrine directly the reverse.
In Story on Partnership, see. 102 a, the learned author, after stating the general principle applicable to trading or commercial partnerships, goes on to say, that “we are to understand that this doctrine is not applicable to all kinds of partnerships, but is generally limited to partnerships in trade and commerce, for in such cases it is the usual course of mercantile transactions, and grows out of the general custom and laws of merchants, which is a part of the common law, and is recognized as such. But the same reason does not apply, or at least may not apply, to other partnerships, unless indeed it is the common custom or usage of such business To bind the firm by negotiable instruments, or it is necessary for the due transaction thereof.”
And so in 1 Lindley on Partnership, sec. 130, (Pivell’s Pd.) it is laid down as the settled law, that “One partner in a non-trading partnership cannot bind his copartner *31By a Bill or note drawn, accepted or endorsed By him in the firm name, even though it be for a debt of the firm, unless either he has express authority therefor from his copartner, or the giving of such instruments is necessary to the carrying on of the partnership Business, or is usual in similar partnerships; and the Burden is upon the party suing on such note or Bill to prove such authority, necessity or usage. ” See Note 1, and cases there cited, on same page.
There are other text writers of high authority, to whom reference could Be made, who have Been equally explicit in noting the distinction Between the powers of a partner in a trading or commercial partnership, and the powers of a partner in a non-trading partnership ; But it is unnecessary to cite them.
The qualification of the general principle thus stated By the text writers is fully supported by the decisions ; as will appear By an examination of the cases of Dickinson vs. Valpy, 10 Barn. & Cr., 128; Brown vs. Byers, 16 Mees. & W., 252; Brettel vs. Williams, 4 Exch., 623; Smith vs. Sloan, 37 Wis., 285; Davis vs. Richardson, et al., 45 Miss., 499; Pease vs. Cole, 53 Conn., 53, and many other cases, some of which are referred to in the brief of the counsel for the plaintiff.
In the leading case of Dickinson and Valpy, supra, a copartnership formed to purchase and operate mines, and where the question was, whether the copartners were liable on an instrument drawn By a member, in the name of the company, and in the form of a Bill of exchange, But which the Court held to Be in effect a promissory note, it was held to Be incumbent on the plaintiff to prove that a member of the company had authority to Bind other members By the making of such an instrument; and the plaintiff having failed to give evidence to show that it was necessary, for the purpose of carrying-on the business of that mining company, or usual for *32other mining companies to draw or accept hills of exchange, or make promissory notes, the plaintiff was not allowed to recover. And Mr. Justice Littledale, concurring with the rest of the Court, in the course of his opinion, said : “Evidence of the nature of the company ought to have been given, to show that, in order to carry into effect the purposes for which it was instituted, it was necessary that individual members should have the power of binding the others by drawing and accepting bills of exchange. In the absence of any such evidence, I am of opinion that it is not competent to individual members of a mining company (which is not a regular trading company), to bind the rest hy drawing or accepting bills.” And in the case of Brettel vs. Williams, supra, where persons were partners as railway contractors, and had contracted to do certain works, and there was a sub-contract for the doing of part of the work, for the doing of which coals were required to make brick, it was held that one of the partners had no authority to guarantee, in the name of the firm, payment for coals to be furnished to those with whom the firm had contracted for making the bricks ; there being no evidence that the guarantee was necessary for carrying into effect the contract of the firm. In that case Mr. Baron Parke, in the course of a carefully considered opinion for the whole Court, after referring to some previous cases, said: “In the present case, no evidence was given to show the usage of the defendants in this particular business, or of others in a similar business ; nor was there any evidence of the sanction by the other defendants of the act of their copartner ; for a witness, Who was called to prove the latter fact, would not, on cross-examination, swear that he was authorized by them to write a letter, which, if proved to have been so written, would have been sufficient. Simply as raihoay contractors, they could not have any such power.” And it would therefore seem *33to be very clear, that if partnerships formed for operating mines, to construct railways, and, as shown by the cases, for farming, for hotel keeping, for conducting theatres, and the like, are not to be regarded as in the class of trading or commercial partnerships, for the same reason partnerships formed for taking and executing paving and curbing contracts are not, per se, in such class ; and therefore there is no implied authority in the members to borrow money and make promissory notes therefor to bind the firm, unless there be proof to show the actual necessity or usage for the exercise of such power by the individual members of the firm, in conducting the work. See case of Kimbno vs. Bullitt, et al., 22 How., 256.
The bank had knowledge of the nature of the partnership; that was disclosed on the face of the transactions by which the money was obtained by Weaver. And with that knowledge it was its duty to inquire as to the authority of Weaver to make the notes and assignments ; and failing to make such inquiry it took the notes and collateral security at its peril. Cocke vs. The Branch Bank at Mobile, 3 Ala., 175; Judge vs. Braswell, 13 Bush, 67; Pooley, Barnum & Co. vs. Whitmore, 10 Heisk., 629; Benedict, et al. vs. Thompson & Torjusen, 33 La. Ann., 196.
The notes constitute the primary claim of the bank, and the assignments are only collateral and subsidiary to the principal debt. If the notes were made without authority, and not therefore binding on the firm, the assignments, which by express terms are only intended as collateral security for tbe notes, would, upon the authorities, equally fail to bind the firm. But the assignments would be good and effective to bind and transfer any interest of Weaver in tbe claims against the city, after payment of partnership debts and liabilities, but to that extent only. It would appear, however, that ' *34there is no such interest upon which the assignments can operate.
(Decided 1st July, 1890.)In our opinion the Court helow should have ruled in the testimony offered hy the plaintiff in the second exception, and should have rejected the prayer of the defendant, and granted the first and fourth prayers of the plaintiff; and therefore the judgment ought to he reversed.
Judgment reversed, and• new trial aivarded.
On the first argument of this case the opinion of the Court was delivered hy Bryan, J., as follows:
William R. Weaver and Charles H. Harris, under the firm name of William R. Weaver & Co., were copartners engaged in the business of paving, grading, and curbing streets. In the course of their business they had made contracts with the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore for paving, grading, and curbing certain portions of North avenue, Orleans street and Hoffman street; all within the limits of the City of Baltimore. And it was stipulated in the contract for each street that no money should be paid for such street until the work to he done on it was completed and accepted by the city. On the eleventh day of November, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven, Weaver applied to the National Farmers and Planters' Bank of Baltimore for a loan of five thousand dollars; and on the first day of December of the same year, he applied for another loan of four thousaricl dollars. Both of these applications were made before the work on any of these streets had been completed; and no money was due* and payable for any portion of the work before the thirty-first day of January, eighteen hundred and eighty-eight. We will state the effect of the evidence *35in relation to these loans; hardly considering it necessary to premise that as a matter of course its credibility was exclusively for the consideration of the jury. Weaver applied for the loan of five thousand dollars to assist in paving Hoffman and Orleans streets; the Bank declined to loan the money until he made an assignment of a portion of his claim against the city for this work equal to the amount of the loan, and thereupon Weaver executedo and delivered to it the required instrument. This assignment was in the handwriting of the Deputy Register of the City of Baltimore, and was witnessed hy him; and at the bottom of it, there was this statement signed, John A. Robb, Register, viz., “ Presented at this office November 12th, ISSL” Thereupon the Bank loaned the money, payable ninety days after date, taking from Weaver a paper signed W. R. Weaver & Co., stating that they promised to pay to the Bank or order the sum loaned, at the time appointed for payment, and that they had deposited with the Bank, as collateral security for the loan, their claim against the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore for five thousand dollars, transferred “to favor National Farmers and Planters’ Bank” A memorandum of the assignment was made in a hook kept in the Register’s office, which is. spoken of in the testimony as a record of the assignments made by contractors; and the evidence of the Register and Deputy Register is perfectly distinct that their object and purpose in what they did in connection with this instrument, was to enable Weaver to borrow money on the faith and credit of it, and moreover that their action was in accordance with the long established usage and practice of the Register’s Office. We will quote only a small portion of the testimony on this point. The Register having testified that he assented to the assignment, when it was presented to him on the day of its date, and that it'was with the object of satisfying the President of the Bank that it *36had. been presented to the city and that the city had no interest in the assignment, was asked as to the usage of the Register’s office in reference to assenting to assignments made by contractors for portions of funds coming to them for work done the city. He replied “We always accepted the assignments, that is on a certificate like that was, we always accepted them and took a memorandum of them; I felt bound of course to regard them; I felt myself bound to do it; if there was money due to the contractor to cover the amounts of the assignment I would pay it to the assignee.” And he further testified that when the money was due the contractor, if there was enough to answer the assignment, he considered that the city had agreed to pay it to the assignee. The evidence of the President of the Bank is distinct that the loan was made exclusively on the faith of the assignment. On the second day of December, eighteen hundred and .eighty-seven, the Bank loaned Weaver four thousand dollars, payable sixty days after date and received from him a paper signed Wm. R. Weaver & Co., promising to pay the amount to the Bank or order at the appointed time, and stating that they had deposited with the Bank as collateral security for the loan, Baltimore City contracts for four . thousand dollars, ‘ ‘ made over to favor National Farmers and Planters’ Bank.” This loan was made to assist in paving a portion of North avenue, and he executed and delivered to the Bank an assignment of four thousand dollars of its claim against the city for work done and to be done on North avenue. The evidence in respect to this assignment is similar in all respects to that regarding the other.
On the twenty-sixth day of January, eighteen hundred and eighty-eight, Weaver and Harris, by an instrument executed by both of them, assigned to John Harris their entire claim against the City of Baltimore for work done on North avenue, Orleans street and Hoffman street. *37Notice of this assignment was given to the Register of the city, and a memorandum of it made in the hook above referred to; and the attorney of John Harris also served notices on the Register and the Mayor of the city, forbidding the payment of any money to the Farmers and Planters' Bank under the assignments above mentioned. The city having first taken a bond of indemnity, paid the Bank nine thousand dollars and paid to John Harris, the residue of the amount due on the claim of Weaver & Co. This suit is brought by John Harris, against the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore to recover this sum of nine thousand dollars with interest.
The business of paving, grading and curbing streets in the City of Baltimore necessarily requires the use of a large amount of money. As by the city ordinances the work cannot he paid for until it is completed, and accepted by the proper city authorities, it would he a natural and usual incident in the course of the business to provide funds for the payment of constantly accruing expenses. Materials and implements for work must he purchased, and the wages of laborers must he paid at short intervals. The partners must have foreseen the reasonable probability that they would find it necessary to meet these incessant demands by borrowing money. Their operations might be very much embarrassed and perhaps entirely frustrated without the exercise of so salutary a power. With money in the hands of the city which must be payable to them at a future time, and of which they can receive the benefit at once, by pledging it as collateral security for a loan, it would be very unwise if they did not provide for the exigencies of their business by using such a ready source of supply. It seems to us that the power to borrow money is involved in the ordinary prosecution of such a business, and that it comes within the principle so tersely stated by Lindley *38in his work on Partnership: “Every member of an ordinary partnership is its general agent for the transaction of its business in the ordinary way, and the firm is responsible for whatever is done by any of the partners when acting for the firm within the limits of the authority conferred by the nature of the business it carries on. Whatever, as between the partners themselves, may be the limits set to each other’s authority, every person not acquainted with those limits is entitled to assume that each partner is empowered to do for the firm whatever is necessary for the transaction of its business, in the way in which that business is ordinarily carried on by other people.” Vol. 1,. m. p. 124. “The question whether a given act can or cannot be said to be necessary to the transaction of a business in the way in which it is usually carried on, must evidently be determined by the nature of the business, and by the practice of persons engaged it.” Vol. 1, to. p. 121. “The question, therefore, can one partner hind the.firm by accepting hills in its name P admits of no general answer; the nature of the business and the practice of those who carry it on (usage or custom of the trade,) must be known before any answer can be given.” Vol. 1, to. p. 128. It will be seen that-we think that Weaver hada right to borrow money in the name of the firm, and to give a promissory note for the payment of it. The transaction being within the scope of 'the business of the partnership, the lender of the money, acting lona fide, is not responsible for any subsequent misapplication of it by the borrowing partner, or for any other fraud on his part. Story on Partnership, sections 105 and 128. If the lender had notice that he was acting in violation of the rights of the other partner, he could not hold the defrauded partner to the payment; but in this case there is no evidence whatever of such notice. The assignments have the signature of the partnership name, and *39a seal is attached to the signature. This must be regarded as the individual seal of Weaver. Herzog vs. Sawyer, 61 Md., 351. But the right of one partner to sell the partnership property, or to pledge it for a debt of the firm is well established. Lindley on Partnership, m. p. 139. Although the singular number is incongruously used once in each of these assignments, it is abundantly clear that the subject assigned was the claim of the partnership against the city for paving, grading and curbing. An assignment of merely a portion of the amount due by the city, would, if valid, subject it to the demands of two different creditors instead of one. A creditor cannot split up and divide his claim without the consent of the debtor; but, if the debtor consents to such a partition of it, the right of the assignee is protected. Wilson & Co. vs. Carson & Co., 12 Md., 54.
The offers of evidence in the first and second exceptions were properly rejected.. If there had been an offer to prove fraud or collusion with Weaver on the part of the Bank, or knowledge that he was acting in violation of his duties to his co-partners, the evidence would have been competent. But this suggestion was not embraced in either of the offers. The motion to strike out portions of the evidence of the Register and Deputy Register was properly refused. Their testimony rightly considered did not tend to prove legal opinions; but was intended to show, and was competent to show that their acts in reference to the assignments manifested their assent to them, and that this assent was in accordance with the custom and practice of the Register’s office. The motion to strike out portions of the testimony of Mr. Pratt, the president of the Bank, was also properly overruled. It was clearly competent to show by parol evidence that the money was loaned to Weaver for partnership purposes, and that the loans were made exclusively on the faith and credit of the assignments of the partnership claim against the city.
*40Our conclusion upon the whole case is that the questions at issue were properly stated to the jury by the defendant's prayer, and that all the propositions of the plaintiff were properly rejected.