Supreme Court of Louisiana
FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE NEWS RELEASE #004
FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
The Opinions handed down on the 20th day of January, 2017, are as follows:
BY CRICHTON, J.:
2016-C -0570 KIMBERLY AND TODD THIBODEAUX, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF
THEIR MINOR CHILD, GABRIELLE THIBODEAUX v. JAMES F. DONNELL,
M.D. (Parish of Terrebonne)
Knoll, J, retired, participated in this decision which was argued
prior to her retirement.
For the reasons set forth below, we reverse the judgment of the
court of appeal and remand for the court of appeal to reconsider
its awards under the principles set forth in Mart. REVERSED AND
REMANDED.
WEIMER, J., dissents in part and concurs in part and assigns
reasons.
JOHNSON, C.J., concurs in part and dissents in part and
assigns reasons.
GUIDRY, J., concurs and assigns reasons.
01/20/17
SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
NO. 2016-C-0570
KIMBERLY AND TODD THIBODEAUX, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
BEHALF OF THEIR MINOR CHILD, GABRIELLE THIBODEAUX
VERSUS
JAMES F. DONNELL, M.D.
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
FIRST CIRCUIT, PARISH OF TERREBONNE
CRICHTON, J. 1
We granted the writ in this medical malpractice case to determine whether
the court of appeal properly assessed damages under the principles set forth in
Coco v. Winston Industries Inc., 341 So. 2d 332 (La. 1976). We find that, because
the court of appeal found manifest error in the jury’s factual findings, the court
should have instead performed a de novo review of damages under the principles
outlined in Mart v. Hill, 505 So. 2d 1120 (La. 1987). For the reasons set forth
below, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeal and remand to the court of
appeal for it to reconsider its decision under the principles set forth in Mart.
BACKGROUND
In 2003, plaintiff Kimberly Thibodeaux (then 37 years old), married to Todd
Thibodeaux, became pregnant with her fourth child. Dr. James Donnell was her
obstetrician-gynecologist throughout her pregnancy. During the course of the
pregnancy, Mrs. Thibodeaux was diagnosed with complete placenta previa and, in
1
Knoll, J., retired, participated in this decision which was argued prior to her retirement.
1
mid-November, at approximately 29 weeks pregnant, she was hospitalized for four
days at Terrebonne General Medical Center (“TGMC”) in Houma, for vaginal
bleeding secondary to placenta previa. On November 18, upon Dr. Donnell’s
referral, she consulted a maternal/fetal medicine specialist who handled high risk
pregnancies; the specialist recommended rest, limited activity, and delivery of Mrs.
Thibodeaux’s child at 36-37 weeks gestation. The next day, November 19, Mrs.
Thibodeaux returned to TGMC with renewed vaginal bleeding and contractions.
Dr. Donnell delivered Gabrielle Thibodeaux via cesarean section on November 20.
After the baby’s delivery, Dr. Donnell was unable to remove the placenta
from Mrs. Thibodeaux’s lower uterine segment and encountered vigorous
bleeding. As a result, Dr. Donnell performed an emergency cesarean hysterectomy,
which entailed removal of plaintiff’s uterus and cervix. After completing the
hysterectomy, and while preparing to close the Mrs. Thibodeaux’s abdomen, Dr.
Donnell discovered a large laceration to her bladder.2 At that point, Dr. Donnell
considered a urologic consultation due to the size of the laceration, but he
ultimately repaired it himself. Dr. Donnell testified that he made this decision
because Mrs. Thibodeaux had “lost a lot of blood” and he wanted to close her
abdominal wall to avoid additional blood loss.
After completing the surgery, Dr. Donnell ordered a post-operative test to
determine if the bladder repair was successful. The test revealed that the bladder
sutures were obstructing Mrs. Thibodeaux’s ureters, the tubes that drain urine from
the kidney into the bladder. This obstruction was then confirmed by a cystoscopy
performed by a urologist, Dr. Robert Alexander, consulted by Dr. Donnell. The
same day as the birth and cesarean hysterectomy, Dr. Alexander reopened Mrs.
Thibodeaux’s abdomen, removed the bladder sutures to free the ureters, and re-
2
As also noted by the court of appeal, the record does not clearly establish what caused the
bladder laceration. For purposes of clarity, the allegation of breach is not that Dr. Donnell
created the laceration, but instead that he failed to properly repair it.
2
repaired the bladder laceration. Dr. Alexander also inserted a catheter in plaintiff’s
bladder and stents into her ureters to facilitate urine drainage from the kidneys to
the bladder. Mrs. Thibodeaux remained hospitalized for five days.
Mrs. Thibodeaux followed up with Dr. Alexander several weeks later, and
underwent separate procedures to remove the catheter and stents. Dr. Alexander
testified that, at that point, her urologic system was flowing properly; the bladder
was not leaking, and the ureters were functioning correctly. Mrs. Thibodeaux
followed up again with Dr. Alexander in late April 2004, at which time he
unsuccessfully attempted to distend her bladder. He determined her bladder had a
capacity of 300-350 cubic centimeters (ccs), less than the average bladder capacity
of 400-500 ccs for a person of her size.
Although her bladder healed, Mrs. Thibodeaux continued to see Dr.
Alexander for three years with irritative bladder symptoms, including urinary
frequency every 30-60 minutes, urgency, urine leakage, painful urination, painful
sexual intercourse, urination during sexual intercourse, excessive nighttime
urination, and abdominal pain. Dr. Alexander diagnosed her with interstitial
cystitis, also known as painful bladder syndrome, and prescribed medications, none
of which relieved plaintiff’s symptoms. Mrs. Thibodeaux last saw Dr. Alexander in
September 2007, when he again unsuccessfully attempted to distend her bladder.
At that point, he determined her bladder had a capacity of only 250 ccs. According
to Dr. Alexander, Mrs. Thibodeaux’s diminished bladder capacity is permanent.
Mr. and Mrs. Thibodeaux filed a request for medical review in November
2004, but the medical review panel expired before an opinion was issued. In
October 2006, the Thibodeauxs filed this medical malpractice suit against Dr.
Donnell, individually, and on behalf of their child, Gabrielle. The trial court
dismissed the suit as prescribed, but the court of appeal reversed, finding that the
suit was timely filed. Thibodeaux v. Donnell, 07-1845 (La. App. 1 Cir. 9/12/08),
3
994 So. 2d 612. This Court affirmed, holding that the case was not prescribed and
could go forward. 08-2436 (La. 5/5/09), 9 So. 3d 120.
The matter proceeded to a four-day jury trial in May 2014, which concluded
with a verdict in favor of the Thibodeauxs. As the court of appeal noted, the expert
witnesses disagreed as to whether Mrs. Thibodeaux’s symptoms were caused by
the failed bladder repair or by interstitial cystitis unrelated to the failed bladder
repair. Dr. Alexander testified that he had not treated Mrs. Thibodeaux before
November 2003, but that there was no evidence she had a history of these
symptoms before that time. He also testified, however, that interstitial cystitis has
no known cause and that it can occur in the absence of surgery or trauma to the
bladder. On the other hand, the Thibodeauxs’ expert, Dr. Fred Duboe, testified that
Dr. Donnell’s failed bladder repair contributed to Mrs. Thibodeaux’s reduced
bladder capacity and, consequently, her urinary frequency and urgency. Dr. Duboe
admitted, however, that the interstitial cystitis symptoms were “not as clear.”
After considering the evidence and testimony, the jury found that Dr.
Donnell breached the applicable standard of care in the treatment of Mrs.
Thibodeaux and that she was injured as a result of Dr. Donnell’s breach of the
standard of care. With respect to damages, the jury award was as follows:
Kimberly Thibodeaux
Physical pain and suffering (past, present, future): $0
Mental pain and suffering (past, present, future): $0
Permanent Disability: $0
Loss of enjoyment of life: $0
Medical expenses: $60,000
Todd Thibodeaux
Loss of consortium: $0
Gabrielle Thibodeaux
Loss of consortium: $0
Total Damages: $60,000
4
The trial court signed a judgment conforming to the jury verdict. Both parties filed
motions for judgments notwithstanding the verdict, which were denied.
Plaintiffs appealed, contending that the jury abused its discretion by
awarding special damages but failing to award general damages. Dr. Donnell did
not appeal the verdict. The court of appeal reversed in part, first holding that there
was a “reasonable factual basis in the record” to support the jury’s finding of
causation, specifically that (i) Dr. Donnell’s failed bladder repair caused injury to
Mrs. Thibodeaux, but (ii) all of Mrs. Thibodeaux’s mental or physical pain and
suffering, discomfort, inconvenience, and/or emotional trauma were not causally
related to Dr. Donnell’s malpractice. 15-0503, p.6-7 (La. App. 1 Cir. 2/24/16), 189
So. 3d 469, 475. The court of appeal then held that, because the jury found plaintiff
suffered “some injuries” causally related to the failed bladder repair, the jury
abused its discretion in failing to award plaintiff “some amount of general
damages.” Id., 15-0503 p.7, 189 So. 3d at 475. The court then posed the inquiry:
“The issue becomes, then, to what extent were Mrs. Thibodeaux’s injuries causally
related to Dr. Donnell’s failed bladder repair. . .” Id.
Following this Court’s decision in Coco v. Winston Industries, Inc., 341 So.
2d 332 (La. 1977), the court of appeal noted it must determine the “lowest amount
of general damages associated with those injuries reasonably within the jury’s
discretion.” Id. After a review of the evidence and after analyzing the range of
general damages awards for similar injuries, the court of appeal found that $50,000
was the lowest amount reasonably within the jury’s discretion and consistent with
the special damages award. Id., 15-0503 p.11-12, 189 So. 3d at 478-79. The court
of appeal also held that the jury manifestly erred in finding that Dr. Donnell’s
malpractice did not cause loss of consortium damages to Mr. Thibodeaux and
Gabrielle. The court concluded that the evidence established that both Mr.
Thibodeaux and Gabrielle suffered from Mrs. Thibodeaux’s inability to
5
accompany them in recreational activities they previously enjoyed and the
Thibodeaux’s sex life had been impacted “both quantitatively and qualitatively.”
Id., 15-0503 p.13, 189 So. 3d at 479-80. Based on the evidence—but “mindful that
Dr. Donnell’s failed bladder repair only caused some of their damages”—the court
of appeal found the appropriate loss of consortium awards to be $15,000 for Mr.
Thibodeaux and $5,000 for Gabrielle, the “lowest amount reasonably within the
jury’s discretion.” Id., 15-0503 p.14, 189 So. 3d at 480.
Plaintiffs filed a writ of certiorari in this Court, which was granted. 16-0570
(La. 6/3/16), 192 So. 3d 756.
DISCUSSION
As noted above, we granted the writ in this matter to determine whether the
court of appeal properly adjusted damages under the principles set forth in Coco v.
Winston Industries Inc., 341 So. 2d 332 (La. 1976). In Coco, the plaintiff filed suit
against his employer, seeking damages arising from the loss of several fingers that
occurred while operating a saw. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff
for $350,000, and the court of appeal, on rehearing, reduced the damage award to
$140,000. Id. at 333-34. This Court reinstated the jury’s damage award, and
articulated the applicable standard of review for an appellate court seeking to
disturb a damage award:
[B]efore a Court of Appeal can disturb an award made by a trial court
that the record must clearly reveal that the trier of fact abused its
discretion in making its award. Only after making the finding that the
record supports that the lower court abused its much discretion can the
appellate court disturb the award, and then only to the extent of
lowering it (or raising it) to the highest (or lowest) point which is
reasonably within the discretion afforded that court. It is never
appropriate for a Court of Appeal, having found that the trial court has
abused its discretion, simply to decide what it considers an
appropriate award on the basis of the evidence.
Id. at 335 (emphasis added). The Coco Court held that the jury in that case “did not
abuse its much discretion” in assessing $350,000 in damages.
6
There are several rationales for what has become known as the Coco Rule.3
The first rationale is that the “trier of fact has more direct contact with the parties,
the witnesses, and the evidence and thus can better evaluate the true extent of
plaintiff’s injury, whereas the court of appeal bases its decision solely on the
written record, briefs, and oral argument.” Clement v. Frey, 95-C-1119, 95-C-
1163, p.5-6 (La. 1/16/96), 666 So. 2d 607, 610. This fundamental principle has
roots in our Civil Code. See La. C.C. art. 2324.1 (“In the assessment of damages in
cases of offenses, quasi offenses, and quasi contracts, much discretion must be left
to the judge or jury.”). As this Court has stated, “[s]ince an award of damages for
personal injuries is of necessity somewhat arbitrary and also must vary greatly with
the facts and circumstances of each case, the trial court is entrusted with large
discretion making such awards, which discretion should not be disturbed on
appellate review.” Id. (quoting Gaspard v. LeMaire, 158 So. 2d 149, 160 (La.
1963)). Two other, related, considerations influence the Coco Rule. First, “the trial
court is in the best position to weigh the claimant’s testimony.” Id. And second,
“repeated substitution by an appellate court of its own opinion as to quantum for
that of the trial court, when combined with other appellate practices inherent in the
Louisiana system of appellate review of law and fact, may have a demoralizing
effect upon a trial judge in his assessment of his role in the judicial process.” Id.
(citing Frank L. Maraist, Procedure, 38 La. L. Rev. 503, 511 (1978)).
As we made clear several years after Coco, in Mart v. Hill, 505 So. 2d 1120
(La. 1987), the Coco Rule does not apply to every appellate review of a damages
award. Mart, which involved an automobile accident, was tried before a
commissioner, who found the plaintiff was 50% at fault. The commissioner
awarded no damages for the consequences of the accident beyond a certain date,
3
In their brief to the Court, plaintiffs requested that the Court overrule Coco. We expressly
decline to do so here and reiterate its ongoing vitality in the law.
7
finding that the plaintiff did not prove that his surgeries and disabilities beyond that
date were causally related to the accident. The commissioner recommended a total
damage award of $18,760.00, which was subject to the 50% reduction. Id. at 1121-
22. The court of appeal affirmed, but this Court reversed, finding that the lower
courts were “clearly wrong” and that the plaintiff’s disability was “causally
related” to the accident. Id. at 1127-28. We expressly found the Coco analysis
inapplicable and instead applied what was termed a “res nova”4—or de novo—
determination of damages:
The Coco principle of appellate review applies when an appellant
questions the adequacy of a monetary award in a case which is
otherwise uncomplicated by factual errors relating to the cause or
duration of the plaintiff’s disability. . . . Simply stated, Coco applies
when an appellate court is asked to correct a fact finder’s abuse of
discretion in assessing the appropriate monetary award for a given
injury. The principles are not applicable when a [de novo] review of
quantum must be made to compensate a plaintiff for damages which
the trial court did not believe were causally related to the accident.
Id. at 1128 (emphasis added). In other words, Coco’s highest/lowest principle does
not apply when a reviewing court disturbs a jury’s factual finding related to
causation. See Frank L. Maraist, 1 La. Civ. L. Treatise, Civ. Pro. § 14:14 (2d ed.)
(Nov. 2015) (“The ‘much discretion’ rule does not apply if there was error in the
trial court which interdicted the damage-determining process.”) (emphasis
added) (citing Mart).
Instead, as articulated in Mart, the proper standard where an appellate court
disturbs the trier of fact’s causation finding is the manifest error/clearly wrong
standard, under which the appellate court: (i) must find from the record that there is
no reasonable factual basis for the trial court’s finding, and (ii) must further
determine that the record establishes that the finding is clearly wrong (manifestly
erroneous). 505 So. 2d at 1127. After the reviewing court finds manifest error in a
4
In Mart, Justice Calogero used the term “res nova” rather than “de novo.” Here, however, we
will use the term “de novo,” because it is more commonly used in Louisiana. See Black’s Law
Dictionary (10th ed. 2014), de novo (“Anew”); Id., res nova (“1. An undecided question of law.
2. A case of first impression.”).
8
trier of fact’s finding, the court performs a de novo damages review unbound by
the limitations of Coco. 5
Considering these rationales, in Wainwright v. Fontenot, 00-0492 (La.
10/17/00), 774 So. 2d 70, the Court expounded on the principles of Coco. In
Wainwright—as in the case before us—the jury returned a verdict awarding
medical expenses, but declining to award general damages. The court of appeal
increased the medical expense award and awarded general damages to the plaintiff.
This Court reversed, reinstating the jury’s medical expense award and finding that
the jury did not abuse its discretion in declining to award general damages. The
Court held that there is “no bright line rule at work” to define when a trier of fact’s
damages award is an abuse of discretion. Id., 00-0492 p.9, 774 So. 2d at 75-76.
That is the case even where the jury awards special damages and no general
damages. Id. (“[I]t would be inconsistent with the great deference afforded the
factfinder by this court and our jurisprudence to state that, as a matter of law, such
a verdict must always be erroneous.”). The Wainwright Court cautioned, however,
that where a jury has awarded special damages but declined to award general
damages, “as a general proposition,” the verdict may “often” be so inconsistent as
to constitute an abuse of discretion. Id. 6
We now turn to the court of appeal’s opinion in this case to determine the
proper standard of review for an assessment of damages under these
circumstances: abuse of discretion or manifest error.
5
This distinction between Coco and Mart was reiterated in Ryan v. Zurich American Insurance
Co., 07-2312 (La. 7/1/08), 988 So. 2d 214. In Ryan, liability was stipulated by the defendants
before trial—i.e., causation was not at issue. Because Ryan was not complicated by causation
issues, the principles annunciated in Coco applied to the damages review. 07-2312, p.7-8, 988
So. 2d at 219. The Court distinguished Mart, noting that Ryan, unlike Mart, was not a case
“where a determination of the amount of damages to be awarded for that item was foreclosed by
a prior determination of lack of fault or causation.” Id., 07-2312, p.6, 988 So. 2d at 218.
6
In 2004, this Court considered the case Green v. K-Mart Corp., 03-2495 (La. 5/25/04), 874 So.
2d 838. In Green the court of appeal found no error in the jury’s finding that the accident caused
the plaintiff’s injuries—i.e., causation was not at issue—and this Court affirmed that finding and
proceeded to use the abuse of discretion standard to alter the damages award. For the reasons set
forth herein, Green is therefore inapplicable to the present case.
9
Causation and General Damages Findings Related to Mrs. Thibodeaux
In setting forth the jury’s finding of fact regarding Mrs. Thibodeaux’s
injuries, the jury verdict form read as follows:
INTERROGATORY NO. 1: Do you find by a preponderance of the
evidence that Dr. James Donnell breached the applicable standard of
care in the treatment of Kimberly Thibodeaux?
Yes X No ____
INTERROGATORY NO. 2: Do you find by a preponderance of the
evidence that Kimberly Thibodeaux was injured as a result of a breach
of the applicable standard of care by the defendant?
Yes X No ____
The only remaining finding from the jury related to Mrs. Thibodeaux was the
damages allocation; there was no additional finding related to causation. The court
of appeal initially stated that it found a “reasonable factual basis in the record” to
support the jury’s causation findings and applied the abuse of discretion standard
and Coco to its review of damages. However, after a review of the court of
appeal’s reasoning, we now hold that the court of appeal disturbed those findings
in several significant ways.
First, the court of appeal states that the jury’s award of “only $60,000 in
medical expenses suggests that the jury did not believe that all of Mrs.
Thibodeaux’s mental or physical pain and suffering, [etc.] were causally related to
Dr. Donnell’s medical malpractice.” 15-0503, p.6-7, 189 So. 3d at 475 (emphasis
added). But the words “suggests” and “all” indicate that the court of appeal is
reading information into the verdict form that simply is not present. Second, the
court of appeal held that, because the jury found Mrs. Thibodeaux suffered “some
injuries” causally related to the failed bladder repair, the jury abused its discretion
in failing to award plaintiff “some amount of general damages.” Id. (emphasis in
original). But again, the verdict form does not make this clear. Instead, after
finding the breach of the standard of care in the answer to the first question, the
10
jury seems to have assessed causation—without making any express allocation of
the extent of causation—to Dr. Donnell. Third, and relatedly, the court of appeal
endeavored to determine the “extent” to which Mrs. Thibodeaux’s damages were
“causally related” to the failed bladder repair, even though “extent” was not a
finding made by the jury at all. Id. (“The issue becomes, then, to what extent were
Mrs. Thibodeaux’s injuries causally related to Dr. Donnell’s failed bladder
repair.”).
Our review of the court of appeal’s analysis leads to the conclusion that, by
reading information regarding the scope or extent of causation into the verdict
form, the court of appeal altered the jury’s causation finding where the jury was
silent.7 Accordingly, despite stating it found a reasonable factual basis for the
jury’s determination, the court of appeal actually found the jury’s factual
determination to lack a reasonable factual basis and to be clearly wrong. Mart, 505
So. 2d at 1127. Though the court of appeal couched its review as abuse of
discretion, the court of appeal’s actions in disturbing and adjusting the jury’s
findings make clear that the court of appeal actually found manifest error—or, in
Professor Maraist’s articulation, an error “which interdicted the damage-
determining process.” 1 La. Civ. L. Treatise, Civ. Pro. § 14:14. 8 As explained
above, after a reviewing court finds manifest error in a trier of fact’s finding, that
court should perform a de novo damages review as articulated in Mart, unbound by
the highest/lowest limitations of the Coco Rule. Mart, 505 So. 2d at 1128-29.
7
This error by the court of appeal is unsurprising, because the court of appeal was forced to
interpret a verdict form that does not adequately address the complex factual issues presented in
the case. We observe here that a verdict form with more information could have assisted the
appellate court (and this Court) in interpreting the issues presented by this case. In any event, we
recognize that this issue is not before us, as Dr. Donnell did not appeal the verdict, nor did he file
a writ application here.
8
The dissent argues that the jury did in fact address the extent of the injury, because the jury
awarded no general damages to Mrs. Thibodeaux. But this interpretation of the verdict form falls
into the trap of extrapolating causation from the jury’s damages finding—exactly the mistake
made by the court of appeal here.
11
The court of appeal therefore erred by limiting its award for Mrs.
Thibodeaux to “the lowest amount reasonably within the jury’s discretion and
consistent with the special damages award” pursuant to Coco. 15-0503, p.11, 189
So. 3d at 478.9 Because the court of appeal adjusted the jury’s causation finding,
thereby interdicting the damage-determining process, the court of appeal should
have reviewed damages de novo, as set forth in Mart, in order to compensate Mrs.
Thibodeaux for “damages which the [jury] did not believe were causally related to
the accident.” Mart, 505 So. 2d at 1128-29.
Loss of Consortium Claim Findings
With respect to the loss of consortium, service, and society damages claimed
by Mr. Thibodeaux and the minor child, the court of appeal examined the jury
verdict form, noting that, in its answers on the verdict form, the jury found that Dr.
Donnell’s breach of the applicable standard of care did cause injury to Mrs.
Thibodeaux, but that his breach did not cause a loss of consortium to Mr.
Thibodeaux or the child. 15-0503, p.12-13, 189 So. 3d at 479. But after performing
its own review of the medical and lay evidence in the case, the court of appeal
reversed that finding, holding that the “jury manifestly erred in finding that Dr.
Donnell’s failed bladder repair caused no damages” to the husband and child. Id.
(emphasis added). The court of appeal then determined the “appropriate award” for
damages under these circumstances was $15,000 for Mr. Thibodeaux and $5,000
for the minor child, by comparing the result to other cases and finding this amount
to be “the lowest amount reasonably within the jury’s discretion.” Id., 15-0503,
p.14, 189 So. 3d at 480.
9
The court of appeal also erred in stating that “[a] trier of fact abuses its discretion in failing to
award general damages when it finds that a plaintiff has suffered injuries causally related to the
accident that required medical attention.” 15-0503, p.6-7, 189 So. 3d at 475. As noted above—
and as the court of appeal acknowledges yet then ignores—Wainwright expressly declined to
draw such a bright line rule. Wainwright, 00-0492 p.9, 774 So. 2d at 75-76.
12
The court of appeal correctly recognized that manifest error review applied
to the loss of consortium claims, because it adjusted the jury’s factual findings.
Mart, 505 So. 2d at 1128. However, the court of appeal failed to recognize the
implication of that holding. As explained above, after finding manifest error, the
court of appeal should have performed a de novo review in accordance with Mart,
unbound by the highest/lowest limitations of the Coco Rule. Id. at 1128-29.
CONCLUSION
The Coco Rule applies when the reviewing court determines that the trier of
fact abused its discretion when assessing damages. The Mart Rule, on the other
hand, applies when the reviewing court determines that there was error in the
jury’s factual findings and such error interdicted the damage-determining process.
Here, despite saying that there was a reasonable factual basis for the findings, the
court of appeal found error in the jury’s findings with respect to Mrs. Thibodeaux’s
general damages. With respect to the loss of consortium claims, the court of appeal
properly found manifest error, but then erroneously assessed damages using the
Coco principle. In both of these scenarios, an entirely de novo review under Mart
was required, rather than a limited damages review under Coco.
DECREE
Because the court of appeal adjusted the jury’s factual findings, such that it
plainly found “error” in the jury verdict, the court should have performed a de novo
review of damages under the principles outlined in Mart v. Hill, 505 So. 2d 1120
(La. 1987), unrestricted by the limitations set forth in Coco. For the reasons set
forth below, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeal and remand for the
court of appeal to reconsider its awards under the principles set forth in Mart.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
13
01/20/17
SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
NO. 2016-C-0570
KIMBERLY AND TODD THIBODEAUX, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
BEHALF OF THEIR MINOR CHILD, GABRIELLE THIBODEAUX
VERSUS
JAMES F. DONNELL, M.D.
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL, FIRST CIRCUIT,
PARISH OF TERREBONNE
WEIMER, J., dissenting in part and concurring in part.
In answering the interrogatories, the jury in this medical malpractice case
determined that defendant breached the applicable standard of care in his treatment
of Mrs. Thibodeaux and that the breach caused Mrs. Thibodeaux to sustain injury,
but not her husband or minor child. When asked to determine the amount of money
that would Afully and fairly compensate@ Mrs. Thibodeaux for the damage sustained
as a result of defendant=s breach of the applicable standard of care, the jury awarded
special damages for Mrs. Thibodeaux=s medical expenses, but declined to award
general damages. On appeal, the court of appeal determined that the jury=s finding
that Mrs. Thibodeaux was entitled to an award of special damages, but no general
damages was, under the facts, so inconsistent as to constitute an abuse of its much
discretion. Thibodeaux v. Donnell, 15-0503, p. 7 (La.App. 1 Cir. 2/24/16), 189
So.3d 469, 475. Given its determination that the jury=s failure to award general
damages was an abuse of discretion, the court of appeal then proceeded to fix an
award of general damages calculated as Athe lowest amount within the jury=s
discretion and consistent with the special damages award,@ in accordance with this
court=s directive in Coco v. Winston Industries, Inc., 341 So.2d 332, 335 (La. 1976)
(AOnly after making the finding that the record supports that the lower court abused
its much discretion can the appellate court disturb the [damage] award, and then only
to the extent of lowering it (or raising it) to the highest (or lowest) point which is
reasonably within the discretion afforded that court.@). Thibodeaux, 15-0503 at 11,
189 So.3d at 478. Because this approach seemed to conflict with the result in
Green v. K-Mart Corp., 03-2495 (La. 5/25/04), 874 So.2d 838 (a case in which
this court found an abuse of discretion in the jury=s failure to award general damages
despite awarding a substantial amount for past and future medical expenses, and then
affirmed the court of appeal=s de novo assessment of damages unconstrained by
Coco=s high/low limitations), we granted 1 this writ Ato determine whether the court
of appeal properly assessed damages under the principles set forth in Coco v.
Winston Industries, Inc..@ Thibodeaux v. Donnell, 16-0570 (La. __/__/2016),
slip op. at 1.
The issue we granted the writ to resolve is relatively straightforward.
Unfortunately, the majority=s resolution of that issue is not as straightforward.
After describing the competing approaches to appellate review of damages set
forth in Coco and Mart v. Hill, 505 So.2d 1120 (La. 1987), the majority re-frames
the issue this court granted the writ to address as whether Athe proper standard of
review for an assessment of damages under [the] circumstances [of this case] is
abuse of discretion or manifest error.@ Thibodeaux, slip op. at 9. However, this
court previously answered that question, and it did so in cases discussed but
ultimately dismissed by the majority as being inapplicable here.
1
Thibodeaux v. Donnell, 16-0570 (La. 6/3/16), 192 So.3d 756.
2
In Wainwright v. Fontenot, 00-0492 (La. 10/17/00), 774 So.2d 70, this court
was Afaced with the somewhat anomalous situation in which a jury has determined
that the defendant is both legally at fault for the plaintiff=s injuries and liable to him
for his medical expenses incurred, yet has declined to make any award at all for
general damages, i.e., pain and suffering,@Bthe precise situation presented in this
case. Id., 00-0492 at 6, 774 So.2d at 74. Therein, the court reasoned:
[A] jury, in the exercise of its discretion as factfinder, can reasonably
reach the conclusion that a plaintiff has proven his entitlement to
recovery of certain medical costs, yet failed to prove that he endured
compensable pain and suffering as a result of defendant=s fault. It may
often be the case that such a verdict may not withstand review under
the abuse of discretion standard. However, it would be inconsistent
with the great deference afforded the factfinder by this court and our
jurisprudence to state that, as a matter of law, such a verdict must
always be erroneous. Rather, a reviewing court faced with a verdict
such as the one before us must ask whether the jury=s
determination that plaintiff is entitled to certain medical expenses
but not to general damages is so inconsistent as to constitute an
abuse of discretion. Only after the reviewing court determines
that the factfinder has abused its much discretion can that court
conduct a de novo review of the record.
Wainwright, 00-0492 at 8-9, 774 So.2d at 76 (emphasis added). The Wainwright
decision is not an outlier. Rather, it was followed by Green v. K-Mart Corp.,
supra, which affirmed that the standard of review in a case such as this one is abuse
of discretion. Id., 03-2495 at 7, 874 So.2d at 843-44 (AWhen, as here, the jury has
awarded special damages but has declined to award general damages, the reviewing
court must determine whether the jury=s finding >is so inconsistent as to constitute an
abuse of discretion.= Wainwright, 00-0492 at 8-9, 774 So.2d at 76. If so, only
then can the reviewing court perform a de novo review of the record. Id.@).
Rather than adhere to the abuse of discretion standard of review dictated by
Wainwright and Green, the majority recasts the issue as one involving the jury=s
Acausation@ or liability determination, thereby avoiding the deference due the jury=s
3
assessment of damages entirely. By tying the jury=s award of damages to the
liability determination, the majority errs both legally and factually.
In a negligence action, the plaintiff bears the burden of proving fault,
causation, and damages. Wainwright, 00-0492 at 5, 774 So.2d at 74. In
reviewing an award of damages, the court of appeal does not necessarily disturb the
determinations of fault and causation, as the majority here implies. Rather, as we
have explained, the jury=s determinations of fault and causation establish liability,
and liability implies some damage, but not specifically which damage or how much.
See Hall v. Brookshire Bros., Ltd., 02-2404, 02-2421, p. 11-12 (La. 6/27/03), 848
So.2d 559, 567. Having proven the defendant=s fault caused damage, a plaintiff
must further prove what damage, by kind and seriousness, was caused by defendant=s
fault. Id.
In this case, the majority looks to the interrogatories submitted to the jury and
essentially concludes that the jury made no finding as to this latter determinationBthe
extent to which Mrs. Thibodeaux=s damages were causally related to the bladder
repairBand that in order to reach that determination, the court must re-visit the
liability determination (the fault and causation interrogatories). See Thibodeaux,
slip op. at 10-11. In short, the majority reasons that, because there was no separate
interrogatory expressly addressing the Ascope or extent of causation,@ any alteration
of the jury award of damages necessarily entails alteration of the liability or
Acausation@ determination. Id. at 11. Otherwise, the majority seems to imply that
the verdict form, as written, allocates to defendant liability for all of the damages
claimed by Mrs. Thibodeaux, an allocation that is belied by the failure of the jury to
award any amounts for, by way of example, permanent disability (which Mrs.
4
Thibodeaux asked for, but which the jury did not award). See Thibodeaux, slip op.
at 4.
The problem with the majority=s analysis is that it overlooks the fact that there
was a line (in fact there were several lines) on the verdict form in which the jury was
asked to resolve the precise question regarding the Ascope or extent@ of the injuries
sustained by Mrs. Thibodeaux that the majority suggests was overlooked.2 Those
lines appear in Interrogatory No. 5, which asked: AWhat amounts of money would
fully and fairly compensate Kimberly Thibodeaux, Todd Thibodeaux and Gabrielle
Thibodeaux for the damages they sustained as a result of the breach of the applicable
standard of care?@ This interrogatory, and the answers thereto, represent the jury=s
determination as to the scope and extent of the damages sustained by Mrs.
Thibodeaux as a consequence of defendant=s breach of the applicable standard of
care. It is this Amixed factual-legal determination by the jury (that the tort victim is
entitled to reasonable medical expenses for immediate medical consultation and
treatment, but not for the further treatment or for general damages) [that] is entitled
to great deference,@ under the abuse of discretion standard of review announced in
Wainwright. See, Wainwright, 00-0492 at 1, 774 So.2d at 78 (Lemmon, J.,
subscribing to the opinion and assigning additional reasons).
Thus, I respectfully disagree with the majority=s determination that the
standard of review in this case (insofar as the award of damages to Mrs. Thibodeaux
is concerned) is manifest error. I believe, consistent with Wainwright and Green,
that in this case in which the jury has awarded special damages but declined to award
2
While I agree with the majority=s assessment that a more detailed verdict form would have made
the analysis in this case easier, I do not find that the absence of a more detailed version inhibits
our review to the extent the majority suggests.
5
general damages, it is the task of the reviewing court to determine whether the jury=s
finding Ais so inconsistent as to constitute an abuse of discretion.@ See Wainwright,
00-0492 at 8, 774 So.2d at 76.
In this regard, and as Wainwright notes, it is plaintiff=s burden to
affirmatively establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that plaintiff (in this
case, Mrs. Thibodeaux) is entitled to general damages for pain and suffering. See
Id., 00-0492 at 10, 774 So.2d at 77. On review, the proper inquiry is whether there
was evidence in the record from which the jury could reasonably conclude that
defendant=s bladder repair, which required treatment in the form of a second surgery
to remove the errant sutures, resulted in no compensable pain and suffering. As the
court of appeal notes, the evidence on this point does not support such a finding.
That evidence establishes that after completing the surgery, successfully delivering
Mrs. Thibodeaux=s daughter, and stanching her profuse bleeding by means of the
emergency (and life-saving) hysterectomy, defendant ordered a post-operative
intravenous pyelogram (IVP) to determine if the bladder repair was successful.
During the three to four-hour period in which the test results were pending, Mrs.
Thibodeaux, who was producing little urine, experienced severe abdominal pain.
When the test results revealed that the bladder sutures were obstructing Mrs.
Thibodeaux=s ureters, defendant consulted urologist Dr. Robert Alexander, who,
after confirming the obstruction, re-opened Mrs. Thibodeaux=s bladder, removed
defendant=s sutures, and repaired the bladder laceration, removing some dead tissue
from the bladder in the process. Dr. Alexander inserted stents into Mrs.
Thibodeaux=s ureters and a suprapubic catheter into her bladder to facilitate urine
drainage. Mrs. Thibodeaux remained hospitalized for five days. The catheter was
6
removed by Dr. Alexander in a follow-up visit on December 9, 2003.3 The removal
of the stents followed shortly thereafter, on December 17, 2003.
Mindful of Wainwright=s reluctance to adopt a bright line rule regarding
when a jury=s award of medical expenses but no general damages will be so
inconsistent as to constitute an abuse of discretion, 4 I nevertheless agree with the
court of appeal=s assessment that, under the particular facts of this case, where the
jury determined through its award of medical expenses totaling $60,000 that Mrs.
Thibodeaux suffered injuries causally related to the bladder repair that necessitated
medical treatment, and where the evidence establishes that medical treatment caused
Mrs. Thibodeaux to endure some degree of pain and suffering, the failure to award
general damages was an abuse of discretion.
Given this conclusion, the question that presents itself is the one this court
granted writs to resolve: whether, after finding an abuse of discretion in the jury=s
failure to award general damages, the appellate court, in reviewing the evidence and
rendering an appropriate award, is nevertheless constrained by the principles of
deference announced in Coco to the lowest amount of general damages associated
with those injuries reasonably within the jury=s discretion. I find that Coco is
directly applicable here. This court=s decisions in Wainwright and Green firmly
establish that, in a case such as this one, where the jury has determined that the
defendant is both legally at fault for the plaintiff=s injuries and liable for medical
expenses incurred, yet has declined to make any award at all for general damages,
the standard of review is abuse of discretion. Since correction of the damage award
3
The surgery itself was performed on November 20, 2003.
4
See Wainwright, 00-0492 at 8-9, 774 So.2d at 76-77.
7
is based on finding an abuse of discretion, under Coco, the reviewing court is
necessarily limited to raising the inadequate general damage award to the lowest
amount reasonably within the jury=s discretion, because, as this court cautioned in
Coco: AIt is never appropriate for a Court of Appeal, having found that the trial court
has abused its discretion, simply to decide what it considers an appropriate award on
the basis of the evidence.@ Coco, 341 So.2d at 335. 5
As a result, and based on the foregoing, I respectfully disagree with the
majority=s determination that the court of appeal erred in its review and award of
general damages to Mrs. Thibodeaux. For the reasons expressed above, I believe
the court of appeal properly assessed the award of general damages under the
principles set forth in Coco.
However, while disagreeing with the majority as to the general damage award,
I agree with the majority=s conclusion regarding the court of appeal=s review of the
claims for loss of consortium. 6 As the majority notes, in its answers to the
5
Admittedly, there is loose language in both Wainwright and Green that might suggest the
opposite conclusion. However, Wainwright=s reference to a de novo review (A[o]nly after the
reviewing court determines that the factfinder has abused its much discretion can that court conduct
a de novo review of the record@) was clear dicta, as the court did not find an abuse of discretion on
the jury=s part and, thus, did not find it necessary to assess damages. Wainwright, 00-0492 at 8-
9, 774 So.2d at 76. To the extent that the court=s decision in Green to affirm the court of appeal=s
de novo assessment of general damages unconstrained by Coco rather than remand for a new
damage determination consistent with Coco=s limitations might suggest that Coco does not apply
once an abuse of discretion is found, I believe that such a suggestion is unwarranted. See id., 03-
2495 at 8, 874 So.2d at 844. There is no indication that the court of appeal=s failure to apply Coco
in its de novo review and award of general damages in Green was assigned as error or raised as
an issue before this court; therefore, the precedential value of this court=s decision simply affirming
the court of appeal=s damage award is questionable. The court certainly did not address the issue
directly.
6
I agree with the majority=s conclusion only insofar as it finds that once the court of appeal found
legal error in the jury=s conclusion that defendant=s actions did not cause Mr. Thibodeaux or
daughter Gabrielle to suffer a loss of consortium, the assessment of damages was not constrained
by Coco. I do not necessarily agree with the majority that the jury erred in finding that no loss of
consortium was proved in the first instance. However, the court of appeal so found, and defendant
did not apply to this court for a writ. As a result, this court cannot alter the court of appeal=s
liability determination to favor defendant.
8
interrogatories on the verdict form, the jury specifically found that defendant=s
breach of the applicable standard of care did cause injury to Mrs. Thibodeaux, but
that it did not cause a loss of consortium to either Mr. Thibodeaux or daughter
Gabrielle. In other words, the jury determined that the loss of consortium claims
were not causally related to the bladder repair. Under these circumstances, and as
explained in Mart v. Hill, the court of appeal, upon finding manifest error in the
jury=s failure to award damages for the loss of consortium claims, was not
constrained by Coco in its res nova award of damages. See Mart, 505 So.2d at
1128 (ACoco applies when an appellate court is asked to correct a fact finder=s abuse
of discretion in assessing the appropriate monetary award for a given injury. The
principles are not applicable when a res nova review of quantum must be made to
compensate a plaintiff for damages which the trial court did not believe were
causally related to the accident.@).
While I agree with the majority=s determination that the court of appeal erred
in assessing damages for the loss of consortium claims of Mrs. Thibodeaux=s
husband and daughter according to the principles of Coco, I respectfully disagree
with its decision to remand this case to the court of appeal for the purpose of having
that court reconsider its awards. It is a long-standing precept of this court that
A[w]here a finding of fact is interdicted because of some legal error implicit in the
fact finding process or when a mistake of law forecloses any finding of fact, and
where the record is otherwise complete, the appellate court should, if it can, render
judgment on the record.@ See Ragas v. Argonaut Southwest Ins. Co., 388 So.2d
707, 708 (La. 1980); See also, Gonzales v. Xerox Corporation, 320 So.2d 163,
165-66 (La. 1975). The majority offers no explanation for why it is appropriate to
deviate from this practice in the present case.
9
This court has before it a complete record. That record fully supports the
jury=s determination, evidenced by its decision to award medical expenses but no
general and no permanent disability damages to Mrs. Thibodeaux, that defendant is
not responsible for all of the problems from which Mrs. Thibodeaux suffers.
Dr. Alexander, Mrs. Thibodeaux=s treating urologist, testified that when he
freed her ureters from the sutures, they were intact. He placed stents in the ureters
to shore them up, as a kind of safety net in case there was some minimal undetected
damage, and inserted a suprapubic catheter as an additional precaution. The
surgery was performed on November 20, 2003. Mrs. Thibodeaux returned to Dr.
Alexander in December 2003, and, over two visits, he successfully removed the
catheter and stents. A cystoscopy performed at the time revealed that Mrs.
Thibodeaux had a reduced bladder capacity, but the bladder and ureters were
functioning properly.
Unfortunately, Mrs. Thibodeaux developed irritative bladder symptoms
(including having to urinate every 30 to 60 minutes). In April 2004, Dr. Alexander
performed another cystoscopy in which he noted the presence of scar tissue, but
observed that the ureters were normal and unobstructed. At this time, Dr.
Alexander attempted to distend the bladder in hopes of providing relief from the
symptoms of urinary frequency and pressure. It was on this examination that Dr.
Alexander diagnosed Mrs. Thibodeaux with interstitial cystitis, a condition of the
bladder lining characterized by symptoms such as excessive urinary frequency, pain
related to bladder fullness, and painful intercourse. While he prescribed
medications to alleviate the symptoms, none proved to be effective. It was the
treating physician, Dr. Alexander=s, opinion that the interstitial cystitis is unrelated
to the bladder repair.
10
Plaintiffs= expert witness was ob/gyn Dr. Fred Duboe. Dr. Duboe opined that
defendant=s error in blocking the ureters with sutures necessitated a second surgery,
produced some devascularized tissue which had to be extracted and resulted in scar
tissue and a reduced bladder size. While Dr. Duboe opined that Mrs. Thibodeaux=s
reduced bladder size and symptoms of urinary frequency were related to the bladder
repair, as to her interstitial cystitis, the connection Awas not as clear.@
Given the foregoing, there is ample record evidence to support the
determination that the more significant and long term problems from which Mrs.
Thibodeaux suffers are not related to the bladder repair, but to her subsequent
diagnosis of interstitial cystitis. Accordingly, any loss of consortium, service and
society experienced by Mr. Thibodeaux and daughter Gabrielle is logically and
necessarily limited to losses sustained prior to the diagnosis of that interstitial
cystitis. After reviewing the record de novo, and being constrained by the fact that
defendant did not apply for relief in this court and, thus, cannot obtain a more
favorable verdict, 7 I would simply affirm the amounts awarded by the court of
appeal for loss of consortium, as I believe those amounts more than fully compensate
Mr. Thibodeaux and Gabrielle for the limited losses they sustained.
Thus, I respectfully dissent from the majority=s ruling in this case.
Finally, in doing so, I note as an aside that, if we were not constrained in our
review by the fact that defendant did not apply for relief in this court, I would be
hard pressed to find that defendant deviated from the appropriate standard of care in
his treatment of Mrs. Thibodeaux. Certainly, the jury was not convinced of such,
7
See Granger v. Christus Health Central Louisiana, 12-1892, p. 47 (La. 6/28/13), 144 So.3d
736, 770 (AWhen a writ of certiorari or review is granted at the instance of one of the parties to a
suit, to consider a complaint of a judgment of the court of appeal, an opposing party to the suit,
who has not applied for writ of review, cannot have the judgment amended for his benefit.@)
11
as the verdict in this case well could be a classic compromise verdictBone in which
sympathy for Mrs. Thibodeaux=s plight compelled the jury to award her medical
expenses, but no general damages, precisely because the jury was not convinced that
defendant was responsible for her injuries.8 Indeed, it is unlikely the jury, having
found liability, simply overlooked the obvious lines on the verdict form relative to
general damages. Furthermore, the evidence in this case strongly supports the
conclusion that defendant was not negligent, but responded appropriately given the
difficult circumstances presented. When a party does not appeal a jury verdict or
apply for writs in this court, we are constrained from altering the jury verdict in a
manner favorable to him. 9 However, a party may argue in defense of a claimBthat
the amounts awarded by the court of appeal should not be increasedBany record facts
that support such a conclusion. Roger v. Estate of Moulton, 513 So.2d 1126, 1136
(on reh=g) (AA party who is satisfied with a judgment, and who does not file a notice
of appeal or a petition for review, is, nevertheless, a party to the appeal or review
whose arguments must be heard, and in support of the judgment in his favor he may
present any argument supported by the record, whether it was ignored, or flatly
rejected, by the court below.@).
8
Interestingly, at a hearing on the cross-motions for JNOV filed by the parties, the trial judge
acknowledged having had a discussion with one juror who had indicated the jury wanted to
exonerate defendant, but still award plaintiff=s medical expenses. However, as the trial judge
explained, there was no formal record made on this point and there is no indication how many
jurors felt that way.
9
See Granger, 12-1892 at 47, 144 So.3d at 770.
12
01/20/17
SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
NO. 2016-C-0570
KIMBERLY AND TODD THIBODEAUX, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
BEHALF OF THEIR MINOR CHILD, GABRIELLE THIBODEAUX
VERSUS
JAMES F. DONNELL, M.D.
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
FIRST CIRCUIT, PARISH OF TERREBONE
JOHNSON, C.J., concurs in part, dissents in part, and assigns reasons.
I respectfully dissent from the majority=s finding that the court of appeal erred
in its review and award of general damages to Mrs. Thibodeaux. I find the majority
opinion creates confusion by failing to apply the clear principles set forth by this
court in Wainwright v. Fontenot, 00-0492 (La. 10/17/00), 774 So. 2d 70 and Green
v. K-Mart Corp., 03-2495 (La. 5/25/04), 874 So. 2d 838, wherein this court has
directly addressed the proper standard of review for assessment of damages in cases
such as this one.
In Wainwright, this court explained that when faced with a verdict in which a
jury determined that the defendant is both legally at fault for the plaintiff=s injuries
and liable for his medical expenses, yet has declined to award general damages, the
reviewing court Amust ask whether the jury=s determination that plaintiff is entitled
to certain medical expenses but not to general damages is so inconsistent as to
constitute an abuse of discretion. Only after the reviewing court determines that the
factfinder has abused its much discretion can that court conduct a de novo review
of the record.@ 774 So. 2d at 76. (Emphasis added). This court again applied the same
principle in Green (AWhen, as here, the jury has awarded special damages but has
declined to award general damages, the reviewing court must determine whether the
jury=s finding is so inconsistent as to constitute an abuse of discretion. If so, only
then can the reviewing court perform a de novo review of the record.@) 874 So. 2d
at 843-844. Thus, this court must determine whether the jury=s finding in this
particular case Ais so inconsistent as to constitute an abuse of discretion.@
After review of the record, I find the court of appeal correctly determined that
the jury abused its discretion in failing to award general damages while awarding a
substantial amount for past and future medical expenses. In this case, the jury
determined through its award of all of Mrs. Thibodeaux=s medical expenses that
plaintiff suffered injuries causally related to the accident which required medical
attention, and is still suffering an injury that will require medical attention in the
future. Further, the evidence establishes that the medical treatment caused Mrs.
Thibodeaux pain and suffering. I find failing to make a general damage award in
such circumstances was an abuse of discretion.
Additionally, to the extent the failure to award general damages is an abuse
of discretion, as opposed to an error of fact or law, review and correction of the
damage award is limited by the principles stated by this court in Coco v. Winston
Industries, Inc., 341 So. 2d 332, 335 (La. 1976) (i.e., the reviewing court is limited
to raising the inadequate general damage award to the lowest amount reasonably
within the jury=s discretion), rather than a de novo determination of damages as
contemplated in Mart v. Hill, 505 So. 2d 1120 (La. 1987). In this case, the court of
appeal determined the jury=s finding that Mrs. Thibodeaux was entitled to an award
of special damages, but no general damages was, under the facts, so inconsistent as
to constitute an abuse of its much discretion. Thibodeaux v. Donnell, 15-0503 (La.
App. 1 Cir. 2/24/16), 189 So. 3d 469, 475. Given that determination, the court of
2
appeal then correctly proceeded to fix an award of general damages calculated as
Athe lowest amount within the jury=s discretion and consistent with the special
damages award,@ in accordance with this court=s holding in Coco. Thibodeaux, 189
So. 3d at 478.
Therefore, consistent with Wainwright and Green, I find that in this case
where the jury awarded special damages but declined to award general damages, it
is the task of the reviewing court to determine whether the jury=s finding Ais so
inconsistent as to constitute an abuse of discretion.@ Because such a finding was
made in this case, I find the court of appeal properly assessed the award of general
damages under the principles set forth in Coco. Thus, I would affirm the court of
appeal=s decision on this issue.
Finally, relative to loss of consortium damages, I agree with the majority that
because the court of appeal found the jury manifestly erred in failing to award loss
of consortium damages, the court of appeal was not constrained by the award
parameters set forth in Coco. However, I dissent from the majority=s holding to the
extent the case is remanded to the court of appeal to reconsider its award on this
issue. Considering the record before us, I find it is sufficient for this court to render
judgment. Based on de novo review of the record relative to this issue, I would affirm
the amounts awarded by the court of appeal for loss of consortium rather than
remand this case to the court of appeal to reconsider that award.
3
01/20/17
SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
NO. 2016-C-0570
KIMBERLY AND TODD THIBODEAUX, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON
BEHALF OF THEIR MINOR CHILD, GABRIELLE THIBODEAUX
VERSUS
JAMES F. DONNELL, M.D.
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
FIRST CIRCUIT, PARISH OF TERREBONE
GUIDRY, J., concurs in the result and assigns reasons.
I concur in the result of the majority decision. However, I write separately to
express my concern that the majority opinion creates a standard that could lend
itself to inconsistent interpretations. Although the majority demurred from
overturning Coco v. Winston Industries Inc., 341 So. 2d 332 (La. 1976), I question
the vitality of the principles set forth therein, which appear to be judicially created
and not firmly based upon statutory law or established precedent.
Kimberly and Todd Thibodeaux, Individually and on Behalf of Their Minor Child, Gabrielle Thibodeaux v. James F. Donnell, M.D.
Combined Opinion