ILE
COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION 11
2 AM 9: O?
2013 JUL _
STATE OF WASHINGTON
BY. .
DUTY
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, I No. 42946 2 II
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Respondent,
V.
JAMC,
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
WORSWICK, C. . —
J JAMC' appeals the juvenile court's adjudication and disposition on
the charge of delivery of a controlled substance (marijuana).He argues that the trial court's
determination that the pipe found on JAMC was "ndicative of regular marijuana use"is
i
unsupported by substantial evidence, and that the trial court's oral opinion shows that the court
used extrinsic evidence in finding him guilty. Because the non -challenged findings adequately
support the conclusion that JAMC was guilty of delivery and JAMC s other arguments are based
'
on unincorporated and non -binding statements from the trial court's oral ruling,we affirm.
1 In order to protect the privacy interests of the appellant, we change the title of the case to the
juvenile's initials. RAP 3. . The full names of the juveniles involved in the case will not be
4
used.
2
JAMC was also adjudicated guilty of possession of drug paraphernalia. He does not appeal that
adjudication.
No. 42946 2 II
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FACTS
According to the trial court's findings of fact, JAMC was a student at Skyview High
School in Vancouver, Washington. On October 12,2011, JAMC asked a classmate, LF,if he
wanted to buy some marijuana. During lunch hour, JAMC and LF left campus. While off
campus, LF gave JAMC ten dollars ( onsisting of three one -dollar bills and twenty eight
c -
quarters)in exchange for a substance in a container. JAMC indicated the substance was
marijuana. LF put the container in his backpack and JAMC put the money in his backpack.
They returned to school.
Later that same day, LF was removed from class and searched by school officials. LF
gave the container he received from JAMC to school officials and told them he bought it from
JAMC. Police later tested the substance in the container and found that it contained marijuana.
JAMC was called to the assistant principal's office and searched. In JAMC's backpack,
school officials found a pipe along with three one -dollar bills and several quarters. JAMC
admitted thatheused the pipe to smoke mari that morning -He farther admitted to leavirl - - -
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campus with LF,but denied selling marijuana.
JAMC, who was under the age of 18, was charged for delivery of a controlled substance
and unlawful use of drug paraphernalia. Former RCW 69. 0. c) ( former RCW
1),
40.
1 2)(
5 ( 2011); (
2011). was tried before the bench in juvenile court on December 7,2011,
412(
69. 0.
l)(
5 JAMC
and adjudicated guilty as charged. He appeals.
3
JAMC does not assign error to any of the findings of fact. Thus they are verities on appeal.
State v. Hill, 123 Wn. d 641, 644, 870 P. d 313 (1994).
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2
No. 42946 2 II
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ANALYSIS
JAMC challenges his adjudication for delivery of a controlled substance. He assigns
error only to one factual statement within conclusion of law 3. This conclusion of law states that
the pipe possessed by JAMC was i.ndicative of regular marijuana use:
The pipe in the respondent's possession is drug paraphernalia which contained
marijuana residue, and is indicative of regular marijuana use. The respondent
used the pipe to ingest or inhale or otherwise introduce marijuana, a controlled
substance, into his body the morning of October 12, 2011.
Clerk's Papers (CP)at 11. JAMC contends that the trial court's determination that the pipe " s
i
indicative of regular marijuana use"is unsupported by substantial evidence and that the trial
court relied on extrinsic evidence in reaching its verdict. CP at 12.
Challenged findings of fact are reviewed for substantial evidence. See State v. Hill, 123
Wn. d 641, 644, 807 P. d 313 (1994). '
2 2 Substantial evidence exists where there is a sufficient
quantity of evidence to persuade a fair -
minded, rational person of the truth of the finding. Hill,
123 Wn. d at 644. This court reviews de novo the trial court's conclusions of law to determine
2
if they are supported by the findings of fact. Bingham v. Lechner, 111 Wn. App. 118, 127, 45
P. d 562 (2002).
3
The State concedes that this finding is unsupported. We accept this concession because
no witness testified that JAMC's possession of the pipe indicated that he was a regular user of
marijuana. But the State argues that this finding is superfluous and that the court's conclusion
that JAMC was guilty of delivery should stand. We agree with the State.
4
Both JAMC and the State agree that this is a factual finding,not a conclusion of law. We agree
and review it as a finding of fact. Valentine v. Dept ofLicensing, 77 Wn.App. 838, 846, 894
P. d 1352 (1995)a finding of fact incorrectly denominated as a conclusion of law is reviewed
2 (
as a finding).
3
No. 42946 2 II
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The other unchallenged findings adequately support the trial court's conclusion that
JAMC was guilty of delivery. JAMC admitted to using the pipe to smoke marijuana. LF
testified that JAMC sold marijuana to him. The container with marijuana was found on LF after
he left campus with JAMC during lunch. And while JAMC did not have as many quarters as LF
said he gave JAMC,three one -dollar bills and several quarters were found in JAMC's backpack.
Even with the elimination of the challenged finding,the trial court's conclusion on guilt is amply
supported by the unchallenged findings.
Relying largely on the trial court's oral ruling, JAMC argues that the challenged finding
and the trial court's adjudication are based on impermissible extrinsic evidence. " ovel or
N
extrinsic evidence is defined as information that is outside all the evidence admitted at trial."
Richards v. Overlake Hosp. Med. Ctr., Wn. App. 266, 270, 796 P. d 737 (1990).Such
59 2 "
evidence is improper because it is not subject to objection, cross examination, explanation or
rebuttal."State v. Balisok, 123 Wn. d 114, 118, 866 P. d 631 (1994).In its oral ruling,the
2 2
court discussed the pipe found on JAMC, which had been admitted into evidence. Noting his
own personal experiences, the trial judge reasoned t 0
pipe - - uSe - to sT110 e - -- -
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marijuana was very clean, JAMC was a regular user of marijuana, and that when all the evidence
was combined, JAMC was guilty of delivery:
The thing that pushes me over the edge on delivery is right here, this pipe.
What this pipe tells meand I'l just preface it by saying, I went to college in the
— l
60s so I have personal experience with this, and then 30 years in the legal field,
both as a prosecutor, defender, assistant attorney general, district court judge,
superior court judge, I'e seen these things a long time.
v
The one thing that jumps out at me from this pipe, young man, is that you
are a regular user of marijuana. Not occasional, regular user of marijuana. How
do I know that? Just look at the pipe. It shows that when you ran out of money
for more marijuana, you were scraping the residue inside the pipe and inside the
bowl 'cause they're both very clean so that you could get that extra high. Okay?
M
No. 42946 2 II
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Now, when you put all that together, it all says he's guilty of delivery. But
the pipe is the cincher. So with that, I' finding him. uilty.
m g
Report of Proceedings (RP)at 99 100. Based on these statements, JAMC argues the judge
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improperly used his own personal specialized experiences, rather than evidence, in making the
challenged finding and adjudicating him guilty. He argues the court's action is analogous to
juror misconduct cases where extrinsic evidence was introduced into deliberation. See e. .,
g State
v. Briggs, 55 Wn. App. 44, 54 57,776 P. d 1347 (1989)misconduct where juror related during
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deliberations his personal experience that a speech impediment could be controlled).
JAMC's reliance on the trial court's oral ruling is misplaced. While the trial court
emphasized the pipe in its oral ruling,the written findings of fact and conclusions of law are
controlling. " trial court's oral opinion and memorandum opinion are no more than oral
A
expressions of the court's informal opinion at the time rendered."State v. Head, 136 Wn. d.
619,
2
622, 964 P. d 1187 (1998).An oral opinion is not final and is not binding unless formally
2
incorporated into the findings, conclusions, and judgment. Head, 136 Wn. d at 622. "[ trial
2 A]
court may change its mind after delivering an oral or written opinion and before making its
findings and conclusions."Liming v. Teel, 46 Wn. d 762, 766, 284 P. d 1110 (1955).While
2 2
statements may be used to interpret the court's findings, they cannot be used to impeach the
findings and they do not constitute proper grounds for assignments of error. Sweeten v.
Kauzlarich, 38 Wn. App. 163, 169, 684 P. d 789 (1984).
2
The trial court's oral remarks were not incorporated into the written findings or
conclusions. There is no finding or conclusion saying " he pipe is the cincher."See CP at 10 12;
t -
RP at 100. If JAMC believed that the trial court's unincorporated statements were essential to
the trial court's decision, he should have asked that they be incorporated into the findings of fact
No. 42946 2 II
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and conclusions of law. JAMC did not. Because these statements were not part of.he trial
t
court's binding decision, it cannot be fairly concluded that the trial judge relied on his own
personal experiences in adjudicating JAMC guilty. And unlike the juror misconduct cases cited
by JAMC where jurors discuss their reasoning behind closed doors, JAMC had an opportunity to
object to the reasoning stated by the trial court in its oral ruling. He did not. As to the flawed
finding that the pipe was indicative of marijuana use (the only finding that was arguably tainted
by extrinsic evidence), agree with the State that this finding is superfluous. After this finding
we
is excised, whether for lack of substantial evidence or for extrinsic evidence, the remaining
findings, unchallenged by JAMC, adequately support the conclusion that JAMC was guilty of
delivery.
Finally, JAMC argues that the trial court used his indigency to infer that he was likely to
sell drugs. This argument is based on the trial court's oral remark that JAMC " an out of money
r
for more marijuana."RP at 100. This statement was also not incorporated into the trial court's
written ruling and we accordingly disregard it. Regardless, JAMC's argument fails. In general,
an infereiiee thata person islikelyto sell drugs because poor isimpermissi e.See --
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State v. Jones, 93 Wn. App. 166, 175, 968 P. d 888 (1998)inviting jury to infer, solely on the
2 (
basis of a defendant's income, that he or she is more or less likely to have committed a
financially-
motivated offense, such as drug dealing, is impermissible). But the trial court's
statements do not show that the court reasoned that poor people,are more likely,to sell drugs.
Rather, the court was asserting that the pipe was clean because JAMC had likely scraped
marijuana off the pipe to get high. And that he may have done so because he did not have
2
J
No. 42946 2 II
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money to buy more marijuana. These comments do not show that the Court was finding JAMC
guilty because JAMC lacked money.
Affirmed.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
040,
2.6.it is so ordered.
0
Worswick, C. .
J
We concur:
7
State Of Washington v. J.a.m.-c.
Combined Opinion