1 Opinions of the Colorado Supreme Court are available to the
2 public and can be accessed through the Judicial Branch’s homepage at
3 http://www.courts.state.co.us. Opinions are also posted on the
4 Colorado Bar Association’s homepage at http://www.cobar.org.
5
6 ADVANCE SHEET HEADNOTE
7 April 24, 2017
8
9 2017 CO 28
0
1 No. 14SC1007, People v. Jacobson—Criminal Law—Jury Prejudice—Jury Polling—
2 Prejudicial News Reports.
3
4 In this case, the supreme court determines whether a trial court abused its
5 discretion by refusing to poll the jury about whether jurors had seen a prejudicial news
6 report that had aired the night before and been posted online. Because the trial court
7 gave repeated, specific admonitions—including on the day of the newscast—to jurors to
8 avoid “newscasts” and “newspaper sites,” and these were the only places on which the
9 prejudicial report was available, the supreme court holds that the trial court did not
0 abuse its discretion when it refused to poll jurors. Therefore, the supreme court
1 reverses the court of appeals and affirms the defendant’s conviction.
2
3
4
5
1 The Supreme Court of the State of Colorado
2 2 East 14th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80203
3 2017 CO 28
4 Supreme Court Case No. 14SC1007
5 Certiorari to the Colorado Court of Appeals
6 Court of Appeals Case No. 10CA1476
7 Petitioner:
8 The People of the State of Colorado,
9 v.
0 Respondent:
1 Sandra L. Jacobson.
2 Judgment Reversed
3 en banc
4 April 24, 2017
5
6 Attorneys for Petitioner:
7 Cynthia H. Coffman, Attorney General
8 Rebecca A. Adams, Senior Assistant Attorney General
9 Denver, Colorado
0
1 Attorneys for Respondent:
2 Douglas K. Wilson, Public Defender
3 Andrew C. Heher, Deputy Public Defender
4 Denver, Colorado
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5 CHIEF JUSTICE RICE delivered the Opinion of the Court.
6 JUSTICE HOOD dissents, and JUSTICE MÁRQUEZ and JUSTICE GABRIEL join in
7 the dissent.
¶1 This case requires us to determine whether a trial court abused its discretion by
refusing to poll the jury about whether jurors had seen a prejudicial news report that
had aired the night before and been posted online. Because the trial court gave
repeated, specific admonitions—including on the day of the newscast—to jurors to
avoid “newscasts” and “newspaper sites,” and these were the only places on which the
prejudicial report was available, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
when it refused to poll jurors. Therefore, we reverse the court of appeals and affirm the
defendant’s conviction.
I. Facts and Procedural History
¶2 A jury convicted the defendant, Sandra L. Jacobson, of vehicular homicide,
driving under the influence, and other related charges arising from a collision between
her truck and a taxi cab. The collision killed two of the passengers in the taxi.
¶3 During the jury selection process, a prospective juror asked the trial court why
the jury has to avoid media coverage of the trial, and the trial court explained:
There have been jury verdicts in death penalty cases in Colorado reversed
because jurors did their own research and brought things into the jury
room. All around the country it is becoming a greater and growing
problem of jurors who seem to not understand that no communication
means no communication when you are on a jury.
I realize that is hard to deal with in an era where we have got so much
electronic availability literally at our fingers. Remember what I said
earlier, you have to base your verdict only on the evidence that you hear
in the courtroom in this case. And that means you can’t get information
that might impact that from any other source.
If that means that for seven days or so you don’t read the Denver Post,
you don’t look at a newspaper, you don’t go on the Internet to see what’s
going on, that’s what it means. And I realize it is hard and it may sound
2
stupid, but it is the essence of one part of what we are doing here which is
to guarantee a fair trial. And that any decision the jury makes here be
made only on the basis of the evidence that comes in at this—in this trial
in this courtroom.
¶4 On the first day of trial, the trial court admonished the jury to avoid media
coverage of the trial:
You must not read, view, or listen to any reports about this case in the
press or on radio, television, or any other media. And in this day and age,
that includes things like Facebook, Twitter, text messages, blogging, and
so forth. If you’re watching the news and you see something coming on
about the Jacobson case, turn the television off. If you’re reading the
newspaper, don’t read any articles about this case.
Throughout the trial, the trial court reminded the jury daily of the need to avoid all
coverage involving Jacobson or the case.
¶5 During the trial, while the prosecution was presenting its case, the trial court was
notified that a local news channel would be running a segment about the case and
posting a story about the case online. The trial court, having previously admonished
the jury to avoid news coverage of the case, gave a more specific admonition that day:
I want to suggest to you—you know, I’ve been giving you this admonition
every night when you leave, but I want to sort of—I’m going to emphasize
it again tonight. We are rapidly approaching the end of the People’s
evidence. I cannot be sure when it’s going to be over but I think we’re
getting close to that. It’s vitally important, as we move toward the end of
this trial, that you remember the admonition that I gave you: No TV; no
Internet; no radio.
I know you may feel like you’re living on another planet but if you’re
going to do any of those things, avoid newscasts, avoid newspaper sites.
There’s plenty to watch on television and plenty to see on the Internet and
plenty to listen to on the radio that doesn’t involve news. Please avoid
those things, as we have discussed.
3
(Emphasis added). In response to the admonition, several jurors nodded their heads
affirmatively with serious looks on their faces. The next morning, the trial court and
defense counsel discussed the newscast, which had mentioned several prejudicial
aspects of the case not presented to the jury, including references to Jacobson’s past
driving under the influence convictions and traffic accidents.
¶6 Defense counsel suggested that the court poll the jury about whether any jurors
had seen the newscast or online article. However, the trial court declined to do so,
noting (1) its specific, previous admonitions; (2) the jurors’ affirmative responses and
serious demeanor in response to those admonitions; and (3) that polling the jury about a
specific newscast now would be like “dangling a cookie under a two-year old’s nose.”
Twice later that day—before lunch and at the end of the day—the court again
admonished the jury to avoid media of any type.
¶7 On appeal, the court of appeals reversed Jacobson’s convictions and held that,
under Harper v. People, 817 P.2d 77 (Colo. 1991), a new trial was required because the
trial court abused its discretion by declining to poll the jury about whether any jurors
had seen or read a prejudicial news report that a local news channel had aired—and
posted online—the night before. People v. Jacobson, 2014 COA 149, ¶¶ 2,
30, P.3d . The prosecution sought certiorari from this court, which we granted.1
1 We granted certiorari on the following issue:
Whether the court of appeals erred by misinterpreting Harper v. People, 817 P.2d
77 (Colo. 1991) and holding that admonitions alone may never be sufficient to
neutralize the potential for unfair prejudice and requiring trial courts to poll
jurors any time a media report is broadcast mid-trial.
4
¶8 After hearing arguments from both parties, we hold that it could not reasonably
be believed that the news reports came to the jury’s attention. Because we disagree
with the court of appeals’ conclusion, we now reverse the court of appeals and affirm
Jacobson’s convictions.
II. Analysis
¶9 Trial courts have “broad discretion in deciding the ultimate issue of whether the
media reports prejudiced the defendant’s right to a fair trial.” Harper, 817 P.2d at 83–
84. Therefore, we review the trial court’s decision not to poll the jury for an abuse of
discretion.
¶10 In Harper, this court laid out a three-step process for trial courts to follow when a
prejudicial news report comes out during the course of a trial. Id. at 83. First, the trial
court should determine whether the coverage is actually prejudicial and contains
inadmissible evidence. Id. Second, if the report could prejudice the jury, the court
should canvass the jury to learn if any of them learned of any impermissible
information. Id. Finally, if any jurors admit to learning of outside information, the
court should question them outside the presence of other jurors to learn what effect the
prejudicial information had on the juror. Id. The issue in this case focuses on the first
prong.
¶11 On the first prong, when determining whether a report may have prejudiced the
jury, courts should consider five relevant factors: (1) whether the report contained
inadmissible, prejudicial information; (2) how closely related the report is to the matters
in the trial; (3) the timing of the report; (4) the likelihood the jury was exposed to it; and
5
(5) the likely effectiveness of any instruction not to read, watch, or listen to reports “in
light of the nature and manner of dissemination of the news reports.” Id. at 84. We also
held that “[t]he existence of admonitions, alone, does not sufficiently neutralize news
reports in the community where the trial is being held that may reasonably be believed
to have come to the attention of the jurors.” Id. (emphasis added).
¶12 The court in Harper took issue with the common presumption that jurors follow
a trial court’s instruction, reasoning that the presumption was not applicable in a jury
exposure situation because prejudicial information “could have come to the attention of
a juror inadvertently.” Id. at 82. However, this is true only where it may “reasonably
be believed” that the report came to the jury’s attention. Id. at 84
¶13 Here, the news report contained prejudicial information relevant to the trial and
was broadcast during the trial. However, those factors are outweighed by the low
likelihood that any jurors were exposed to the reports. The reports had very limited
distribution—they were available only during one channel’s evening newscast and on
that channel’s website, both of which the trial court specifically warned jurors to avoid
on that day (“avoid newscasts, avoid newspaper sites”). The trial court gave repetitive,
daily, and specific admonitions not to seek out news on the television or the internet.
With repetitive, specific admonitions and a limited distribution, there was no
reasonable likelihood that the jurors had been exposed to the prejudicial news reports.
Further, as the trial court noted, additional questions about specific news reports may
have been counterproductive—i.e., that by mentioning the reports it may have
6
encouraged jurors to seek them out. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion when it refused to poll the jury the day after the news report had aired.
III. Conclusion
¶14 The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it declined to poll the jury on the
day following a prejudicial news report. Therefore, we reverse the court of appeals and
affirm Jacobson’s convictions.
JUSTICE HOOD dissents, and JUSTICE MÁRQUEZ and JUSTICE GABRIEL join in
the dissent.
7
JUSTICE HOOD, dissenting.
¶15 From seemingly innocuous statements, the seeds of significant change are
sometimes sown. So it is with this line from the majority opinion: “With repetitive,
specific admonitions and a limited distribution, there was no reasonable likelihood that
the jurors had been exposed to the prejudicial news reports.” Maj. op. ¶ 13. With this
application of a subtly retooled test for handling midtrial publicity, the majority
effectively abandons our precedent in Harper v. People, 817 P.2d 77 (Colo. 1991). It
does so by creating a de facto presumption that jurors will successfully follow
instructions to avoid media exposure. Going forward, when trial courts have told
jurors to avoid media coverage of a case, they need not canvas the jurors to ask about
inadvertent exposure to such coverage. They need not inquire about this
less-controllable threat to a fair trial, no matter how prejudicial the report at issue may
be. Instead, they may rely blindly on instructing the jury to avoid the media. By
allowing this, the majority reduces Harper to little more than an apparition, whose
outline remains faintly present but whose essence eludes grasp.
¶16 The majority relegates our settled law to this insubstantial fate without being
asked to do so and without so much as a passing nod to stare decisis. The People did
not invite us to alter our precedent. And neither party shared its thoughts with us
about the application of stare decisis to the case before us.
¶17 Because the majority offers no compelling rationale for departing from our
holding in Harper, and because I believe that under Harper’s standard the trial court
abused its discretion in refusing to poll the jury, I respectfully dissent.
1
I. Background
¶18 The facts merit elaboration. In this vehicular homicide case, Jacobson struck a
taxi and killed two children’s librarians who were visiting Denver for a library
conference. This high-speed, alcohol-fueled crash occurred on Peña Boulevard, near
Denver International Airport, at 10 a.m.
¶19 The case generated significant media attention. Prospective jurors were
questioned about pretrial publicity during voir dire, and, more than a year after the
incident, a number of them remembered hearing about it on television. The trial court
was thorough in admonishing the jury to avoid media exposure, giving a detailed
warning during voir dire and then providing daily reminders.
¶20 Three days into the prosecution’s case, defense counsel alerted the trial court that
a local reporter was “going to run a full spread this evening on the news.” The
prosecution also expressed concern about the story, dispatching its public information
officer to ask if the reporter would hold the story until after trial. Before releasing the
jury for the day, the court emphasized its daily admonishment to the jury to avoid
exposure to news about the case, calling it “vitally important.”
¶21 Channel Four News aired the story that evening, broadcasting inflammatory
facts and allegations about Jacobson that the trial court had ruled could not come into
evidence at trial. The story referred to Jacobson’s past traffic incidents resulting in
injury, traffic violations, and convictions—including one DUI. It also reported Jacobson
was facing at least one more trial. Further, it relayed allegations that Jacobson was
driving with a suspended license when this accident occurred, and had been doing so
2
during at least one earlier crash. An interview with a victim of that earlier crash added
an emotional flare: the victim implored that Jacobson should be locked up forever.
¶22 The next day, defense counsel asked the court to poll the jurors about whether
they had seen media coverage about the case the previous evening. He argued that,
even if jurors were following the admonition to avoid media, “in this day of media
access, [it is] highly likely that inadvertently some juror could have been [exposed to the
news story].”
¶23 The trial court had watched the story and recognized its contents were highly
prejudicial, but it declined to poll the jury. It reasoned: (1) polling the jury about a news
story would be “like dangling a cookie under a 2-year old’s nose,” (2) in anticipation of
the news story, the afternoon before the story aired it had issued “a longer and
stronger” admonition to avoid media exposure, and (3) it had noted that “several of the
jurors got a very serious look on their face and nodded their heads” during that
extended admonition.
II. Analysis
¶24 I begin with an overview of Harper and its well-established protocol for
handling midtrial media issues. Next, I examine the majority’s decision abandoning
that protocol. I then explain why the doctrine of stare decisis makes that decision a
mistake and how, in departing from Harper, we are also departing from the nationwide
majority rule—a rule that, ironically, Colorado helped forge more than a quarter of a
century ago.
3
¶25 I finish by applying Harper to the facts in the case before us. Although the trial
court is to be commended for proactively admonishing the jury, I conclude that on the
facts of this case, it erred by refusing to poll the jury. Consequently, I believe that
faithful application of our precedent dictates that Jacobson’s conviction should be
reversed.
A. Harper’s Standard for Polling a Jury About Midtrial Media
¶26 In Harper, we adopted a three-step process for evaluating the possibility of
prejudice resulting from midtrial media reports when the defendant raises the issue
during trial: first, “determine whether the coverage has a potential for unfair
prejudice,” second, “canvass the jury to find out if they have learned of the potentially
prejudicial publicity,” and third, question any exposed jurors individually to determine
how much they know about the publicity and whether it affects their ability to decide
the case fairly. 817 P.2d at 83 (quoting United States v. Gaggi, 811 F.2d 47, 51 (2d Cir.
1987)).
¶27 We expressly rejected our earlier decision in People v. Holmes, 553 P.2d 786
(Colo. 1976), in which we had held that a trial court was not required to poll the jury
regarding a newspaper article about the case released during trial. Harper, 817 P.2d at
82–83. In Holmes, we reasoned the trial court had admonished the jurors to ignore
newspaper articles about the trial and the defendant presented no evidence that the
jurors had seen the article. See Harper, 817 P.2d at 82. We had, in Holmes, “adhered to
the presumption . . . that the jury had followed the court’s instruction.” Harper, 817
P.2d at 82.
4
¶28 On the way to the three-step test in Harper, we found blind reliance on
instructions inadequate. We concluded the reasoning in Holmes was flawed because it
did not account for either (1) the possibility that jurors followed the court’s instructions
but inadvertently encountered material about the case, or (2) the obstacles to obtaining
evidence that jurors have been exposed to extraneous material, given that ethical rules
(now Colorado Rule of Professional Conduct 3.5) prohibit lawyers from communicating
with jurors. Id.
¶29 We therefore held:
A presumption that jurors follow court instructions not to permit
themselves to be exposed to media reports, therefore, does not adequately
take into account either the likelihood that a juror could acquire
information without violating the court’s instructions or the difficulty of
discovering whether jurors were exposed to such a report. We conclude
that to resolve the issue of prejudice on the basis of such a faulty
presumption fails to provide adequate protection for the defendant’s
constitutionally based right to a fair trial.
Id. at 83.
¶30 We noted, “In implementing the first step, the trial court should focus principally
upon whether the content of the media report is inherently prejudicial.” Id. at 84.
Other relevant factors, we said, include (1) whether the report contained inadmissible
information, (2) whether it related to matters at issue at trial, (3) the timing of the
publication, (4) the likelihood that the jury was exposed to it, and (5) the likely
effectiveness of a trial court’s instruction to avoid such material. Id.
5
¶31 In seeking to safeguard a defendant’s right to a fair trial, we also issued a
step-one imperative: “Doubt about the existence of prejudice should be resolved by
proceeding to step two and polling the jurors as a group.” Id.
¶32 In applying that standard to the facts in Harper, we acknowledged that the trial
court had instructed jurors not to read media accounts of the trial, but ultimately
concluded that “[i]n light of the article’s highly prejudicial contents, some direct inquiry
of the jury was necessary.” Id. at 86.
B. The Majority Dismantles Harper
¶33 The majority picks some words and phrases from Harper and reassembles them
into something new. The result resembles Harper’s protocol but maintains none of its
force. Defendants reaching for Harper’s step two will do so largely in vain, because the
majority’s new step-one hurdle is almost insurmountable.
¶34 Critically, the majority recasts Harper’s first step in the ostensible process of
simply reciting it. As Harper phrased it, the first step is “to determine whether the
coverage has a potential for unfair prejudice.” Id. at 83 (emphasis added) (quoting
Gaggi, 811 F.2d at 51). But when the majority paraphrases that same step, it says this:
“First, the trial court should determine whether the coverage is actually prejudicial and
contains inadmissible evidence.” Maj. op. ¶ 10 (emphasis added) (citing Harper, 817
P.2d at 83). This actual-prejudice requirement is entirely the majority’s creation; it can’t
be found among the pages of Harper—except where Harper described the old rule that
it ultimately rejected. See Harper, 817 P.2d at 80 (“Our earlier cases required that a
6
defendant demonstrate that actual prejudice resulted from juror exposure to extraneous
information or influences in order to be awarded a new trial.”).
¶35 The majority also makes seemingly modest, but ultimately far-reaching, changes
to the Harper step-one factors. Harper listed six factors: one primary factor—the
content’s inherent prejudice, four “[o]ther relevant factors,” and one final
consideration—the “likely effectiveness of any instruction [to avoid media],” the last of
which was the only of the six factors the Harper court took pains to diminish. Harper,
817 P.2d at 84 (“The existence of admonitions, alone, does not sufficiently neutralize
news reports in the community where the trial is being held that may reasonably be
believed to have come to the attention of the jurors.”). The majority minimizes what
had been the most significant factor (inherent prejudice) and aggrandizes that which
had been the least significant (admonitions). Maj. op. ¶¶ 11–12.
¶36 Tellingly, the majority omits altogether Harper’s admonition that “[d]oubt about
the existence of prejudice [at step one] should be resolved by proceeding to step two
and polling the jurors as a group,” 817 P.2d at 84. Thus, the majority significantly raises
the bar to get to Harper’s second step.
¶37 In sum, while a remnant of Harper remains, the practical effect is that we’ve
returned to the pre-Harper rule: to poll a jury that has been adequately admonished, a
defendant must show that a juror was actually exposed to the prejudicial story.
Practically speaking, then, the defendant must know a juror saw the story before he can
ask whether the juror saw the story.
7
C. Stare Decisis
¶38 “Under the doctrine of stare decisis courts are very reluctant to undo settled
law.” Creacy v. Indus. Comm’n, 366 P.2d 384, 386 (Colo. 1961). Stare decisis “promotes
uniformity, certainty, and stability of the law.” People v. Porter, 2015 CO 34, ¶ 23, 348
P.3d 922, 927 (quoting People v. LaRosa, 2013 CO 2, ¶ 28, 293 P.3d 567, 574). Thus, this
court departs from a rule established in a prior case only where “sound reasons exist for
doing so.” People v. Kutlak, 2016 CO 1, ¶ 18, 364 P.3d 199, 205 (quoting People v.
Blehm, 983 P.2d 779, 789 (Colo. 1999)).
¶39 Here, the majority reshuffles Harper’s priorities without offering any explanation
at all. Harper provided two reasons for focusing on potentially prejudicial content and
eliminating unqualified reliance on instructions to avoid the media; the majority
addresses neither.
¶40 First, jurors may not be able to control their exposure to media about the case.
In almost any case, a juror dutifully following the court’s instructions to avoid media
coverage could still inadvertently come across a story about the case. Harper, 817 P.2d
at 82. News clips are frequently disseminated on online platforms not intended solely
for news, such as Facebook and Twitter. See State v. Gathercole, 877 N.W.2d 421, 431
(Iowa 2016) (“Midtrial publicity that . . . is shared widely on social media more likely
reaches the jury than publicity disseminated only through one channel, method, or
medium.”). Commercial breaks in non-news TV programs may advertise and preview
the nightly news. Friends, family, or nearby strangers on a bus or at a restaurant may
discuss a local news story within earshot of a juror. Moreover, given how news
8
agencies frequently style headlines to grab attention, even a juror exposed only to a
headline may be tainted.
¶41 Second, requiring defendants to show actual prejudice—that a juror was actually
exposed to the harmful media—is unworkable because “ethical rules prohibit counsel
from communicating with jurors or their family members during the trial.” Harper, 817
P.2d at 82. Thus, defendants are left to rely on jurors to volunteer during trial that they
failed at following the court’s instructions, which seems a risky bet. See State v. Bey,
548 A.2d 846, 866 (N.J. 1988) (“If, however, a trial court chooses to rely exclusively on its
cautionary instructions, such incidents would likely go unmentioned, unless we can be
certain of empanelling jurors who would volunteer their infractions to the court and
counsel.”).
¶42 These reasons articulated in Harper resonate even more today. When Harper
was decided in 1991, the court worried about inadvertent exposure to a short article
under a subheading in a column called “News Shorts” in an interior page of a local
newspaper. Harper, 817 P.2d at 79. Since then, the proliferation of the internet and
technology has revolutionized how the world receives information.
¶43 For example, the majority classifies the prejudicial reports here as having “very
limited distribution” because “they were available only during one channel’s evening
newscast and on that channel’s website.” Maj. op. ¶ 13. But in this day and age, to
watch “one channel’s evening newscast,” one need not sit in the living room during a
particular time with a television tuned to a particular channel—television programs can
be watched in any place at any time on an array of devices. And a link to one channel’s
9
website can spread virally through myriad virtual avenues to millions of viewers in a
matter of minutes. In 1991, a person had to seek out news actively, maybe by opening a
newspaper or turning a television to a news channel. Today, a smartphone (if set to
vibrate) can literally shake a person to notify him or her of a news story. Therefore, the
Harper court’s concern with inadvertent exposure to inflammatory news is even more
compelling today.
¶44 The majority ultimately offers one affirmative reason for dismantling Harper; it
suggests that Harper could be harmful because polling the jury about “specific news
reports” may encourage jurors to seek them out. Id. This echoes the trial court’s
concern that polling about the news story “would be like dangling a cookie under a
2-year old’s nose.”
¶45 But there is no need to poll about a specific news report. A trial court could
merely pose a general question to jurors, i.e., “Has anyone seen or heard anything about
this trial—even by accident—on the internet or the TV, in a newspaper, or from other
people?” Such a general inquiry, whether posed routinely after recesses or in response
to a particular news report, is sufficiently clear and unintimidating that jurors should
volunteer inadvertent news exposure, but vague enough not to alert jurors to any
reports that may exist. See Harper, 817 P.2d at 86 (“Framing this inquiry in general
terms would minimize any implication that an article containing information adverse to
the defendant had been published.”). Further, any concern that polling may tempt
jurors to seek out prejudicial news—in deliberate violation of the court’s instructions—
10
is undermined by the majority’s animating premise: jurors follow instructions to avoid
media.
D. American Courts Disfavor the Majority’s Approach
¶46 When it reverts to an actual-prejudice standard for polling the jury, the majority
shifts Colorado out of the mainstream of American jurisprudence on midtrial publicity.
Under the American Bar Association Standards for Criminal Justice, polling is required
upon motion when midtrial media “raises serious questions of possible prejudice.”
ABA Standards for Criminal Justice: Fair Trial and Free Press § 8-3.6(e) (3d ed. 1992).
This, or its analog, is the majority approach in America. Among American jurisdictions
that have established a standard for handling midtrial media, authorities show, and my
independent research confirms, that a clear majority require polling of jurors upon
some showing of potential for prejudice. See Fern L. Kletter, Annotation, Interrogation
or Poll of Jurors, During Criminal Trial, as to Whether They Were Exposed to Media
Publicity Pertaining to Alleged Crime or Trial, 55 A.L.R. 6th 157 (2010) (categorizing
approaches of thirty-six jurisdictions); State v. Holly, 201 P.3d 844, 849 (N.M. 2009)
(“The ABA approach has been adopted in some form by the majority of federal circuits
and in several states.”).
¶47 All the more reason not to retreat from Harper. Instead, I would apply the
standard as articulated in Harper to evaluate whether the trial court abused its
discretion here.
11
E. Harper Requires Reversal
¶48 In my view, the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to poll the jury. A
trial court abuses its discretion where its ruling is manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable, or
unfair, or is based on an erroneous view of the law, People v. Elmarr, 2015 CO 53, ¶ 20,
351 P.3d 431, 438, or where the court fails to exercise discretion, People v. Darlington,
105 P.3d 230, 232 (Colo. 2005).
¶49 Here, the trial court’s process was inconsistent with Harper, and thus was either
based on an erroneous view of the governing law or constituted a failure to exercise
discretion under it. The court did not weigh the factors articulated in Harper in
deciding whether to poll the jury. It relied almost exclusively on its belief that the jurors
followed its instruction to avoid media—a rationale that Harper foreclosed. (To be fair,
no one brought Harper to the trial court’s attention, but its decision contravenes Harper
all the same.)
¶50 A consideration of the factors under step one of the Harper test demonstrates the
potential prejudice as a result of the report.
¶51 Most importantly, the content of the report was inherently prejudicial,
inadmissible, and closely related to the matters at trial. Jacobson was on trial for
vehicular homicide and DUI, and the report suggested she had a history of drunk,
reckless driving and defying traffic laws. The trial court said that the information “was
absolutely not anything that’s going to come up in this trial and should not.”
¶52 The timing was prejudicial; the report occurred near the close of the
prosecution’s case. Indeed, the trial court noted “the timing was unfortunate.”
12
¶53 As for the likelihood the jury was exposed to the report, we have little to go on.
The report was on one local television channel’s nightly news and on its website, but we
don’t know how widely it was shared on the internet, if at all, and the trial court made
no findings about the likelihood that jurors were inadvertently exposed to it.
¶54 The trial court found its instruction adequate, noting it had given a “longer and
stronger” admonition the afternoon before the report and that “several of the jurors got
a very serious look on their face and nodded their heads” during that admonition. See
Harper, 817 P.2d at 84 (“The court also should consider the likely effectiveness of any
instruction [to avoid media] in light of the nature and manner of dissemination of the
news reports.”). But Harper was clear that this factor alone does not justify declining to
poll the jury. Id. (“The existence of admonitions, alone, does not sufficiently neutralize
[media] that may reasonably be believed to have come to the attention of the jurors.”).
¶55 Because the circumstances in this case are almost indistinguishable from the
circumstances in Harper, the result should be the same. There, as here, the report
contained prejudicial, inadmissible information about the defendant’s prior conduct
that directly related to the issues before the jury. See id. at 85. And where the jurors in
Harper could have inadvertently seen the brief fourth-page article in the local
newspaper, id. at 79, 85–86, it seems even more likely that the jurors here could have
inadvertently seen the news story on the television or the internet. Although the trial
court here thought its admonitions were effective, that is not enough to tip the scales
away from the need to poll the jury. At a minimum, doubt existed as to the potential
for prejudice from the news story, and that doubt should have been resolved in favor of
13
ensuring a fair trial. See id. at 84. Thus, the trial court here, like the one in Harper,
abused its discretion in refusing to poll the jurors to determine exposure.
¶56 Because Harper—as it was written—should control, I would affirm the judgment
of the court of appeals, reverse Jacobson’s convictions, and remand the case for a new
trial.
I am authorized to state that JUSTICE MÁRQUEZ and JUSTICE GABRIEL join in
this dissent.
14
People v. Jacobson
Court: Supreme Court of Colorado
Date filed: 2017-04-24
Citations: 2017 CO 28, 393 P.3d 548
Copy Citations